Drug Use & Abuse FINAL EXAM
Why do the amounts of tar and nicotine content reported by cigarette manufacturers not accurately reflect the amounts of these substances ingested by smokers?
measurement is done mechanically
Amygdala
mediation of emotional experiences, esp. fear/anger
what is a key distinction between Schedule I and Schedule II drugs listed under the Controlled Substances Act?
medical use
vaping
method of consumption where active ingredients of marijuana are aerosolized with water mist and inhaled
Drug laws
method of establishing formal guidelines that establish restrictions or prohibit the manufacture, importation, sale, or possession of a substance
bong
method of smoking marijuana using water pipes
Children with Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) are often treated with what drugs?
methylphenidate (Ritalin)
Caffeine is one of three naturally occurring compounds known as the _________.
methylxanthines
Caffeine is one of three naturally occurring compounds known as the __________.
methylxanthines
infereior colliculus
midbrain structure that controls sound localization
superior colliculus
midbrain structure that controls visual localization
theophylline
mild central nervous system stimulant that may be found in tea
Severity specifier for substance use disorder
mild: 2-3 moderate: 4-5 severe 6+ criteria
drug potency
minimum amount of a drug at which a given percentage of individuals show an effect
Potency
minimum dose for efficacy(where the drug reaches highest effect)
manic
mood disturbance that typically includes hyperactivity, disquiet, excessive elation, and pressured speech
Diffusibility
more diffusible membranes receive drug more quickly
cardiovascular system
no evidence that deleterious effects occur among healthy individuals; however, potentially dangerous for existing problems
The definition of moderate drinking that is associated with possible health benefits is
no more than 2 per day for men and no more than 1 per day for women
The definition of moderate drinking that is associated with possible health benefits is:
no more than 2 per day for men and no more than 1 per day for women
The definition of MODERATE drinking that is associated with possible health benefits is
no more than 2 per day men and no more than 1 per day for women
immune system
no significant long-term threat posed; however marijuana can decrease resistance to some viruses and bacteria
Continuum of substance use
no use, experimental use, social/recreational use, habitual/regular use, substance use disorder
precision medicine
program designed to enhance therapeutic results for specific groups of patients
diffusibility
property that allows a substance to enter into or receive another substance
proof
proportion of alcohol in a beverage, by volume; typically used in reference to brewed spirits
If an individual needs to drink 6 beers in order to achieve the same effect that he/she used to experience with 3 beers, this is an example of ____ tolerance.
protracted
The active chemical in hallucinogenic mushrooms is ______ ; the active chemical in peyote is ________.
psilocybin; mescaline
____ drugs are those that affect moods, thinking, and behavior.
psychoactive
________ drugs are drugs that affect the central nervous system and thus affect thinking, feeling, and/or behavior.
psychoactive
synthetic marijuana
psychoactive "designer drug" comprised of natural plants that are sprayed with manufactured chemicals
bath salt
psychoactive "designer drug" that is synthesized from various chemicals
drug discrimination study
research procedure that primarily concerns the differentiation of drug effects
conflict paradigm
research procedure where the history of some action is followed by both reinforcement and punishment
self-administration study
research that involves testing whether participants will "give themselves" a drug
cross-tolerance
resistance to a drug never taken that results from resistance to another drug
Which of the following is NOT a common opioid effect?
respiratory depression lowered body temperature pupil constriction
What are some of the common opioid effects?
respiratory depression pain suppression pupil constriction decrease body temp
treatment effect
result of experiencing a treatment, usually measured in different areas of functioning
sedative-hypnotic effect
result of some drugs that is calming and sleep-inducing
Which of the following is FALSE? a.) cannabis exerts a longer action on receptors than endocannabinoids XX b.) endocannabinoids are retrograde neurotransmitters XX c.) retrograde neurotransmitters are released from the presynaptic neuron as a way to regulate the extent to which neurotransmitters affect the post-synaptic neuron d.) THC actually can prevent the release of neurotransmitters XX
retrograde neurotransmitters are released from the presynaptic neuron as a way to regulate the extent to which neurotransmitters affect the post-synaptic neuron
relapse
return to a previous state of illness from one of health
After a wild party in the nervous system, there are extra neurotransmitters scattered all over the floor. You need to clean the space with a vacuum to get ready for the next event. What is this scenario a metaphor for?
reuptake
A person who feels stronger effects from a drug with repeated use is experiencing ________.
reverse tolerance
What effects absorption into blood stream
route/site of administration and drug characteristics
Oral
safest, most convenient; food may delay/dilute the drug; stomach breaks some down; absorbed in small intestine and passes through liver before reaching the brain
Polydrug use
same persons regular use of more than one drug
Nicholas is ingesting a drug using a delivery method that classifies it as an inhalant. What is Nicholas doing?
smoking a joint
Heroin is used via which routes of administration?
smoking, injecting, and snorting
Which of the following correctly lists amphetamine ingestion methods from shortest to longest on set of effects?
smoking, injecting, snorting, swallowing
How is snuff most commonly taken in Europe?
sniffing
High levels of nicotine are maintained longer when tobacco is taken in the form of __________.
snuff or chewing tobacco
cost-of-illness studies provide researchers with a broad perspective of what aspect of drug abuse?
social costs
Social characteristics
social factoros(presence of others) and environmental/setting factors(laws, availability,culture)
Substance intoxication
substance specific reversible dysfunctional effects on thoughts, feelings, and behavior that arise from the use of a psychoactive substance
solvent
substance that contains one or more intoxicating components
antagonist
substance that occupies a neural receptor and BLOCKS normal synaptic transmission
agonist
substance that occupies a neural receptor and causes some change in conductance of nerve cells
Transdermal
through the skin and avoids gastrointestinal effects; skin is impenetrable and can take up to a day; more blood flow=greater absorption
half-life
time for a drug amount in the body to be reduced by fifty percent
Rate of absorption
time to enter the bloodstream
vesicle
tiny sac terminals of cylindrical extensions of nerve cells that store neurotransmitters
anabolic steroid
tissue-building drug that produces masculinizing effects as well
What does the pharmacological phrase LD 60 mean?
60% of the patients who receive a given dose will experience a particular effect
lifetime prevalence (in 2016) of tobacco use:
62.9%
past y/r prevalence (in 2016) of alcohol use:
64.8%
According to the 2016 National Survey on Drug Use and Health, about ___ of people report having used alcohol in the past year.
65%
The rate of transmission of nicotine from the lungs to the brain is ______.
7 seconds
Why would you choose to conduct a study on the effects of mixing LSD and cocaine with rats rather than with humans?
to minimize risks
past month prevalence (in 2016) of marijuana use:
8.9%
lifetime prevalence (in 2016) of alcohol use:
80.2%
Which of the following is NOT a common opioid effect?
All of these are opioid effects (respiratory depression, lowered body temp., and pupil constriction)
__________ tolerance is the idea that tolerance to one drug may extend to other closely related drugs.
Cross
What are some general dissociative anesthetics?
DXM Ketamine PCP
Cross tolerance
tolerance to a drug or drugs similar to drugs to which tolerance has developed
peyote
top of a cactus plant which is dried and ingested for its hallucinogenic properties
third-hand smoke
toxins that linger in the hair or clothes of a smoker
neuroleptic
tranquilizing drug used to treat psychoses; a synonym is major tranquilizer
intoxication
transient state of disruption caused by presence of toxic substance in central nervous system
distribution
transport of drugs by the blood to their site(s) of action in the body
True/False: As a result of classical conditioning, previously neutral stimuli that have been paired with drug use may elicit the drug effects, but not the withdrawal effects.
FALSE
True/False: Giving someone caffeine can help them sober up.
FALSE
True/False: Most people who get treatment for substance use disorder go to inpatient treatment.
FALSE
True/False: Schedule V drugs are drugs/substances that have a high potential for abuse and that do not have any acceptable medical use for treatment in the United States.
FALSE
True/False: The "war on drugs" and legislation enacted to decrease availability and use of substances has been very effective.
FALSE
True/False: Whether someone is alone or with others when using a drug does not affect the drug experience.
FALSE
Of great concern is the dramatic recent increase in the prevalence of meth use among high school seniors.
False
The major way that nicotine is excreted from the body is through sweat.
False
____ is the earliest, most benign effect of alcohol's effects on the liver.
Fatty liver
______ is the earliest, most benign effect of alcohol's effects on the liver.
Fatty liver
Which of the following drugs is the most potent pain reliever?
Fentanyl
Opioid withdrawal symptoms are best characterized as?
Flu-like in nature
psychological treatment
treatment geared to changing emotions, thoughts, or behavior without use of medications or other means
millieu treatment
treatment in which the organization and structure of a setting are designed to change behavior
nicotine replacement therapy
treatment involving administering the active ingredient of tobacco to smokers to help them stop smoking
behavioral program
treatment involving direct contact with professional staff
Which of the following is NOT paired correctly? Klonopin - Benzodiazepine Ativan - Benzodiazepine Wellbutrin - Antipsychotic Phenobarbital - Barbiturate
Wellbutrin - Antipsychotic
spontaneous remission
treatment of a problem without the help of a formal regimen
social detoxification
treatment of alcohol withdrawal without the use of medicine
Amphetamines have been put to many medical uses. Which of the following is not one of them?
treatment of anxiety
smoking cessation approaches
treatment with the goal of total abstinence from the active ingredient of tobacco
Which of the following is (are) true of the US Alcohol Prohibition?
It resulted in decreased drinking, death rates from cirrhosis, and alcohol-related arrests.
What is "paradoxical" about the effectiveness of the treatment of ADHD with drugs such as methylphenidate (Ritalin)?
That stimulant drugs calm the ADHD child
A loved one of yours finds out you are taking this class and asks what is recommended to help someone quit smoking. Based on info presented in the text and class, you would say?
The combination of a behavioral program and a nicotine replacement therapy is better than either one alone.
A loved one of yours finds out you are taking this class and asks what is recommended to help someone quit smoking. Based on information learned in this class, you would say ______.
The combination of a behavioral program and a nicotine replacement therapy is better than either one alone.
Which of the following is FALSE? a.) If drug A affects memory and heart rate, there would be a dose-effect curve for memory and another for heart rate. b.) The dose-effect curve for all drugs is an S shape indicating there is a larger effect as the dose increases. c.) A typical dose-effect curve indicates that there is a larger effect as the dose increases. d.) Illicit drugs have unknown dose-effect curves
The dose-effect curve for all drugs is an S shape indicating there is a larger effect as the dose increases.
The major difference between cocaine and amphetamines is _____?
The effects of amphetamines last longer than those of cocaine.
What would happen if a researcher accidentally discovered that eating the petals of a certain flower could cure the common cold in six hours? a.) The flowers would be tested on people who have a cold. b.) The flowers would be subjected to testing on animals. c.) The flowers would be grown for sale at stores and online. d.) The flowers would be administered to healthy people.
The flowers would be subjected to testing on animals.
True/False The effects of opioids are synergistic with those of alcohol.
True
True/False Consuming an excessive amount of caffeine is called caffeinism and can produce symptoms such as gastrointestinal distress, insomnia, excessive anxiety, and restlessness.
True
Water pipe smoking results in greater exposure to carbon monoxide than cigarette smoking.
True
All of the following are antidepressants EXCEPT: a.) MAOIs, Tricyclics, SSRIs b.) Wellbutrin, Lexepro, Prozac c.) Valium, Lithium, Librium
Valium, Lithium, Librium
Which of the following will cause the user to absorb the most amount of alcohol the fastest?
a shot of vodka
What is FALSE regarding MDMA (Ecstasy)?
a single use generally produces vivid visual hallucinations
Homeostasis
a state of equilibrium or balance; systems at homeostasis are stable, when homeostasis is distrupted, the system operates to restore it
Which of the following best describes the experience of taking amphetamines intravenously?
a strong "high" then a quick decline
What is an example of what could become conditioned stimuli associated with substance use?
a syringe a drinking buddy a bar
What is thought to contribute to drug expectancies?
advertising past use of a drug friends' use of a drug
A chemical substance that fits into and activates a neural receptor is called a(n) ________.
agonist
A drug that binds to a receptor and mimics the neurotransmitter is known as a(n) __________.
agonist
Nicotine is an _______ for _________.
agonist; acetylcholine
Ventral Tegmental Area
aka VTA; dopamine neurons involved in the reward circuit
Pharmacodynamic tolerance
aka functional tolerance; decreased physiological effect at sites of action as a result of regular use; includes acute and protracted
Biotransformation
aka metabolism; the process of changing the molecular structure of substances
Drug synergism
aka potentiation; the effects of taking the drugs together are greater than taking the drugs together are greater than taking either alone
Hallucinogens
aka psychedelics; alter perceptions and states of consciousness (LSD, Ketamine)
Reversed tolerance
aka sensitization; increased sensitivity/responseiveness to a drug with repeated use of it
Rectal suppositories
aka vaginal absorption; 10-15 minutes
_____ most frequently used.
alcohol
drug that has the highest rate of use in the United States:
alcohol
What are the enzymes in the liver that are involved in the metabolism of alcohol?
alcohol dehydrogenase and acetaldehyde dehydrogenase
What are the enzymes in the liver that are involved in the metabolism of alcohol?
alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase
standard drink
alcohol equivalent in a beverage; equal to 0.5 ounce of alcohol
lethal dose
amount of a drug at which a percentage of individuals die within a specified time
First-order kinetics
amount of drug metabolized in a unit of time dependent on amount of drug in the blood
Half-life
amount of time that must pass for the amount of drug in the blood to be reduced by half
How to measure levels of substance use
amount, frequency, duration, impact
The formication syndrome is associated with __________.
amphetamine and cocaine only
Limbic System
amygdala and hippocampus
___ is a term that refers to the reduced effect of a drug when another drug is present
antagonism
__________ is a term that refers to the reduced effect of a drug when another drug is present.
antagonism
A compound that occupies a receptor, but does not activate the neuron is known as a(n) __________.
antagonist
Caffeine is believed to be an _______ for _________.
antagonist; adenosine
Atropine and scopolomine are ______ for _________.
antagonists; acetylcholine
For some people, eliminating caffeine from their diet can end their struggles with _____ .
anxiety
For some people, eliminating caffeine from their diet can end their struggles with _______.
anxiety
Drug
any chemical entity or mixture of entities, not required for the maintenance of health, but that alters biological function or structure when administered
drug
any chemical entity or picture of entities, but not required for the maintenance of health, but that alters biological function to structure when administered (WHO, 1981) - Includes alcohol and other drugs (AOD)
drug (substance) abuse
any use of drugs that causes physical, psychological, legal or social harm to the individual user or to other affected by the drug's user's behavior.
Drug(substance) abuse
any use of drugs that causes physical, psychological, legal, or social harm to the individual user or to others affected by the drug user's behavior
generalizable
applicability of a research finding from one setting or group of research participants to another
Respondents in the U.S. National Survey on Drug Use and Health are
are 12 and older
The ASAM criteria: a.) are limited because they do not include anything about psychological problems other than substance use problems b.) are 6 dimensions of information that are important to assess when planning treatment c.) include withdrawal potential, but not anything about their recovery environment d.) are used at the end of treatment to make discharge plans to help prevent relapse
are 6 dimensions of information that are important to assess when planning treatment
According to the Transtheoretical Stages of Change model, individuals who do not believe they are able to change...
are in the precontemplation stage
Young men (with no history of regular drinking) who demonstrate fewer effects of alcohol than young men who demonstrate normal, expected effects of alcohol...
are more likely to develop alcohol use disorder later in life
synthetic cathinone
artificial form of a drug found naturally in the khat plant
acetaminophren
aspirin-like analgesic useful for people with stomach problems
ibuprofen
aspirin-like analgesic with anti-inflammatory effects that is sold under the names Motrin, Advil, and Nuprin
naproxen
aspirin-like analgesic with anti-inflammatory effects that is sold under the names Naprosyn and Aleve
What is typically the first step in the substance use treatment process?
assessment
progestin pill
birth control medication that contains only one synthetic form of female sex hormones
combination pill
birth control medication that contains synthetic forms of both female sex hormones
Both cocaine and the amphetamines __________.
block reuptake of dopamine
The system that "filters" blood before it enters the brain is called the __________.
blood brain barrier OR kidneys
which of the following affect drug distribution?
blood flow, fat solubility of the drug, and diffusibility of membranes
Metabolism
body breaks down matter into more simple components and waste
Which of the following is a sympathomimetic drug?
both cocaine and amphetamine
Which of the following is a mechanism by which cocaine can cause death?
both convulsions and heart failure
Which of the following is/are TRUE? a person can die from drinking too much alcohol a person can die from withdrawal from alcohol both of the above neither of the above
both of the above
Pharmacokinetics
branch of pharmacology that concerns the absorption, distribution, biotransformation, and excretion of drugs(how drugs get in, move around, and get out)
Pharmacodynamics
branch of pharmacology that concerns the biochemical and physiological effects of drugs and their mechanisms of action
pharmacodynamics
branch of pharmacology that concerns the effects of drugs and their mechanisms of action
pharmokinetics
branch of pharmacology that concerns the intake, dispersion, biotransformation, and excretion of drugs
Pharmacodynamics
branch pharmacology that concerns the biochemical and physiological effects of drugs and their mechanisms of action(how do drugs do their thing)
Alzheimer's drugs that inhibit the enzyme acetylcholinesterase to increase the availability of acetylcholine are limiting what process?
breakdown
The costs of alcohol and drug abuse in the US can be measured in the ___ of dollars.
bullions
All of the following EXCEPT ___ are used in the treatment of alcohol use disorder. Campral buprenorphine Librium Naltrexone
buprenorphine
Social costs of AOD use
burden on emergency room, drunk driving fatalities, drug-related crime
Metabolites
byproducts form this biotransformation process
With blackouts, the individual ______.
cannot recall events that occurred during a drinking occasion
With blackouts, the individual __________.
cannot recall events that occurred during a drinking occasion
With blackouts, the individual __________.
cannot recall events that occurred during a drinking occasion.
The acute effects of cannabis include effects on the _______.
cardiovascular system short term memory immune system reproductive system
Enzyme
catalyst for molecular changes to substances
A sympathomimetic drug such as cocaine will ________.
cause a person's pupils to dialate
Cell adaptation theory
cells adapt to maintain functioning with use (effect # of receptors and amount of NT synthesized)
caffeine
central nervous system stimulant that may be found in many types of beverages
Substance use may affect the nervous system by all of the following EXCEPT: - affecting the release of the neurotransmitters - increasing or decreasing the number of receptors - changing the shape of the synapse - affecting the breakdown of neurotransmitters
changing the shape of the synapse
Substance use may affect the nervous system by all of the following EXCEPT: a.) increasing or decreasing the number of receptors b.) changing the shape of the synapse c.) affecting the breakdown of neurotransmitters d.) affecting the release of the neurotransmitters
changing the shape of the synapse
Substance use may affect the nervous system by all of the following EXPECT
changing the shape of the synapse
Cocaine is obtained from the leaves of _____?
cocoa leaves
Which of the following is/are true regarding alcohol?
cross tolerance occurs with other depressants
Sigmund Freud advocated the use of cocaine for __________.
depression and drug addiction
Sigmund Freud advocated the use of cocaine for __________.
depression, drug addiction, and asthma
morphine
derivative of a CNS depressant drug best known as a potent pain-relieving medication
Which of the following are side effects of methamphetamine abuse:
deterioration of the teeth. depression damage to dopamine pathways in the brain
The medical uses for opioid drugs include the treatment of which of the following?
diarrhea opioid withdrawal severe pain
monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitor
drug used to treat depressions that prevent the activity of a certain enzyme
psychoactive drugs
drugs that effect the central nervous system — effect mood, thinking, and behavior
Psychoactive drugs
drugs that effect the central nervous system-effect mood, thinking, and behavior
T/F: Although illicit drugs have often been used for medicinal purposes, it is rare that drugs developed for medicinal purposes are used for recreation.
false
T/F: Drug laws and their implementation in other countries are very similar to one another and to the drug laws and implementation in the US.
false
T/F: Schedule V drugs are drugs/substances that have a high potentiation for abuse and that do not have any acceptable medical use for treatment in the US.
false
T/F: The "war on drugs" and legislation enacted to decrease availability and use of substances has been very effective
false
prevalence
gen. occurrence of an event, usually expressed in terms or % of some population and w/ respect to a time period (lifetime, past y/r, past month)
generic name
general label given to a drug that is shorter and easier to say
Prevalence
general occurrence of an event, usually expressed in terms of percentage of some population and with respect to a time period (e.g. lifetime, past year, past month)
To offer value to researchers, the results of tests conducted with animals must be ________ to humans.
generalizable
Which of the following can be an effect of chronic heavy drinking?
heart problems, decreased immune system functioning, and problems in sexual functioning
overall effect of stimulants:
heighten mood, increase alertness, and decrease fatigue, e.g., cocaine, meth, nicotine, caffeine
Stimulants
heightened mood, increase alertness, and decrease fatigue(cocaine, methamphetamine, nicotine, caffeine)
Alcohol
highest drug used
Marijuana
highest illicit drug used
cerebellum
hindbrain structure important in motor control and coordination
pons
hindbrain structure important in the control of sleep and wakefulness
Research has demonstrated a link between depression and atrophy and cell loss in the ___________.
hippocampus
The brain structure thought to be critical to the storage of memories is the ___
hippocampus
The brain structure thought to be critical to the storage of memories is the __________.
hippocampus
When someone develops tolerance for a drug, the central nervous system's response has rebalanced and reached a state of ________ with the substance.
homeostasis
224 billion
how much does alcohol abuse cost to society?
193 billion
how much does drug abuse cost to society?
The brain structure that controls primary drives like hunger and thirst is the
hypothalamus
The brain structure that controls primary drives like hunger and thirst is the _________.
hypothalamus
addictive personality
hypothesis of a character structure common to all people with substance use afflictions
Which of the following is a slang name for methamphetamine?
ice
side effect
impact of a drug other than that of central interest
Genetics can influence _____.
initial sensitivity to drugs and metabolism of drugs
medulla oblongata
lowest hindbrain structure; important in regulation of breathing, heart rate, and other basic life functions
Which of the following terms best reflects the role of caffeine on the task performance of an individual?
maintenance
testosterone
male sex hormone
Which of the following drugs has the longest elimination time? a. cocaine b. opiates c. alcohol d. marijuana
marijuana
______ is the most commonly used illicit.
marijuana
According to the 2016 National Survey on Drug Use and Health, ____ is the most commonly used illicit drug.
marijuana/hashish
According to the 2016 National Survey on Drug Use and Health, ___________ is the most commonly used illicit drug.
marijuana/hashish
tar
material that remains after cigarette smoke is passed through a filter
therapeutic index
measure of a drug's safety in medical care and is computed as a ratio
drug dosage
measure of the quantity of drug consumed
T
you can develop tolerance to some effects of a drug and not others t/f
What is true of withdrawal w/ benzodiazepines & barbiturates?
you can die from withdrawal from benzodiazepines & barbiturates
The group most likely to use moist snuff are __________.
young males
Laws of elimination
zero-order kinetics, first-order kinetics
Sigmund Freud advocated the use of cocaine for __________
depression & drug addiction
Routes of administration
inhaling, injecting, snorting, orally, transdermal
adenosine
inhibitory neurotransmitter produced by the body
patent medicine
product sold as a cure fora host of illnesses and diseases
Heroin is used via which routes of administration?
smoking injecting snorting
How many poppy seed bagels would need to be consumed in order to obtain a positive screen for opiates?
100
T/F: The drug experience is influenced by characteristics of the user as well as where the drug is used.
True
T/F: The effects of drugs involve making naturally occurring physiological processes more or less active.
True
What does the pharmacological phrase ED 60 mean?
60% of the patients who receive a given dose will experience a particular effect
If you were preparing and bottling a patent medicine in 1915 to help cure people of coughs, insomnia, and anxiety, how much heroin could it contain per ounce?
1/8 grain
Subcutaneous
"skin popping" under layers of the skin; slower absorption(3-5 minutes)
Substance abuser personality characteristics
(ALL before they did drugs)self-centered, rebellious, impulsive, thrill-seeking, talkative, gregarious, in need of power
Intranasal
(insufflation, snorting, sniffing); 3-5 minutes; if fat-soluble, rapid and effective rout; can disrupt blood flow and cause irritation
Which of the following is/are true of prescription medications involving CBD and THC?
- Some prescription medication includes THC and CBD - Some prescription cannabinoid medication includes only THC - Epidiolex is a medication including only CBD (not THC)
what to take into account when considering levels of substance use:
- amount - frequency - duration - impact of use on person and others
characteristics of NSDUH - National Survey on Drug Use and Health:
- annual survey on AOD use - households in all 50 states & district of Columbia - prisons, military, homeless NOT included - 69,500 persons interviewed - 12 & up
ASAM criteria:
- are 6 dimensions of information that are important to assess when planning treatment - include the likelihood of a client experiencing withdrawal symptoms - include the extent to which a client is accepting or resistant to treatment
What are side effects of methamphetamine abuse:
- deterioration of the teeth - depression - damage to dopamine pathways in the brain
What are the effects of cocaine?
- increase in heart rate - pupil dilation - increase in blood pressure
What is TRUE regarding MDMA (Ecstasy)?
- it is a neurotoxin for some serotonin neurons - the effects include a sense of warmth and empathy for others - seizures and strokes have occurred with overdose
classification categories of drugs:
- origin - therapeutic use - site of drug action - mechanism of action - street name - chemical structure - overall effect
What is/are true regarding hallucinogens?
- the category might be better named altered states of consciousness - activate the sympathetic nervous system - have the general effect of emphasizing sensation over logic and rational thought
What accounts for the calming effects of nicotine use?
-the individual's beliefs about nicotine's effects -its biphasic action-at higher doses, its effects are more depressant -it relaxes skeletal muscles
Which of the following is true of nicotine?
-when tobacco is burned, the smoke has a small portion of nicotine -it is about as toxic as cyanide -it is the constituent of tobacco that has the most immediate pharmacological action
According to the 2016 National Survey on Drug Use and Health, about __________ of the United States sample reported heavy alcohol use in the month preceding the interview.
.6%
At what BAC does a person begin to slur their words?
0.20
past month prevalence (in 2016) of ILLICIT drug use:
10.6%
Steps in drug experience
1. Drug is present 2. Certain quanity of drug is measured 3. Administered 4. Drug is absorbed into the blood and distributed to action sites 5. Pharmacological effect is produced 6. Drug effects may be modified by characteristics of person 7. Setting/context also may modify drugs effects
Serving size of hard liquor?
1.5 oz. of 80 proof
Everyone knows you should never stick your finger in a light socket to avoid getting shocked. If you stuck your finger into an axon that was firing, how much electric current would you be exposed to?
110 millivolts
What is a standard drink?
12 oz beer 5 oz wine 1.5 oz liquor
Which of the following is NOT a standard drink? a.) all of the above are considered a standard drink b.) 12 oz of beer c.) 12 oz of wine d.) 1.5 oz of 80 proof spirits
12 oz of wine
Serving size of beer??
12 oz.
Which of the following is NOT a standard drink?
12oz wine
past y/r prevalence (in 2016) of marijuana use:
13.9%
NIDA's 2016 National Survey on Drug Use and Health revealed that about __________ of Americans have used marijuana at least once in the past year (past year prevalence).
14%
The average American waiting in line at a coffee shop will ingest how much caffeine that day?
170 milligrams
past y/r prevalence (in 2016) of ILLICIT drug use:
18%
Which of the following FALSE? a.) Tobacco was believed to have medicinal value in the early 1800s b.) Males have a higher prevalence of use of smokeless tobacco than females c.) 18-22 year olds enrolled full-time in college have a higher prevalence of smoking than 18-22 year olds not enrolled full-time in college
18-22 year olds enrolled full-time in college have a higher prevalence of smoking than 18-22 year olds not enrolled full-time in college
Which of the following is false?
18-22 year olds enrolled full-time in college have a higher prevalence of smoking than 18-22 year olds not enrolled full-time in college
Cocaine first became an abuse problem in the ____?
1880's
Cocaine first became an abuse problem in the
1880s
Cocaine first became an abuse problem in the United States in the __________.
1880s
Cocaine first became an abuse problem in the __________.
1880s
Alcohol prohibition
18th amendment that prohibited production, sale, transportation, and importation of alcohol; effective, but illegal involvement persisted; repealed with 21st amendment in 1933
Formal guidelines establishing ethical practices in scientific research have been in place since the ________.
1940s
decade & associated use for amphetamines:
1940s; energy
When was the peak of smoking among Americans?
1963
Current U.S. drug laws are grounded in the Controlled Substances Act, which was passed in ________.
1970
In _______, the U.S. Surgeon General officially concluded that nicotine is addictive.
1988
In __________, the U.S. Surgeon General officially concluded that nicotine is addictive.
1988
When was the use of marijuana for medical purposes first legalized in the United States?
1996
What is the minimum number of DSM-5 criteria that must be met in order for someone to be diagnosed with substance use disorder?
2
In order for someone to meet the criteria for a DSM-5 substance use disorder,
2 criteria have to been met during 12-month time period
The elimination half-life of nicotine among chronic smokers is _______.
2 hours
In order for someone to meet the criteria for a DSM-5 substance use disorder,
2 of 11 criteria have to be met
past month prevalence (in 2016) of tobacco use:
23.5%
You are one of the first people to experience effects from the marijuana plant. What is the date on your calendar?
2700 BC
past y/r prevalence (in 2016) of tobacco use:
28.5%
The half-life of caffeine in the blood ranges from ____________.
3 to 7 hours
T/F: Withdrawal symptoms of an addictive drug are the opposite of the drug's effects.
True
The half-life of caffeine in the blood ranges from __________.
3-7 hours
Tobacco was thought to have medical value for about __________ years.
350
Impaired control, social impairment, risky use, pharmacological
4 criteria for dsm5 substance use disorder
NIDA's 2016 National Survey on Drug Use and Health revealed that about __________ of Americans have used marijuana at least once (lifetime use).
44%
lifetime prevalence (in 2016) of marijuana use:
44%
lifetime prevalence (in 2016) of ILLICIT drug use:
48.5%
A drug will be measured for five commonly known effects across three doses. How many dose-effect curves will be produced during this research?
5
Serving size for wine?
5 oz.
past month prevalence (in 2016) of alcohol use:
50.7%
According to the 2016 National Survey on Drug Use and Health, about __________ of the United States sample reported consuming alcohol at least once in the last month.
52%
According to the 2016 National Survey on Drug Use and Health, about ________ of the U.S. sample reported heavy alcohol use in the month preceding the interview.
6%
According to the 2016 National Survey on Drug Use and Health, about __________ of the United States sample reported HEAVY alcohol use in the month preceding the interview.
6%
Which of the following is true? a.) A decision about use of psychotherapeutic medication during pregnancy is based on a consideration of both the mother and the unborn child. b.) Psychotherapeutic drugs pose little or no threat to the fetus and may be used safely during pregnancy. c.) There are never circumstances that would warrant taking a psychotherapeutic medication while pregnant.
A decision about use of psychotherapeutic medication during pregnancy is based on a consideration of both the mother and the unborn child.
The experiential activity asked you to a.) identify a behavior to change b.) rate how difficult it would be to change c.) describe how changing would affect your relationships d.) all of the other choices
ALL
Which of the following influence treatment settings and services? a.) Non-AOD psychological problems b.) finances c.) all of the choices d.) medical problems
ALL
Which of the following is/are related to more effective substance use treatment? a.) a good relationship between the treatment provider and the client b.) attending self-help meetings on a regular basis c.) staying in treatment for at least 6 months d.) ALL e.) NONE
ALL
Which of the following is FALSE? a.) More people use prescription opioids other than as prescribed than use heroin today b.) Methadone is an opioid that is used for the treatment of opioid withdrawal c.) Naloxone has a stronger affinity to endorphin receptors than other heroin d.) About 20% of 12-17 year olds report use of prescription opioids other than as prescribed.
About 20% of 12-17 year olds report use of prescription opioids other than as prescribed.
Which of the following is FALSE about treatment for a substance use disorder? a.) Abstinence from all substances is always required b.) It is important that the client find another way to get the reinforcement that they used to get from their substance c.) more people change on their own than with the help of professional treatment d.) some but not all clients will need detoxification
Abstinence from all substances is always required
Which 2 neurotransmitters are involved in learning and memory?
Acetylcholine and Glutamate
Nicotine is an _____ for ______?
Agonist; acetylcholine
Heroin is used via which routes of administration?
All of the above (smoking, injecting, snorting)
The medical uses for opioid drugs include the treatment of which of the following?
All of the above (withdrawal, diarrhea, severe pain)
The use of tobacco as a medical agent ended near the time of the U.S. Civil War.
True
Which of the following is FALSE? a.) An AA meeting is led by a licensed or certified therapist b.) A person works the steps with the guidance/support of a sponser c.) When people first start attending AA, they are encouraged to attend 90 meetings in their first 90 days
An AA meeting is led by a licensed or certified therapist
______ is a chemical that binds to the same receptors as cannabinoids do.
Anandamide
Caffeine is believed to be an _______ for ______.
Antagonist; adenosine
What is true of antipsychotic medications?
Antipsychotic medications influence the positive symptoms more than the negative ones
Which of the following is true? a.) Some treatments are actually based on the 12 steps b.) Any client with a substance use disorder should be required to attend an AA or other 12-step meeting as part of their treatment c.) working the 12 steps involves making amends to everyone someone has wronged as a result of their substance use d.) Family therapy is rarely included in treatment for a substance use disorder
Any client with a substance use disorder should be required to attend an AA or other 12-step meeting as part of their treatment
Which of the following reflects patterns of caffeine consumption in the U.S.?
As people age, consumption decreases and they switch from coffee to tea
____________________ is a disorder that usually develops in childhood and is characterized by poor school performance, inattention, fidgeting and restlessness.
Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder
Which of the following people is most likely to abuse alcohol? a. Jason, a 29-year-old black male b. Amanda, a 34-year-old white female c. Carmen, a 19-year-old Hispanic female d. Barry, a 22-year-old white male
Barry
What is true of Benzodiazepines and/or Barbiturates?
Benzodiazepines and barbiturates interfere with memory
___________ is the portion of the original drug dose that reaches its site of action.
Bioavailability
What is a partial opiate agonist that is becoming popular as an alternative to methadone in the treatment of opioid withdrawal?
Buprenorphine
_____ is a partial opiate agonist that is becoming popular as an alternative to methadone in the treatment of opioid withdrawal.
Buprenorphine
_____ is a partial opioid agonist that is becoming popular as a treatment of opioid withdrawal.
Buprenorphine
________ is a medication prescribed to help people stop smoking that is also prescribed under the name of Wellbutrin for depression.
Bupropion (Zyban)
_________ are medications prescribed to help people stop smoking.
Bupropion (Zyban®) and Nalaxone (Narcan®)
______ are the receptors primarily found in the brain to which the cannabinoids bind.
CB1
narcotic
CNS depressant that contains sedative and pain-relieving compounds
amphetamine
CNS stimulant that acts like naturally occurring adrenaline
__________ facilitates many disease processes associated with smoking because of its advantage over oxygen in binding to hemoglobin.
Carbon monoxide
____ is an active ingredient in Khat.
Cathinone
_______ is an active ingredient in khat.
Cathinone
The results of surveys completed in various countries (including the USA) reported by the Degenhardt (2008) indicate
China, Africa, and Middle East report lower prevalence rates of alcohol use than other countries
__________ , initially used as an anesthesia in surgery, was found to have calming effects on individuals with psychotic disorders. It revolutionized the treatment of psychotic disorders.
Chlorpromazine
All of the following are considered antidepressants except ________. a.) Clorzaril b.) Prozac c.) Lexapro d.) Zoloft
Clozaril
What are some antipsychotics?
Clozaril, Risperdal, Zyprexa
Sigmund Fraud advocated the use of cocaine for ________.
Depression and drug addiction (A and C)
Which of the following are side effects of methamphetamine abuse?
Deterioration of the teeth, depression, damage to dopamine pathways in the brain (All of the above)
________ can cause a person to feel drunk after drinking a bottle of what they think is wine but is actually plain grape juice.
Drug expectancy
T/F: Cannabis does not result in hallucinations, even at high doses.
FALSE
T/F: Harm reduction interventions condone substance use and really do not have any research support for them.
FALSE
T/F: Moderation in drinking is usually an appropriate treatment goal for those with an alcohol use disorder considered severe.
FALSE
T/F: Regular marijuana results in a stronger high than synthetic marijuana.
FALSE
T/F: The Health Effects of Cannabis and Cannabinoids report by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (2017) indicates there is substantial research support using cannabis to treat multiple sclerosis, epilepsy, and chronic pain.
FALSE
T/F: Treatment for substance use disorders always includes medication.
FALSE
True/False: Although illicit drugs have often been used for medicinal purposes, it is rare that drugs developed for medicinal purposes are used for recreation.
FALSE
A person who is afraid of flying and takes a Xanax to feel calmer during a flight is activating which neurotransmitter system?
GABA
The brain's major inhibitory neurotransmitter is ____
GABA
The brain's major inhibitory neurotransmitter is __________.
GABA
What neurotransmitter activity does alcohol affect?
GABA serotonin dopamine
Which neurotransmitter activity does alcohol affect?
GABA serotonin dopamine
Which neurotransmitter activity does alcohol affect?
GABA serotonin dopamine
Which neurotransmitter activity does alcohol affect?
GABA, dopamin, serotonin
What is the main difference between morphine and heroin?
Heroin more readily penetrates the blood-brain barrier
What is the main difference between morphine and heroin?
Heroin more readily penetrates the blood-brain barrier.
Which of the following is/are the acute effects of alcohol?
Increased reaction time, decreased balance controls, and decreased sensitivity in taste, smell, pain, and vision (all of the above)
Cannabis sativa
Indian hemp plant whose resin, flowering tops, leaves, and stem contain the plant's psychoactive substances
____________ are specialized structures located on dendrites and cell bodies of neurons that are considered "fast" because their activation directly influences the ion channels.
Ionotropic receptors
A pack-a-day smoker averages 150 nicotine reinforcements a day
True
The stimulants known as "bath salts" are synthetic drugs similar to an active ingredient in ______.
Khat leaves
Lethal dose
LD; dose at which a given % of persons die
Which of the following is/are serotonergic hallucinogens?
LSD psilocybin mescaline
Patients who experience mania are most commonly prescribed __________ to stabilize their moods.
Lithium
What is a current nonbenzodiazepine medication prescribed for sleep?
Lunesta
People who take __________ must avoid foods that contain tyramine.
MAOIs
Which of the following is NOT paired correctly? Lithium - Mood Stabilizer MAOIs - Antipsychotics Chlorpromazine - Antipsychotic Wellbutrin - Antidepressant
MAOIs - Antipsychotics
Schedule 1
MDMA, marijuana, LSD, heroin, peyote, hash
What is NOT a general dissociative anesthetic? a.) Mescaline b.) DXM c.) Ketamine d.) PCP
Mescaline
What is referred to as the "pleasure center" or the "reward center"?
Mesolimbic Dopaminergic Pathway
Which of the following is referred to as the "pleasure center" or the "reward center"?
Mesolimbic Dopaminergic Pathway
Which of the following is/are true?
Methadone is an opioid that is used for the treatment of opioid withdrawal More people use prescription opioids other than as prescribed than use heroin today
Which of the following is/are true?
Methadone is an opioid that is used for treatment of withdrawal and more people use prescription opioids than as prescribed than use heroin
____ is used for the treatment of an overdose of opioids.
Naloxone (Narcan)
What is used for the treatment of an overdose of opioids?
Naloxone (narcan)
The rise in illegal use of prescription opioids in the later 1990s and early 2000s was largely related to what drug?
OxyContin®
technologies you would use to track brain function and processing?
PET scan and fMRI
Which of the following is NOT true? a.) Antipsychotic medications influence the positive symptoms more than the negative ones b.) People taking tricyclic medicines must avoid tyramine c.) Tardive dyskinesia involves repetitive involuntary movements of the mouth and tongue d.) There are fewer people hospitalized for psychological disorders today than in the 1950s
People taking tricyclic medicines must avoid tyramin
Which of the following is NOT true of A.A.? a.) There are 12 steps b.) People work the steps by themselves c.) Part of working the steps involves sharing an honest self-evaluation with someone else. d.) Bill W. and Dr. Bob are the founders of AA
People work the steps by themselves
__________ is the study of the biochemical and physiological effects of drugs and their mechanisms of action.
Pharmacodynamics
How do pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics compare?
Pharmacokinetics examines the movement of drugs through the body, and pharmacodynamics examines the effects of drugs on the body.
Opium comes from them?
Poppy
What is the relationship between efficacy and potency of a drug?
Potency is the lowest dose of a drug that achieves maximum effect.
___________ refers to the general occurrence of an event, usually expressed in terms of percentage of some population; _________ refers to the number of first time occurrences of an event.
Prevalence, Incidence
The ____ required producers of medicine to indicate which drugs and how much of which drugs were in medicines.
Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906
Which of the following people is most likely to smoke?
Randy a 23 year old white male
_________ is a self-help group that does NOT include any spirituality component that helps people look at their motives for use, and their beliefs, emotions, and behavior.
SMART
Which of the following indicates a pair of related terms?
Saloon-temperance
________ is derived from a plant in the sage family and is considered to be the most potent of any naturally-occurring hallucinogens.
Salvia
Scott drinks a few beers every once in a while; most often this is at a special occasion. ____ would be the best description of his level of use of alcohol.
Social/recreational use
The advantage of using _____ for the treatment of opioid use disorder is that if someone takes it other than as directed, they will put themselves into opioid withdrawal.
Suboxone
SAMHSA
Substance abuse and mental health services administration (part of NSDUH)
____ are active ingredients in cannabis.
THC, Cannabidiol, Cannabinol
T/F: Cannabis use is associated with development of psychotic disorders (including schizophrenia) later in life.
TRUE
T/F: Cannabis was used as a general all purpose medicine in the 1800s.
TRUE
T/F: In helping people think about changing, it is helpful to have the person explore both the reasons to change and the reasons to not change.
TRUE
T/F: Regularly attending self-help groups is associated with higher rates of abstinence.
TRUE
T/F: Synthetic marijuana results in a stronger high than regular marijuana.
TRUE
T/F: The best way to approach treatment for someone who has a substance use disorder and a non-AOD psychological disorder is for the person to go to a substance use treatment expert for the substance use disorder and a different expert for the non-AOD related disorder.
TRUE
T/F: Treatment of substance use disorders should always help people develop supportive social relationships.
TRUE
T/F: Treatment outcome for substance use disorder is better if people stay in treatment for at least 6 months.
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE: The effects of drugs involve making naturally occurring physiological processes more or less active.
TRUE
True /False: Withdrawal symptoms of an addictive drug are the opposite of the drug's effects.
TRUE
True or False: Consuming an excessive amount of caffeine is called caffeinism and can produce symptoms such as gastrointestinal distress, insomnia, excessive anxiety, and restlessness.
TRUE
True or False: Fetal Alcohol Syndrome is associated with before and after birth growth deficiencies, distinctive facial anomalies, and central nervous system dysfunction.
TRUE
True/False: All self-help groups are modeled after AA and its steps
TRUE
True/False: Cultural norms can contribute to the development of a substance use disorder.
TRUE
True/False: Into the middle of the 1800s, in the U.S., drugs could be obtained via the mail, at grocery stores, and without a prescription.
TRUE
True/False: Many of the drugs that are illegal today were used to treat a variety of medical concerns in the 1800s and early 1900s.
TRUE
True/False: More people go to outpatient treatment than inpatient treatment for substance use disorders.
TRUE
True/False: The DSM-IV diagnosis of substance abuse was the diagnosis indicative of an addiction.
TRUE
True/False: The effects of drugs always involve naturally occurring physiological processes.
TRUE
True/False: The effects of opioids are synergistic with those of alcohol.
TRUE
True/False: There are multiple genes that can contribute to a genetic risk for the development of a substance use disorder.
TRUE
True/False: Tolerance may develop to some effects of a drug but not to others.
TRUE
True/False: Treatment of substance use disorders should always help people find an alternative way to get the reinforcement they got from their substance use and develop supportive social relationships.
TRUE
True/False: What someone thinks will happen when they use a particular drug, influences what the person experiences when they use that drug.
TRUE
TRUE or FALSE: People who have tolerance to alcohol will also demonstrate tolerance to barbiturates the first time they use them.
TRUE: These people are demonstrating cross-tolerance to the two drugs, which have similar action in the body.
Lung cancer is the leading major cancer-related cause of death among women.
True
Which of the following statements describes the conclusions/recommendations of professional committee reports on the effects of marijuana? a.) The most recent report published in 2017 recommends that cannabis should be available for recreational use in the US b.) The most recent report published in 2017 describes barriers to research evaluating the effects of cannabis and cannabinoids. c.) They have consistently warned about the multiple negative effects of marijuana use d.) They have always clearly stated there are no negative effects of marijuana use
The most recent report published in 2017 describes barriers to research evaluating the effects of cannabis and cannabinoids.
Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding the conclusions/recommendations of The Health Effects of Cannabis and Cannabinoids report by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (2017)? a.) The report recommends that cannabis should be available for recreational use. b.) It concluded that research indicates cannabis is helpful for those with multiple sclerosis, chronic pain, and nausea from chemotherapy. XX c.) The report recommends that cannabis should be available for medical use d.) The report describes limitations in research evaluating the effects of cannabis and cannabinoids.
The report recommends that cannabis should be available for recreational use.
Which of the following is true regarding the smoking-related mortality rates of men and women in the U.S.?
The smoking-related risk of death for men and women is almost identical.
Which of the following is/are true about the withdrawal effects of cocaine and amphetamines?
The withdrawal effects include depression, inability to experience pleasure, lack of energy, and increased appetite
How do drugs relate to the process of neural transmission?
They are a chemical component of an electrochemical process.
__________ , initially used as an anesthesia in surgery, was found to have calming effects on individuals with psychotic disorders. It revolutionized the treatment of psychotic disorders.
Thorazine
CB2
______ are the receptors primarily found in the immune system to which the cannabinoids bind.
Illicit drugs
_______ _____ have unknown dose effect curves because no regulation (uncertain contents)
Generally
____________ the more of a drug, the greater the effect
opium poppy
a plant cultivated for centuries for a drug that acts as a CNS depressant
What is the LD 50 for alcohol?
a BAC of .45 - .50
What is the LD 50 for alcohol?
a BAC of .45-.50
Why have some students used stimulants as study aids?
a and c only
withdrawal
a definable illness that occurs with a cessation or decrease in use of a drug
analogy for a receptor on a neuron =
a gate
The most commonly reported symptom of withdrawal from caffeine is ______.
a headache
Substance abuse
a pattern of harmful use of a psychoactive substance
sensation seeking is
a personality characteristic that is associated with more frequent and varied substance use
control
ability to account for variables that may affect the results of a study
teratogenic
abnormality that is produced in the fetus
Based on a recent survey, what is the average prevalence of cocaine use among high school seniors?
about 2%
What is the two-year relapse rate for patients who have completed a heroin detox program?
about 85%
passive smoking
absorption of toxins from another person's tobacco smoke
Which 2 neurotransmitters are involved in learning and memory?
acetylcholine and glutamate
Protracted tolerance
across regular or chronic use
drug effect
action of a drug on the body
The electrical activity along the axon that occurs when a neuron fires is called:
action potential
psychotherapeutic
action that is unique or special is exerted on psychological functioning
Behavioral tolerance
adjustment of behavior thorugh learning experiences in using a drug to compensate for its intoxication effects
behavioral tolerance
adjustment of demeanor through experience in using a drug to compensate for its intoxicating effects
There are specific medications to treat the withdrawal from
alcohol, benzodiazepines, and opioids
Ph of drug
alkalinity/acidity influences absorption
Which of the following is FALSE? a.) Legalization is still highly controversial, although public support has gradually increased in recent years. b.) routes of administration for cannabis include smoking, inhaling vaporized THC, eating foods containing THC, and taking medication that has THC c.) all forms of cannabis have similar amounts of THC
all forms of cannabis have similar amounts of THC
Ways psychoactive drugs can affect the CNS
alter info sent to brain from environment, disrupt messages from brain to body, disrupt CNS internal functions, affect other parts of body directly and indirectly
overall effect of hallucinogens:
alter perceptions and states of consciousness, e.g., LSD, ketamine
respiratory system
alteration of proper functioning; however, much of this impairment is reversed following abstinence of marijuana
trip
altered perception that results in mode labile and bizarre cognitive experiences
the dosage of a drug identifies the ______
amount
effective dose
amount at which a given percentage of individuals show a particular effect of a drug
Substantia Nigra
associated with basal ganglia structure, involved in coordination of movement and integration of motor control; named because of dark pigment; produces dopamine. Damage associated with parkinsons(symptoms show when 80% of substantia nigra is destroyed!)
What is NOT a common effect of LSD?
auditory hallucinations
orientation to time
awareness of temporal specification, such as what day of the week it is
According to the Controlled Substances Act, what might a doctor prescribe to treat a medical condition?
cocaine
The San Fransisco Ordinance involved____.
banning opium dens
Example of tolerance to some effects and not others
barbiturates-develop tolerance to sleep inducing and pleasant intoxication, but not to impaired motor coordination or slowed reaction time
What is the name of the forebrain structure that is involved in the control and initiation of motor movement?
basal ganglia
sociopathy
behavioral pattern characterized by lack of concern for obligations or others and tendency toward violence
What would be the best treatment option to quit smoking for a woman who is pregnant?
behavioral therapy
Drug expectancies
belief about what they will experience upon taking a drug (ex. Placebo, antidepressants, pain meds, alcohol, marijuana)
Compared to depressant type anesthetics, what is a key benefit to doctors of using opiates?
better patient communication
The formula for calculating approximate blood alcohol content is a function of which 2 variables?
beverages and time
According to the NSDUH, heavy drinking is defined as:
binge drinking 5 or more times a month
According to the NSDUH, heavy drinking is defined as:
binge drinking five or more times a month
Absorption into blood stream
bioavailability
____ is the portion of the original drug dose that reaches its site of action or that reaches a fluid in the body that gives the drug access to its site of action.
bioavailability
Pharmacological factors
biological effects, how you take it
caffeinism
caffeine intoxication
What drug is contained in crack?
cocaine
Hector met some friends at a pub at the end of a long work week. How did Hector likely feel after he had two drinks?
chatty
Research on endorphins has shown that the pain relief resulting from the placebo effect is caused by a ______ process.
chemical
acetylsalicyclic acid
chemical name for aspirin
placebo
chemically inactive substance (e.g., sugar pill)
What accurately describes the influence that age has on drug effects?
children and the elderly are more susceptible to a drug's effects
Which of the following accurately describes the influence that age has on drug effects?
children and the elderly are more susceptible to a drug's effects
blunt
cigar that is emptied of tobacco and refilled with marijuana
monoamine
class of chemicals characterized by a single amine group
dissociative anesthetic
class of drugs able to induce loss of sensation while an individual remains semiconscious
serotonergic hallucinogen
class of drugs has common action of influencing chemical transmission in the brain
methylated amphetamine
class of drugs including MDA and MDMA (Ecstasy)
anticholinergic hallucinogen
class of drugs that produces a dream-like trance
Cocaine is obtained from the leaves of __________.
coca
cannabinoinds
collection of more than 60 chemical compounds present in marijuana
What could be considered an international benefit derived from drugs across history?
commerce
brand name
commercial label given to a drug by its manufacturer
antihistamine
common over-the-counter drug with decongestant effects
what did the repeal of Prohibition in 1933 likely indicate?
common public use of alcohol
Kidneys
complex filtering system that removes substances from the blood
Personality characteristics
complex, difficult to understand; NO ADDICTIVE PERSONALITY; anxiety reduction effect, psychological set, drug expectancies
tardive dyskinesia
complication characterized by involuntary movements of the mouth and tongue, trunk, and extremities
cocaethylene
compound formed in the body when cocaine is taken w/ alcohol
stimulant psychosis
condition that includes paranoid delusions and disorientation resembling the symptoms of paranoid schizophrenia
physiological effect
condition whose symptoms are the same as those seen in emotional arousal and appetite-suppression
high dose
condition whose symptoms include a psychotic state, paranoid delusions, and a risk of overdose death
behavioral effect
condition whose symptoms include a sense of elation, increased sociability, and increased resistance to fatigue
ADHD
condition with features such as a greater-than-normal amount of activity, restlessness, difficulty concentrating, and impulsivity
formication syndrome
condition with symptoms of itching and feeling as if insects were crawling under skin
casual relationship
connection between variables in which changes in one variable are due to changes in another
Before a person participates as a subject in a research experiment, what must they provide?
consent
reinforcer
consequence of an action that increases its future likelihood
punisher
consequence of an action that suppresses or decreases its future likelihood
nicotine poisioning
consequence of overdose on the active ingredient of tobacco characterized by palpitations, dizziness, or nausea
nicotine poisoning
consequence of overdose on the active ingredient of tobacco characterized by palpitations, dizziness, or nausea
psychotherapy
conversation between a specially trained individual and another person intended to change patterns of behavior
Identify which of the following was not discussed as a means by which drugs are categorized.
cost
antitussive
cough-suppressant drug
What is true regarding alcohol tolerance?
cross tolerance occurs with other depressants
Which of the following is/are true regarding alcohol? a.) acute tolerance happens, but protracted tolerance does not b.) cross tolerance occurs with other depressants c.) dispositional tolerance does not occur d.) protracted tolerance occurs, but acute tolerance does not occur
cross tolerance occurs with other depressants
In a meeting before she had a major operation, Connie's surgeon asked how much alcohol she drank per week and whether she regularly used tranquilizers or sleep medication. The doctor's questions were to avoid possible problems with ________.
cross-tolerance
Which of the following is not a form of cocaine?
crystal
Which of the following is not a form of cocaine? a.) crack b.) coca paste c.) free base d.) crystal
crystal
Different dose
curve effect for different effects e.g. heart rate, mood, memory
The abstinence syndrome produced upon cocaine withdrawal consists of which of the following symptoms?
depression
black tar heroin
dark brown substance that may be cement like or hard
Researchers working to determine the LD 50 of a particular drug are interested in which of the following?
death
overall effect of depressants:
decrease CNS activity, e.g., alcohol, xanax, other anti-anxiety agents
Depressants
decrease central nervous system activity(alcohol, Xanax, other antianxiety stuff)
Overall, the prevalence of current smokers has ______ since 1965.
decreased
Overall, the prevalence of current smokers has __________ since 1965.
decreased
Cocaine and the amphetamines cause _____.
decreased appetite
functional tolerance
decreased effects of a drug on demeanor as a result of regular use
What is/are the acute effects of alcohol
decreased sensitivity in taste, smell, vision, and pain decreased balance controls increased reaction time
Which of the following is/are the acute effects of alcohol?
decreased sensitivity in taste, smell, vision, and pain increased reaction time decreased balance controls
The presence of food in the stomach ___ absorption and __ the amount of the drug in one's blood at any one time for orally administered drugs.
delays; decreases
toxic jock behavior
demeanor characterized with hypermasculine attitudes and excessive risk taking
Check My Work ________ are branches that extend from individual nerve cells.
dendrites
barbiturate
depressant drug formerly used as sleeping pills and currently used in treatment for epilepsy
antagonism
diminished or reduced effect of a drug when another drug is present
Drug antagonism
diminished/reduced effect when another drug is present
emphysema
disease of the lung characterized by abnormal dilution of air spaces and distension of walls
dyskinesia
disordered movement
reproductive system
disruption of functioning in both males and females, as well as possible teratogenic effects
Effectiveness of antipsychotics are associated with the impact on ________ activity.
dopamine
What neurotransmitters are affected by cocaine and amphetamines?
dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine
Which neurotransmitters are affected by cocaine and amphetamines?
dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine
Which of the following neurotransmitters are affected by cocaine and amphetamines?
dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine
What factor distinguishes acute tolerance from protracted tolerance?
dose
Effective dose
dose at which a given % of individuals show a particular effect
potency
dose required for a drug to produce a given effect
opium
dried sap produced by the poppy plant
Cellular/system changes
drug compensatory response
Which of the following methods identifies nonhumans' subjective response to a substance? a. drug discrimination study b. operant conditioning c. conflict paradigm d. classical conditioning
drug discrimination study
paradoxical
drug effect that is opposite in direction to what is anticipated based on its structure
heroin
drug produced by chemically processing morphine
hashish
drug produced from the resin that covers the flowers of a hemp plant
psilocybin
drug similar to lysergic acid diethylamide found in mushrooms
mescaline
drug similar to lysergic acid diethylamide found in the peyote cactus
atropine
drug that blocks receptors in the brain and is used as antidote for nerve gas
scopolamine
drug that blocks receptors in the brain; also called hyoscine
phencyclidine
drug that can cause hyperexcitability, delirium, and visual disturbances; also known as angel dust
over-the-counter drug
drug that cane be obtained legally w/o a medial prescription
ketamine
drug that included among the "club" drugs; also known as vitamin K
disulfiram
drug that interferes with alcohol metabolism so that people feel ill if they consume alcohol
anxiolytic
drug that is anxiety-reducing
sympathomimetic
drug that produces the physiological effects of sympathetic activity
levo-alpha-acetylmethadol (LAAM)
drug used in treating heroin addiction that is similar in action to methadone
solubility
ease with which a compound can be broken down or entered into a solution
Slower absorption of alcohol is associated with
eating before or while drinking drinking milk
Slower absorption of alcohol is associated w/:
eating before or while drinking drinking milk before or w/ alcohol
Slower absorption of alcohol is associated with
eating before or while drinking and drinking milk
synesthesia
effect characterized by perception of stimulus in a modality other than one presented
Prototype dose
effect curve has an S shape, meaning there is a larger effect as the dose increases, but the graph plateaus for the highest doses
initial sensitivity
effect of a drug on a first-time user
psychoactive
effect on mood, thinking, and behavior
pseudoephedrine
effective decongestant
________ is the peak of the dose-effect curve for a given effect of a particular drug.
efficacy
What serves as the basis for communication through the nervous system?
electricity
Liver
eliminates drugs through biotransformation(metabolism), enzyme, and metabolites
More
elimination is ___________ efficient with higher concentrations of a drug
psychological dependence
emotional state of wanting a drug for its positive effects or to avoid negative effects
Opioids act by mimicking which neurotransmitter system?
endorphin
Opioids act by mimicking which neurotransmitter system?
endorphine
Which of the following is NOT a correct pairing? serotonin - sleep, mood endorphins - coordinated movement glutamate - learning and memory, main excitoatory neurotransmitter acetylcholine - muscle contractions, learning and memory
endorphins -coordinated movement
synergism
enhanced effect of a drug when another drug is present
The recovery of many Vietnam veterans from heroin addiction reveals that __________.
environment can play a very important role in recovery
The recovery of many Vietnam veterans from heroin addiction reveals that?
environment can play a very important role in recovery
the recovery of many Vietnam veterans from heroin addiction reveals that __________.
environment can play a very important role in recovery
What process(e)s is/are responsible for removing neurotransmitters from the synapse?
enzyme breakdown and reuptake
Which of the following processes are responsible for removing neurotransmitters from the synapse?
enzyme breakdown and reuptake
Drug Enforcement Administration
established as Federal Bureau of Narcotics in 1930
Sumerian or Assyrian civilization
evidence of opiate cultivation and use as long as 6,000 years
Greek or Roman civilization
evidence of opiate use in a variety of medical practices as documented by Galen
ancient Egyptian civilization
evidence of the discovery of medical uses for opiates 3,500 years ago
glutamate
excitatory amino acid neurotransmitter
Frontal lobe
executive functioning(CEO), planning, emotional control, impulse control(front)
Infants whose mothers were addicted to cocaine during pregnancy ________.
experience short-term neurologic problems after birth
Infant whose mothers were addicted to cocaine during pregnancy ______.
experience short-term neurological problems after birth
________ refers to a process in which a person stops responding to a cue after multiple unfulfilled exposures—such as an alcoholic who stops craving liquor after being in a bar many times but never having a drink.
extinction
confabulation
fabrication of events, when asked questions concerning them, because of an inability to recall
blackout
failure to recall events that occurred while consuming alcohol despite no loss of consciousness
Biological characteristics
inherited differences (initial sensitivity, metabolism), sex, weight, age
methylxanthine
family of chemicals classified as alkaloids
what law included emphasis on a particular age group?
family smoking prevention and tobacco control act of 2009
Inhalation
fastest(7-10 sec), much of drug may get lost in the air/smoke
Women tend to be more easily affected by drugs due to a difference in ________.
fat
_________ is the earliest, most benign effect of alcohol's effects on the liver.
fatty liver
myelin
fatty white substance that covers the cylindrical extensions of some nerve cells
Setting
feeling of if you're supposed to have it, classical conditioning
What drug is the most potent pain reliever?
fentanyl
Which of the following drugs is the most potent pain reliever?
fentanyl
A sudden reoccurrence of a hallucinogenic experience is a(n) __________.
flashback
Opioid withdrawal symptoms are best characterized as __________.
flu-like in nature
Opioid withdrawal symptoms are best characterized as __________.
flu-like in nature but not fatal
basal ganglion
forebrain structure important for motor control; includes caudate nucleus, the putamen, and the globus pallidus
thalamus
forebrain structure that organizes sensory input
hypothalamus
forebrain structure that regulates eating, drinking, and other basic biological drives
street heroin
form of chemically processed morphine that is mixed with additives many times as it changes hands
uncut heroin
form of chemically processed morphine that is quite pure and is a white odorless powder
neuropsychological test
formal way of measuring behavioral functions that may be impaired by brain lesions
Binge drinking is defined as:
four or more servings for a female and five or more servings for a male within an episode of drinking
Which of the following is FALSE regarding substance use treatment: a.) can intervene with biological factors, psychological factors, and/or social factors b.) can include individual therapy, group therapy, and family therapy c.) may encourage self-help involvement or be based on the 12 steps d.) frequently has moderation in use as a treatment goal for severe substance use disorders
frequently has moderation in use as a treatment goal for severe substance use disorders
The danger of extreme alcohol withdrawal symptoms lasts _____.
from 12 hours to 10 days
The danger of extreme alcohol withdrawal symptoms lasts ________.
from 12 hours to 10 days
Executive functioning occurs in the
frontal lobes
Executive functioning occurs in the _______.
frontal lobes
which of the following distinguishes a clinical designation of caffeine withdrawal from the general experience associated with stopping caffeine intake?
functional impairment
Ethan took a six pack of beer from his father's garage to drink with his friend Terrence in the woods. It was the first time drinking alcohol for the high school freshmen. After one beer Terrence felt just a little buzzed, but Ethan felt woozy and his face was flushed. What likely accounted for the difference in the boys' responses to their first beers?
genetics
Characteristics of user
genetics, allergy, gender, expectations(placebo), personality
The most abundant excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain is ________.
glutamate
piloerection
goose bumps
extrapyramidal
group of cell bodies involved with starting, stopping, and smoothing out movements
Which of the following potential side effects of prescribing amphetamines for ADHD would cause the most concern from a development perspective?
growth delay
48-72 hours
half-life of cannabis
joint
hand-rolled marijuana cigarette
Psychoactive drug indirect effects
happens by manipulating nerve cell chemistry in the brain that then sends messages back to that organ
Psychoactive drug direct effects
happens while passing through the organ or tissue
what is the core concept that characterizes drug abuse?
harm
What is TRUE of the effects of cannabis?
has some sedative effects reduces pain time seems to pass more slowly has some stimulant effects impairs STM
The most commonly reported symptom of withdrawal from caffeine is __________.
headaches
Temporal lobe
hearing(at temples)
anhedonia
inability to experience normal pleasure
rebound insomnia
inability to sleep; produced as a withdrawal symptom associated with some depressant drugs
Sympathomimetic drugs:
include bath salts, amphetamines, and cocaine
Mucus membrane absorption
includes intranasal, sublingual, rectal; quicker than oral, avoids gastrointestinal tract
CRAFT... for loved ones of one with alcohol or other drug dependence 1.Improve the quality of life independent of other's use 2.Make sobriety more attractive to loved one than using - change consequences
includes teaching a concerned significant other to reinforce abstinence behaviors and not reinforce using behaviors
rapid eye movement (REM) rebound
increase in dream activity when withdrawing from drugs that suppress that stage
What is a physiological effect of cocaine?
increase in heart rate pupil dilation increase in blood pressure
What is a physiological effect of cocaine?
increase in heart rate, pupil dilation, increase in blood pressure (all of the above)
dispositional tolerance
increase in the rate of metabolizing a drug as a result of its regular use
tolerance
increased amount of drug needed for intoxication, or diminished effect w/ the same amount of drug
Due to specific drug interactions, a person who drinks alcohol may experience which of the following?
increased depression
Dispositional tolerance
increased metabolism rate as a result of its regular use
reverse tolerance
increased receptivity to a drug with repeated use of it
neuron
individual nerve cell that is a basic building block of the nervous system
psychological set
individual's knowledge, attitudes, expectations, and other thoughts about an object or an event
Which of the following list routes of administration from quickest to longest time before effects are experienced?
inhalation, intramuscular, oral
Order of quickest to slowest absorptions
inhalation, intravenous, nasal, oral
What is the order of routes of administration from quickest to longest time before effects are experienced?
inhalation, oral, sublingual OR intravenous, oral, transdermal
What is an example of negative reinforcement?
injecting heroin to avoid withdrawal symptom
Basal Ganglia
integration of movement and initiation of motor movement(parkinsons-less active areas bcuz reduces dopamine messages from substantia nigra)
What term best reflects the role the personality plays in developing an addiction?
interactive
Intravenous
into the veins; intense rush (15-30 sec); most dangerous because it bypasses body's safety mechanisms
One of the important factors about the ___ route of administration is that it bypasses all of our safety mechanisms.
intravenous
One of the important factors about the ________ route of administration is that it bypasses all of our safety mechanisms:
intravenous
Injection
intravenous, intramuscular, and subcutaneous; slower than inhalation; most dangerous(bypasses safety filters of the body); all at once
How would you administer a drug if you wanted to avoid all natural barriers that can slow absorption?
intravenously
treatment outcome research
investigation designed to show a causal relationship between a treatment and some change
Hippocampus
involved in formation of memories(if you ever saw a hippo on campus, you'd remember it)
Hypothalamus
involved in regulation of eating and drinking, control of body temp, sexual behavior, sleep
You need to hire someone to sort and deliver mail to employees in your office. Sunil seems to be a low-energy person, while Rhonda appears full of energy. From a neural perspective, Rhonda would be considered a(n) ________.
ionotropic receptor
___ are specialized structures located on dendrites and cell bodies of neurons that are considered "fast" because their activation influences the ion channels.
ionotropic receptors
Synesthesia
is perceiving a stimulus via a different sensory modality than the sense in which it is biologically processed.
The concept of tobacco as therapeutic agent took a serious blow when Posselt and Reimann __________.
isolated nicotine
Which of the following is FLASE about the Controlled Substances Act (formal name of Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act)>
it allowed for immediate classification of drugs
Given its intended purpose, what is unique about the 18th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution?
it did NOT ban consumption
Which of the following best describes the neural system impact of tobacco?
it mimics acetylcholine
6
it takes about ____ half-lives to reduce the level of drug in the blood to less than 2% of original amount
synapse
junction b/t nerve cells
What drug would be most likely to produce changes/distortions in perception of one's body?
ketamine
The stimulants known as "bath salts" are synthetic drugs similar to an active ingredient in ____.
khat leaves
qualitative
kind, as opposed to quantity, of effect a combination of drugs produce
Dr. Campbell's recommendations for "Lower Risk Use" include all of the following:
know how much you are drinking alternate an alcohol beverage with water eat something substantial before or while you are drinking
Psychological set
knowledge, attitudes, expectations, and thoughts about a drug
chemical name
label given to a drug that represents its structure
Forebrain
largest and most complex brain region including thalamus, hypothalamus, mesolimbic dopaminergic pathway, limbic system, basal ganglia, and cerebral cortex
fentanyl
latest opiate threat and about 100 times more powerful than morphine
San Francisco Ordinance
law passed in 1875 that banned opium dens
Pure food and drug act
law passed in 1906 that made medicine producers indicate amount of drug in a product; decreased NEW addiction development
Harrison Narcotics Tax Act
law passed in 1914 that attempted to regulate opium traffic with regulations of supply and inaccurately included cocaine as a narcotic
Marijuana tax act
law passed in 1937 that requires license for producers, manufacturers, importers, and dispensers
Community Mental Health Centers Act
law passed in 1963 that began community counseling centers
Controlled substances Act
law passed in 1970 that "scheduled" drugs I through V and set standards for penalties for manufacturing and distributing
Controlled Substances Analogue Enforcement act
law passed in 1986 that allowed immediate classification of new drugs
Chemical diversion and trafficking act
law passed in 1988 that controls distribution of materials used to manufacture illicit drugs
Comprehensibe methamphetamine control act
law passed in 1996 that restricts access to ingredients, monitors ingredients, and increased penalties for same amt.
Family smoking prevention and tobacco control act
law passed in 2009 where FDA regulates manufacturing, marketing, and sale of tobacco
Fair sentencing act
law passed in 2010 that reduces disparity for different forms of the same drug
Synthetic drug abuse prevention act
law passed in 2012 that bans synthetic compounds like bath salts and synthetic marijuana
According to the behavioral pharmacology perspective, drug use is ________.
learned
What all is included in the DSM-5 categories of criteria for substance use disorder?
legal problems
prohibition
legislative forbidding of the sale of a substance
Precancerous cells that develop as the result of smokeless tobacco are called ______.
leukoplakia
Recent brain imaging research suggests that drug craving is associated with activity in the
limbic areas
Recent brain imaging research suggests that drug craving is associated with activity in the __________________.
limbic areas
Once in the bloodstream, orally-administered drugs pass through the ____ before reaching the brain.
liver
Once in the bloodstream, orally-administered drugs pass through the __________ before reaching the brain.
liver
F(they are the primary organs involved)
liver and kidneys are not involved in elimination of drugs from the body t/f
Elimination
liver, kidneys; urinated, saliva, feces, sweat, exhaled breath, breast milk
The ___ is (are) primarily responsible for drug metabolism, the __ is (are) the most important organ(s) for excretion of drugs and their metabolites.
liver; kidneys
The _____ is (are) primarily responsible for drug metabolism; the ___ is (are) the most important organ for excretion of drugs and their metabolites.
liver; kidneys
Superior colliculi
localization of visual information(REMEMBER: eyes are higher than ears!)
axon
long cylindrical extension of the cell body of the nerve cell
personality disorder
long-standing behavioral pattern that frequently creates distress for individuals due to personal or social consequences
chewing tobacco
loose-leaf form of tobacco that is pressed as a rectangle or a twist
anorectic effect
loss of appetite or suppression of eating
amotivational syndorme
loss of effectiveness and reduced capacity to accomplish goals due to chronic marijuana use
anterograde amnesia
loss or limitation of the ability to form new memories
agitated depression
low mood accompanied by a state of tension or restlessness
What was the "soldiers' disease" in the Civil War?
morphine addiction
gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
most abundant inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain
adenosine hypothesis
most accepted belief that explains caffeine's acute effects
Urine
most drugs are excreted in ____________ as original form or metabolites
efficacy
most intense, or peak, level of a drug effect
benzodiazepine
most widely prescribed anxiety-reducing drug
In the context of drug use, what term best describes the concept of environment?
multifaceted
The billions of neurons in the brain are protected by a fatty substance called ________.
myelin
NSDUH
national survey on drug use and health; annual survey of AOD use
prostaglandin
naturally occurring chemical blocked by aspirin and related analgesics
Mesolimbic dopaminergic pathway
neural basis of reward/pleasure(ctrls DOPAMINE); James Olds(VTA, nucleus accumbens, frontal cortex)
One way that drugs work on the nervous system is by being masters of disguise. A drug molecule can fool the brain into thinking it is a ________.
neurotransmitter
norepinephrine
neurotransmitter in the brain involved in activity of the sympathetic branch
dopamine
neurotransmitter in the brain involved w/ movement and reward
serotonin
neurotransmitter in the brain involved with sleep and mood
endorphin
neurotransmitter in the brain that is mimicked by opiate drugs
acetylcholine
neurotransmitter linked with cognitive processes and memory
dabbing
new form of consumption that involves heating concentrated forms of marijuana and inhaling the fumes
____ 2nd highest prevalence.
nicotine
The most frequently reported nicotine withdrawal symptom is __________.
nicotine craving
Which of the following anti-smoking efforts was successful?
none of these (NONE OF THESE IS THE CORRECT ANSWER)--->these were the choices -the Japanese edict of 1603 -the smoking prohibition by the Russian czar in 1634 -the efforts of Sultan Marad IV in 1633 - the papal bulls issued by Popes Urban VIII and Innocent X
neurosis
nonpsychotic emotional disturbance, pain, or discomfort beyond what is appropriate in one's life conditions
Incidence
number of first time occurrences of an event during some time period
syndrome
number of symptoms that occur together and characterize a specific illness or disease
polymorphism
occurrence of something in different forms among members of a population
progesterone
one of the female sex hormones involved in regulation of ovulation and the menstrual cycle
estrogen
one of the female sex hormones involved in regulation of ovulation, menstrual cycle, and pregnancy
What types of learning contribute to the development of a substance use disorder?
operant conditioning and observational learning
For which of the following drugs does the setting NOT have a considerable role in user effects? a. hallucinogens b. marijuana c. opiates d. alcohol
opiates
considered "God's own medicine" by doctors in the late-19th century
opium
Schedule 2
opium, morphine, Ritalin, oxycodone, meth, cocaine
Which of the following presents the substances in order from lowest to highest potency?
opium, morphine, heroin
Drug classification categories
origin(plant/synthetic), therapeutic use, site of action, mechanism of action, street name, chemical structure
cortex
outermost and largest part of the human brain
Cerebral cortex
outermost and largest part of the human brain(laid flat it's 11x14 inches); includes frontal lobes, parietal lobes, temporal lobes, occipital lobe
guaifenesin
over-the-counter expectorant
addiction
overwhelming involvement w/ using a drug, getting an adequate supply of it, and having a strong tendency to resume use of it after stopping for a period
When taken together, which of the following pairs of drugs will potentiate the effects of each other?
oxycodone and alcohol
The rise in illegal use of prescription opioids in the later 1990s and early 2000s was largely related to what drug?
oxycontin
Opiates
pain relief and euphoria(heroin, morphine, oxycontin, Percocet)
overall effect of opiates/opioids:
pain relief and euphoria, e.g., heroin, morphine, oxytococin, percocet
analgesia
pain relief produced without a loss of consciousness
acute panic
paranoid reaction to the drug that leaves individuals in a psychotic state
Psychosis as a result of high dose of cocaine resembles the symptoms of ______.
paranoid schizophrenia
Psychosis as a result of high dose of cocaine resembles the symptoms of ________.
paranoid schizophrenia
Symptoms of cocaine overdose resemble the symptoms of __________.
paranoid schizophrenia
counseling
professional guidance where specially trained professionals perform a variety of treatment activities
The branch of the autonomic nervous system that you can activate by diaphragmatic breathing is the _____.
parasympathetic branch
The branch of the autonomic nervous system that you can activate by diaphragmatic breathing is the____.
parasympathetic branch
parasympathetic branch
part of the automatic nervous system responsible for lowering heart rate and blood pressure
Which of the following is a metaphor for diffusibility in the context of drugs? a. mixing olive oil with water or milk with water b. passing liquid through oilcloth or through lace c. melting sugar in hot coffee or in cold lemonade d. stacking boxes higher and higher until they fall
passing liquid through oilcloth or through lace
Substance dependence
pattern of compulsive behaviors that are related to frequent use of psychoactive substance
Anxiety reduction effect
people vary with respect to the extent to which they have a decrease in anxiety in response to some drugs (e.g. alcohol, benzodiazepine)
novelty seeking
person who tends to be impulsive, take risks, and have a high need for stimulation
drug expectancy
person's belief about what he or she will experience upon taking a drug
___ is the study of the biochemical and physiological effects of drugs and their mechanisms of action.
pharmacodynamics
The field of ____ is concerned with all information about the effects of drugs on living systems.
pharmacology
The field of ___________ is concerned with all information about the effects of drugs on living systems.
pharmacology
How does pharmacology differ from psychopharmacology?
pharmacology examines all effects of drug use, and psychopharmacology examines behavioral effects of drug use
Schedule 5
phenergan, Robitussin A-C, cherocol with codeine
meth mouth
phenomenon characterized by deterioration and loss of teeth
state-dependent learning
phenomenon where knowledge gained under an influence is best recalled when in the same condition
Experiencing withdrawal when stopping use of a particular drug primarily reflects what type of response?
physical
Carolyn asked her doctor to prescribe an amphetamine so she could lose weight before her wedding. The doctor refused due to the potential risk of ____?
physical dependence
tea-pad
place where people gathered to smoke marijuana
A drug that is taken sublingually is __________.
placed under the tongue
treatment
planned activity designed to change some pattern of behavior(s) of individuals or their families
Inferior colliculi
plays part in auditory system, sound localization (REMEMBER: ears are lower!)
Yuri regularly drinks vodka and smokes marijuana, mostly on weekends. Yuri would best be categorized as a _______.
polydrug user
Opium comes from the __________.
poppy
bioavailability
portion of the original drug amount that reaches its site of action
When Jane was younger, she drank alcohol for the buzz. Today Jane usually drinks in order to avoid withdrawal symptoms. When Jane was younger ___________ was occurring and today _________ is occurring.
positive reinforcement; negative reinforcement
Compared to 30 years ago, someone who takes heroin today faces more risk due to increased ________.
potency
hash oil
potent distillate of marijuana
snuff
powdered tobacco mixed with salts, moisture, oils, flavorings, and other additives
freebasing
practice of heating cocaine and inhaling the vapors
OxyContin
prescription opiate released in 1996 whose generic is called oxycodone
Opana
prescription opiate utilized for illicit use and also called oxymorphone
____ refers to the general occurrence of an event, usually expressed in terms of percentage of some population; ____ refers to the number of first time occurrences of an event.
prevalence; incidence
delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)
principal active chemical in marijuana responsible for the psychoactive effects
DSMV substance use disorder definition
problematic pattern of substance use leading to significant impairment or distress within a 12 month period
What can be an effect of chronic heavy drinking?
problems in sexual functioning heart problems decreased immune system functioning
Which of the following can be an effect of chronic heavy drinking?
problems in sexual functioning heart problems decreased immune system functioning
reuptake
process by which neurotransmitters are inactivated
metabolism
process by which the body breaks down matter into more simple components and waste
distallation
process by which the heating of a fermented mixture increases its alcohol content
pylorospasm
process of shutting the pylorus valve that occurs after consuming large quantities of alcohol
absorption
process that occurs in the gastrointestinal tract and the brain after crossing the blood-brain barrier
metabolism & excretion
process that occurs mostly in the liver and kidneys
dissolved
process that occurs when a drug changes from solid to liquid by mixing with liquid
suspended
process that occurs when a drug's particles are dispersed in solution but not broken down
distribution
process that occurs when caffeine is spread throughout the body
absorbed
process that occurs when drugs have entered the bloodstream
recovery
process that results in changes back to health in physical, mental, spiritual, and social functioning
freebase
process where a substance is separated from its salt
interact
process where the effects of one drug are modified by the presence of another drug
fermentation
process where yeast interacts w/ sugar to produce an enzyme that converts sugar into alcohol
What are some common effects of LSD?
pupil dilation visual hallucinations sympathomimetic effects
More blood flow
quicker absorption
More lipid solubility
quicker absorption
Zero order kinetics
rate metabolized not dependent on concentration in the blood, ex. Alcohol (1 serving metabolized every 1.25 hours). Metabolized at a constant rate, no matter how much you take. CANNOT INCREASE ALCOHOLS METABOLIC RATE
Factors that influence the drug experience
rate of absorption, safety, metabolism, bioavailability
intrinsic motivation
reason for quitting smoking that includes fear of getting sick or proving quitting is possible
extrinsic motivation
reason for quitting smoking that includes stopping others from nagging or being forced to quit
Which of the following is not one of the stages of cocaine abstinence?
rebound
short-term memory
recollection for recent events
long-term memory
recollection for remote events
Conditioned tolerance
reduced physiological response of body to drug when rdrug-associated stimuli are present(classical conditioning)
What is one of the causes of muscle tremors that are symptomatic of Parkinson's disease?
reduction of dopamine
general anesthesia
reduction of pain by rendering the subject unconscious
control group
reference or comparison group in an experiment
mesolimbic dopaminergic pathway
region of the brain thought to mediate reward
T
regions of the body that receive more blood will get more of the drug t/f
poly drug use
regular use of more than one drug
According to behavioral pharmacology, the idea that "an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure" may be valid for drug use due to the absence of ________.
reinforcement
Slope
relation between dose changes and effect
Thalamus
relay station for sensory input (except smell)
Are retrograde neurotransmitters released from presynaptic neurons or postsynaptic neurons?
released from postsynaptic neurons to effect presynaptic release NT (inhibit release of NT from presynaptic neuron)
Reasons for drug use
religion, recreation, altering consciousness, distress, pain, forget, enhance senses
Tardive dyskinesia is most characterized by __________.
repetitive involuntary movements of the mouth and tongue
Dose-effect curve
representation of a drug's effect across range of doses
psychology
scientific study of behavior
pharmacology
scientific study of drugs concerned w/ info about the effects of drugs on living systems
Pharmacology
scientific study of drugs; concerned with all information about the effects of drugs on living systems
Which of the following is NOT an opioid? a.) Fentanyl b.) scopolamine c.) Dilaudid d.) heroin
scopolamine
Which of the following is not an opioid?
scopolamine
Nicotine
second highest prevalence in America
Which of the following is a mechanism by which cocaine can cause death?
seizures stroke
Which of the following is a mechanism by which cocaine can cause death?
seizures and strokes (both A and B)
What are mechanisms by which cocaine can cause death?
seizures, convulsions, and strokes
Parietal lobe
sensory perception(top)
feedback
series of events where what happens in a later event alters events that preceded it
psychosis
severe mental condition whose symptoms include disorganized thinking and bizarre manner of conduct
The medical uses for opioid drugs include the treatment of what symptoms?
severe pain, diarrhea, and opioid withdrawal
Terry has developed tolerance for cocaine. How does this impact her?
she must take more to achieve the same effect
naloxone
short-acting opiate antagonist
High doses of methamphetamine can result in death via:
siezures stroke heart attack
speakeasy
slang used to describe a saloon operating w/o a license
Your parasympathetic nervous system branch has been activated. What will you experience?
slow heart rate
akinesia
slow movement and underactivity
Less bloodflow
slower absorption
F
some drug abusers have addictive personalities t/f
What is true regarding cannabis and amotivational syndrome?
some regular users of cannabis display symptoms of amotivational syndrome that may or may not be caused by cannabis use
avoirdupois
something sold or measuredby weight based on 1 lbs equaling 16 ounces
Blood brain barrier (BBB)
special cells in the central nervous system that wrap themselves around the capillaries and block pores to which substances normally diffuse; a solid lipid barrier, more fat soluble, more quickly pass through it
behavioral pharmacology
specialty area of drugs research that concentrates on drug use as learned action
The rate of cure during a given time period without formal treatment is known as __________.
spontaneous remission
rapid eye movement (REM) sleep
stage of rest associated with dream activity
extinction phase
stage whereby the craving response is extinguished to environmental cues
narcoleptic
state characterized by brief but uncontrollable episodes of sleep
homeostasis
state of equilibrium or balance
Systems of drug classification
stimulants, depressants, opiates, Hallucinogens
craving
strong or intense desire to use a drug
hippocampus
structure of the limbic system thought to be important in the formation of memories
dendrite
structure that extends from the cell body of a nerve cell
substantia nigra
structure that is darkly pigmented and produces Parkinson's disease when damaged
teratology
study of monsters, or distortions in growth
psychopharmacology
subarea of scientific of drugs concerning the effects of drugs on behavior
____ is defined as any use of drugs that causes physical, psychological, legal, or social harm to the individual user or to others affected by the drug user's behavior. This was also the name of a substance use disorder diagnosed in DSM-IV.
substance abuse
cradle-to-grave drug
substance commonly used nonmedically by young children and adults alike
Which of the following is true regarding the previous edition of the DSM-IV?
substance dependence would have been the diagnosis appropriate for someone with an addiction to a substance
Which of the following is true?
substance induced disorders include mood disorders, anxiety disorders, sexual dysfunction, and sleep disorders
Substance induced disorders
substance intoxication, substance withdrawal, certain mental health conditions
Substance withdrawal
substance specific maladaptive behavioral change(w/ cog and physiological change) as a result of cessation or reduction of heavy and prolonged substance use
sam repeatedly struggles to get to work on time on Mondays because of his substance use over the weekends. He takes prescription pills in order to avoid withdrawal symptoms when he is work. Sam often plans to go to a neighborhood bar on Friday after work for just a few hours during which he thinks he will just have a couple of drinks. However, he usually ends up drinking more than he planned and has not been getting home until the early hours of Saturday morning. Which level of use best fits Sam?
substance use disorder
Substance related disorders
substance use disorder and substance induced disorders
Midbrain
substantia nigra, VTA, inferior colliculi, superior colliculi
flashback
sudden recurrence of an event similar to an lysergic acid diethylamide experience
Which of the following would likely be used as a placebo in a research study on drug effects? a. nicotine b. aspirin c. sugar d. Tylenol
sugar
psychosurgery
surgery with the goal of modifying severe behavioral or emotional disturbances
The branch of the autonomic nervous system that is activated when you are feeling danger is the _____.
sympathetic branch
endogenous
symptom developed from within; depressive symptoms seem to be due to genetic factors
exogenous
symptom developed from without; depressive symptoms seem to be in reaction to a particular situation
What is the term for the space where two neurons meet?
synapse
caffeine withdrawal
syndrome whose symptoms include headache and fatigue
Dr. Chang recommended two medicines for Martha to help address her symptoms of anxiety. When Martha asked why she needed two prescriptions, the doctor explained that she would achieve better results when taking them in combination. What is Dr. Change referring to?
synergism
Hearing colors and seeing sounds are examples of:
synethesia
MRI
technique that creates a high-resolution, three-dimensional image of the brain
computerized axial tomography (CT)
technique that produces a three-dimensional X-ray image of the brain
positron emission tomography (PET)
technique used to measure activity in selected brain regions
electroencephalography (EEG)
technique used to measure electrical activity in the brain
as a function of
term expressing correlation where changes in one variable are associated with changes in another
apothecary
term for a pharmacist
bad trip
terrifying vision that causes an individual to behave in a psychotic manner
which of the following is false?
the dose effect curve for all drugs is in an S shape indicating there is a larger effect as the dose increases
Drug interaction
the effect of 1 drug modifies/alters the effect of the other
The major difference between cocaine and amphetamines is
the effects of amphetamines last longer than those of cocaine
The major difference between cocaine and amphetamines is:
the effects of amphetamines last longer than those of cocaine
Which of the following is TRUE? a.) there are withdrawal symptoms from amphetamines but not cocaine and not bath salts b.) the effects of amphetamines last longer than those of cocaine c.) amphetamines are more addictive than cocaine or bath salts d.) high doses of cocaine, but not amphetamines and not synthetic cathinones, can result in psychotic symptoms
the effects of amphetamines last longer than those of cocaine
Bioavailability
the portion of the original drug dose that reaches its site of action
pharmacology
the scientific study of drugs; concerned with all information about the effects of drugs on living systems.
What is true about the withdrawal effects of cocaine and amphetamines?
the withdrawal effects include depression, inability to experience pleasure, lack of energy, and increased appetite
Which of the following is/are true about the withdrawal effects of cocaine and amphetamines.
the withdrawal effects include depression, inability to experience pleasure, lack of energy, and increased appetite
aftercare
therapeutic activities following the completion of a formal treatment program
The drug Ritalin (methylphenidate) is commonly taken by people who have attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. This information reflects which method of classifying the drug?
therapeutic use
Which of the following is FALSE regarding the biopsychosocial model of alcohol use disorder?
there is only one specific gene associated with developing alcohol use disorder
Which of the following is true regarding the relationship between stimulant drugs and performance?
they increase resistance to fatigue and boredom
CNS internal functions
thinking, reasoning, remembering, interpreting sensory input
What is true regarding who is more likely to use psychotherapeutic medication?
those who make more money than those who make less money
In the mid 1800s, in the US, drugs like opium and morphine could be obtained ____.
through the mail and at grocery stores without a prescription
T/F: Genetics influences both one's initial sensitivity to a drug and the metabolism of drug(S).
true
T/F: Many of the drugs that are illegal today were used to treat a variety of medical concerns in the 1800s and early 1900s.
true
True/False: The effects of opioids are synergistic with those of alcohol.
true
Substance abuse and substance dependence (more severe)
two categories of disorders in DSM IV
Cocaine is detectible in urine for about ______________ after administration.
two-three days
crack
type of cocaine produced by mixing cocaine salt with baking soda and water
placebo control
type of comparison group originating in drug research
group design
type of experimental design in which groups of subjects are compared to establish experimental findings
paranoid schizophreia
type of mental disorder distinguished by systematic delusions or auditory hallucinations related to one theme
protracted tolerance
type of resistance that occurs over the course of two or more drug doses
acute tolerance
type of resistance that occurs within the course of action of a single drug dose
Sublingual
under the tongue, dissolves in saliva and absorbed in mucous membranes (3-5 minutes)
grain
unit of weight equal to 0.0648g
Nicotine is eliminated from the body primarily in ________.
urine
U.S. laws restrict every aspect of drugs EXCEPT ________.
use
drug abuse
use of drugs causing physical, mental, legal, or social harm to the individual
Complexity
use of more than one drug at a time increases the ________ of the drug experience
Motivational enhancement is basically:
using motivational speaking strategies to increase someone's motivation to change
Schedule 4
valium, serax, Xanax, Librium
Blood
vehicle of drug distribution
Before research data from one group of subjects are applied to a different group, the findings must be ________.
verified
theobromine
very mild central nervous system stimulant that may be found in milk chocolate
Schedule 3
vicodan, florinal, anabolic steroids
Occipital lobe
vision(eyes in the back of ur head lol)
The Fair Sentencing Act of 2010:
was designed to reduce differences in penalties for similar amounts of crack cocaine and powder cocaine
A "hookah" is a ...
water pipe
hookah
water pipe used to deliver the active ingredient of tobacco by smoking
Solution drug is in
water solutions are more rapidly absorbed(alkaseltzer)
route of administration =
way drugs enter the body
What factor is a key part of the process to determine the proper drug dosage for a particular person?
weight
Weight
what may effect how much a drug effects the body
1960s
when was LSD popular
1930s
when was amphetamine popular
1800s 1900s 1960s+
when was cocaine popular
2000
when was heroin popular
1990-2000s
when were club drugs popular (MDMA, GHB, meth)
1950s
when were minor tranquilizers and inhalants popular
Efficacy
where does drug reach highest effect
Acute tolerance
within an episode of use
Intramuscular
within the muscle (3-5 minutes)