Dynamics Ch. 6

b

According to Carol Gilligan, the development of girls differs from that of boys because a) girls' development places greater emphasis on mastery and power. b) girls' development places greater emphasis on connection and care. c) the intimacy versus isolation crisis takes place later in girls' lives. d) the intimacy versus isolation crisis takes place earlier in girls' lives.

d

According to Erikson, a two-year-old's negativism is a(n) a) sign of frustration. b) form of disguised anger. c) innate contrariness. d) struggle for autonomy.

b

According to Erikson, an infant whose parents do not attend reliably to his or her needs is likely to lack the ego strength of a) will. b) hope. c) purpose. d) wisdom.

d

According to Erikson, an older adult who is able to sit back and reflect on his or her life with satisfaction will have acquired the virtue of a) fidelity. b) care. c) love. d) wisdom.

b

According to Erikson, if six-month-old Marcus could verbalize his dilemma, he would say that he is most likely struggling with the question, a) Can I control my body? b) Can I trust the world? c) What is my purpose in life? d) What is my identity?

a

According to Erikson, the primary dilemma of infancy is a) trust versus mistrust. b) autonomy versus doubt. c) industry versus inferiority. d) initiative versus guilt.

b

According to McAdams and Pals (2006), the five major principles for organizing current research and theory in personality psychology include three major levels of personality. What is one of these levels? a) Dispositional attributions b) Integrated life narratives c) Biological adaptations d) Cultural norms

c

According to McAdams, in the elementary school years, our life stories revolve around two themes: ________ and ________. a) initiative; guilt b) nuclear episodes; thematic lines c) agency; communion d) school; home

b

According to McAdams, the theme of __________ is the most powerful life story in contemporary America. a) victimization b) redemption c) narcissism d) codependency

b

According to the Generative Behavior Checklist (McAdams & St. Aubin), which of the following suggests a high degree of generativity? a) Being independent and self-sufficient b) Believing that one's contributions will survive after death c) Having flexibility in moral behavior d) Abstaining from giving advice to others.

b

An individual who emerges successfully from one of Erikson's psychosocial stages develops a(n) ________ as a result. a) developmental line b) virtue c) authoritative style d) individuation

a

Anna Freud enlarged the application of psychoanalysis to new areas, including exploration of the ego and the study of a) children. b) womb envy. c) hypercompetitiveness. d) family dynamics.

b

Anna Freud was Sigmund Freud's a) wife. b) youngest daughter. c) cousin.

d

Anna Freud's developmental line elaborated on her father's depiction of the psychosexual stages by describing a) how children become increasingly dependent on external controls as they mature. b) the increase in id impulses that accompanies the development of secondary sexual characteristics. c) the increase in ego-superego conflicts that occurs along with developmental growth. d) the growth in ego mastery as it coincides with psychosexual development.

b

Carolyn is experiencing Erikson's stage of generativity versus stagnation. Carolyn is most likely to be ________ years old. a) four b) fifty c) fifteen d) eighty

c

Dan McAdams' theories of personality are most closely related to those of a) Fromm. b) Rogers. c) Erikson. d) Sullivan.

c

Dr. Porter is a counseling psychologist who works at a college counseling center. Most of Dr. Porter's clients are of traditional college age. According to Erikson's theory of psychosocial stages, which of the following issues will be most prominent in the problems of Dr. Porter's clients at this point in their lives? a) Trust versus mistrust b) Generativity versus stagnation c) Intimacy versus isolation d) Ego integrity versus despair

b

Dr. Rodriguez is a clinical psychologist who works with children in an elementary school. According to Erikson, the psychosocial stage with which Dr. Rodriguez's clients are most likely to struggle is a) trust versus mistrust. b) industry versus inferiority. c) ego identity versus role confusion. d) intimacy versus isolation.

c

Each of Erikson's psychosocial stages is organized around a(n) ________ that children encounter at certain critical periods. a) media exposure b) observation of private adult life c) emotional polarity d) erogenous zone

b

Erikson concluded from his study on sex differences that the development of women is influenced by their a) acceptance of male superiority. b) awareness of their reproductive capacity. c) relationships with their children. d) superior verbal abilities.

b

Erikson found that the child-rearing practices of the Sioux, in comparison to those of the Yurok, were a) less permissive. b) less adaptive. c) more gender neutral. d) more structured.

c

Erikson is credited with refining which of the following? a) The diagnostic profile b) The method of self-analysis c) The psychohistory d) The word-association test

d

Erikson saw a parallel between the use of evidence by a psychoanalyst and a(n) ________ because both try to reconstruct events. a) literary critic b) biologist c) forensics expert d) historian

b

Fifteen-year-old Savita is constantly questioning her parents' values. At the same time, she is not ready to accept her friends' values. If you ask her what she wants to become, she will say, "I haven't a clue." Her confusion implies that she is struggling with issues of a) autonomy. b) identity. c) fidelity. d) integrity.

c

Four-year-old Jonas is a very curious little boy who is always taking things apart. His mother has just found him in her bedroom attempting to unscrew the back of her alarm clock. According to Erikson, a spanking will probably lead Jonas to feel a) mistrustful. b) confused. c) guilty. d) stagnant.

a

In discussing the psychosexual stages, Freud emphasized their ________ character, whereas Erikson emphasized their ________ dimension. a) biological; social b) social; biological c) biological; cognitive d) cognitive; biological

d

In his investigation of sex differences, Erikson observed that, in their play, girls emphasize ________ space, whereas boys emphasize ________ space. a) low; high b) outer; inner c) high; low d) inner; outer

a

In his study of generative and nongenerative adults, McAdams found that generative adults were a) able to turn negative experiences into positives. b) more likely to give shorter versions of their life stories. c) less likely to make use of biblical, folklore, or mythological themes in their stories. d) more likely to have felt privileged early in their lives.

d

In theorizing about females, both Erikson and Freud a) believed that women could find their identity in work. b) believed that women could not contribute significantly outside the home. c) believed that girls' awareness of their sexual role focused on a missing penis. d) employed male paradigms.

d

Ms. Jones divides her first-graders into reading groups according to ability. The "sparrows" know that they are the worst readers, whereas the "eagles" know that they are the best. According to Erikson, at this age, she can expect the "sparrows" to develop feelings of ________ and the "eagles" to develop feelings of ________. a) mistrust; trust b) role confusion; ego identity c) guilt; initiative d) inferiority; industry

c

Pedro is a boy struggling with the life crisis of autonomy versus shame and doubt. According to Erikson, Pedro is most likely to be ________ old. a) three months b) twelve months c) three years d) eight years

d

Recently, McAdams (McAdams & Olson, 2010) redefined his three "levels" of personality as ones that unfold developmentally as a person successively takes on the self-positions of actor, agent, and __________ over time. a) counselor b) manager c) investor d) author

c

Regarding the Oedipus complex, Erikson a) believed that it did not exist. b) agreed wholeheartedly with Sigmund Freud. c) preferred to call it an early generational complex. d) believed that it took place much later in life than did Sigmund Freud.

d

Research inspired by Erikson's theories, such as that conducted by Daniel Levinson and Judy Levinson, suggests that, compared to women, men tend to base their identity on their a) marriage. b) parenting. c) age. d) profession.

a

Ron is a previously law-abiding teen who has recently joined a violent gang. In Erikson's terms, he is a) adopting a negative identity. b) looking for fidelity. c) undergoing an identity crisis. d) assuming an inappropriate sexual role.

c

Tanya has been taken hostage. Her primary feelings toward the people who are holding her hostage is admiration and gratitude. Anna Freud would argue that Tanya is experiencing the ego defense of a) projection. b) displacement. c) identification with the aggressor. d) regression.

c

The ego strength of care emerges during which of Erikson's psychosexual stages? a) Ego identity versus role confusion b) Ego integrity versus despair c) Generativity versus stagnation d) Intimacy versus isolation

c

The psychosocial stage that parallels Freud's latency period is a) autonomy versus shame and doubt. b) identity versus role confusion. c) industry versus inferiority. d) initiative versus guilt.

b

The virtue of love emerges with the successful emergence of Erikson's _________ stage. a) generativity versus stagnation b) intimacy versus isolation c) ego integrity versus despair d) industry versus inferiority

c

Two-year-old Emma was just toilet-trained. According to Erikson, if her parents were firm and reassuring, Emma would emerge from this stage with a newly developed ego strength of a) care. b) purpose. c) will. d) hope.

a

Unlike Sigmund Freud, Erikson theorized that the ego was a) mostly adaptive. b) mostly given a negative role. c) mostly unconscious. d) wholly conscious.

a

What did Anna Freud mean when she said that adolescence was the "stepchild in psychoanalytic theory"? a) The adolescent stage had not previously been emphasized as an important developmental period. b) Adolescents are not considered good candidates for psychoanalysis. c) Adolescence is a high-risk period for developing mental disorders. d) Adolescents who become stepchildren frequently end up in psychoanalysis.

a

What did Erikson demonstrate in his study of two Native American tribes? a) That society shapes basic character structures b) That the Yurok tribe had a superior way of life c) That society does not exert much influence on one's character development d) That oral and anal characters are not found in all cultures

c

When an adolescent establishes a stable identity, the virtue or ego strength that emerges is a) care. b) competence. c) fidelity. d) love.

d

Which of the following is one of the ways in which Erikson extended Freudian psychoanalysis? a) He posited another psychosexual stage following the genital stage. b) He researched the impact of fixations in later stages than Freud did. c) He elaborated on the negative functions of the ego. d) He added a social dimension that before was only implied in the psychosexual stage

d

___________ enhanced Erikson's theory of generativity versus stagnation by exploring the cultural demand for generativity. a) Fromm b) Chodorow c) Rotter d) McAdams