Early US History Chapter 10 Study Guide

pocket vetoed the Wade-Davis Bill

Abraham Lincoln

"You never saw a people more excited on the subject of politics than are the [African Americans] of the South." —anonymous plantation manager Why do you believe African Americans were excited about politics at this time, as the quotation above describes?

African Americans were able to participate in politics for the first time ever in America.

pardoned thousands of Southerners

Andrew Johnson

Describe briefly the events leading up to and the outcome of the Compromise of 1877. Analyze the implications of this unwritten political agreement for African Americans.

Before the Compromise of 1877, Ulysses S. Grant was in office, who employed many corrupt officials, defining his presidency by scandal. The six year depression, issues of westward expansion and Indian wars, and key monetary issues made many people desperate for a president with their ideals in mind. This led to widespread election fraud, and there was dispute over who the president would be. 20 electoral votes went uncounted, and all were awarded to Rutherford B. Hayes, making him the president. As a result, Hayes agreed to remove federal troops from the South. This implied that the fight for civil rights for African Americans came to an end.

CARPETBAGGERS • Northerners who moved South • Given the name because they carried suitcases made of carpet • Many were elected or appointed to government positions in the South • Viewed by many Southerners as intruders SCALAWAGS • Southerners who supported the Republican Reconstruction • Given the name of an old Scot-Irish term meaning weak, underfed, and worthless animals • Many were former Democrat Whigs, small farmers who did not want the wealthy to regain power, or business people who supported Reconstruction • Despised by many Southerners Study the chart. Explain how carpetbaggers and scalawags got their names and how the two were similar.

Carpetbaggers got their name from the carpet suitcases they carried. Scalawags got the name from Southerners that hated them, because it is an old Scot-Irish term that means weak, underfed, and worthless animals. Both were disliked by Souhterners and were Republican.

By late 1870, all of the former Confederate states had rejoined the Union under the

Congressional Reconstruction Plan.

Refer to the chart above. Which three crops saw a major decrease in production during the 1870s? Given what you know about the Civil War, why do you think this happened?

Cotton, tobacco, and corn saw a major decreases in production during the 1870s. This was five years after the 13th Amendment was passed, so many of the African Americans working in the fields of plantations were now doing other jobs, so it took white people time to adjust to farming.

In the 1874 midterm election, control of the House of Representatives was won by

Democrats.

"As in the war, freedom was the keynote of victory, so now is universal suffrage the keynote of Reconstruction." —Elizabeth Cady Stanton What does this quotation say about the different goals of the Civil War and the period of Reconstruction?

During the Civil War, the goal was to win for independence or to preserve the Union. During Reconstruction, the goal was to gain civil rights for all.

Andrew Johnson's secretary of war

Edwin M. Stanton

After assuming the presidency in April 1877, Rutherford B. Hayes sent more federal troops to the South.

False

By the end of 1868, none of the former Confederate states had met all the requirements to be readmitted to the Union.

False

In 1865 many members of Congress were hopeful Southern voters would elect former Confederate officers and political leaders to Congress.

False

Throughout the 1870s, Southern Democrats agreed with Republicans and cooperated rather than try to regain control of their state and local governments.

False

____________________, founded in 1868 in Virginia, was an agricultural school first organized by Mary Peake.

Hampton Institute

"We thought we was goin' to be richer than the white folks, 'cause we was stronger and knowed how to work, and the whites didn't and they didn't have us to work for them anymore. But it didn't turn out that way. We found out that freedom could make folks proud but it didn't make 'em rich." —Felix Haywood, formerly enslaved worker What did Haywood think would happen after African Americans were emancipated?

He thought they would immediately become rich right when they began working.

How did President Grant react to the rise of the Ku Klux Klan after the Civil War?

He was outraged and backed legislation outlawing the Klan's activities.

The first African American to serve in the United States Senate was ____________________.

Hiram Revels

nominated for president in 1872 by Liberal Republicans

Horace Greeley

The ____________ was a secret society, started in Pulaski, Tennessee, in 1866 by former Confederate soldiers that rapidly spread throughout the South.

Ku Klux Klan

What was Lincoln's goal for Reconstruction? How did the Radical Republican view differ from Lincoln's? Describe the three main goals of the Radical Republican plan for Reconstruction.

Lincoln wanted for all Confederates to be granted amnesty except for their high ranking officials. Radical Republicans wanted not only high ranking officials, but anyone owning land that valued over $20,000 to be punished as well (in the South, this accounted for much of the population). In new state constitutions they must accept minimum conditions repudiating slavery, secession and state debts. Johnson also go to name provisional governors in Confederate states and called them to oversee elections for constitutional conventions.

President Johnson proclaimed that each former Confederate state had to call a constitutional convention to revoke its ordinance of secession and ratify the

Military Reconstruction Act.

"When the war ended many men who had been in the Union army remained in the South, intending to make it their home. . . . Others emigrated from the North, taking with them large capital, believing that the South presented fine prospects for business. . . . It so happened, and was, in fact, necessary, that many of these men should be elected to office. This was their right. . . . Emigration is a part of the genius of the American people. . . . it is an odious and anti-American doctrine that a man has no right to be elected to an office in a State because he was not born in it . . ." —Oliver Morton, Republican senator from Indiana Who is Morton defending here? What does he think about these people?

Morton is defending carpetbaggers. He believes it is their civil right to hold office in a state that they're not from if they are elected.

When the powerful banking firm of Jay Cooke and Company was forced to declare bankruptcy, the nation's financial community felt a wave of fear called the

Panic of 1873.

Most white Southerners scorned the ____________________ Party, partly because it included Northerners and African Americans.

Republican

After gaining their freedom, many African Americans were elected to serve in state governments. Most aligned themselves with the

Republican Party.

ended Radical Reconstruction

Rutherford B. Hayes

lost the presidential election in the Compromise of 1877

Samuel Tilden

In the summer of 1876, President Grant sent federal troops in response to race riots and terrorism directed against African Americans in ____________________.

Tennessee

Radical Republican leader who said his followers wanted to "revolutionize Southern institutions, habits, and manners"

Thaddeus Stevens

Describe the work of the Freedmen's Bureau.

The Freedmen's Bureau fed many freedmen in the South. Most freedmen couldn't immediately become self-sustaining, because they went from slavery, making no money, freedom and having to make money to feed themselves. They didn't have the money for tools and supplies or clothing or food, so help from the government was necessary to support them until they could get to the point where they can be self-sustaining.

"On a moonlit December night in the late 1860s, Essic Harris, a formerly enslaved man, woke suddenly after hearing loud noises outside his small home in Chatham County, North Carolina. He peered out his bedroom window and a wave of terror rushed over him. Thirty men in white robes and hoods stood around the house. Many held shotguns. They were members of the Ku Klux Klan. . . . They had come to harass Harris, who was active in local politics." —adapted from The Fiery Cross Explain the overall implication of the above passage involving the Ku Klux Klan.

The Ku Klux Klan came to Harris' home to scare him out of his office position so Democrat's could control their local government, and so they wouldn't have a black man leading them, because the KKK is racist.

Assess the requirements established by black codes in the South and speculate about their connection to what would later become the Jim Crow South.

The black codes guaranteed stable labor from blacks even though they were emancipated. They forced many blacks to become sharecroppers, basically putting them back in the position of slavery. Though slaves were technically free, they were still basically slaves, segregating African Americans from white people. This set the basis for the Jim Crow South, where blacks weren't allowed in white restrooms or restaurants or able to even drink from the same water fountain.

"...That the supervision and care of said bureau shall extend to all loyal refugees and freedmen, as as the same shall be necessary to enable them as speedily as practicable to become self-supporting citizens of the United States, and to aid them in making the freedom conferred by proclamation of the commander-in- chief..." —H.R. 613, Freedmen's Bureau, 1866 Analyze the above excerpt. Why did freed people in the South need government assistance like the help the Freedmen's Bureau provided?

They were being thrown into an already advanced economy with people who had saved money. They couldn't afford to buy things to farm and to feed, clothe, and house themselves, so they needed help for the government so they wouldn't starve.

TRAPPED! Crop Lien System High Interest Rates Debt Peonage Explain how many sharecroppers became trapped on the land after the collapse of Reconstruction. Use the diagram to help you formulate your answer.

To make sure they could grow enough crop for the season, farmers would get a crop lien. However, landowners took advantage of this and made the interest rates to be payed back extremely high. It made it practically impossible to pay back their credit. Farmers had to take on debt peonage, where they pledged their services in place of repaying the landowner with money. The farmers were trapped until they could fulfill their debt peonage, but they couldn't do this because it became a cycle. They took out a crop lien, couldn't pay back the interest, and had to pledge a debt peonage.

In one scandal during Grant's administration, his secretary of war, William Belknap, was found to have accepted bribes.

True

Many Southern leaders were convinced that the region had to develop a strong industrial economy and called for the creation of the "New South."

True

President Johnson, unlike Lincoln, believed a radical policy was needed to bring the South back into the Union.

True

The black codes varied from state to state, but they all seemed intended to keep African Americans in a condition similar to slavery.

True

The collapse of Reconstruction ended African American hopes of being granted their own land in the South.

True

When the House of Representatives voted to impeach President Johnson, the main charge was that he had broken the law by refusing to uphold the Tenure of Office Act.

True

Civil War reputation carried him into the White House

Ulysses S. Grant

Grant's secretary of war who accepted bribes

William Belknap

as freed people followed his troops during the war, he reserved abandoned plantation land for their use

William T. Sherman

To receive a pardon under Lincoln's Reconstruction plan, Southerners had to take an oath of loyalty to the United States and

accept that slaves were now free.

What housed schools, hosted social events and political gatherings, and were the center of many African American communities?

churches

In order to be readmitted into the Union, each former Confederate state had to hold a new constitutional

convention.

Originally, the goal of the Ku Klux Klan was to

drive out Union troops and regain control of the South for the Democratic Party

Many scalawags who did not want the wealthy planters to regain power were owners of small

farms.

Reconstruction ended when

federal troops were removed from the South.

President Johnson challenged the Tenure of Office Act by

firing Secretary of War Stanton.

The actions of the Freedmen's Bureau helped to prevent

mass starvation.

The election of 1876 initially resulted in no clear winner because

of widespread election fraud.

Lincoln's plan for Reconstruction called for

reconciling with the South rather than punishing it.

Most tenant farmers became __________, who paid a share of their crops to cover rent and other costs.

sharecroppers

Which of the following happened during the Panic of 1873?

small banks closed

The outcome of the election that made Rutherford B. Hayes president is known as

the Compromise of 1877.

Republican reforms in the South included

the establishment of public schools.

In the election of 1868, Ulysses S. Grant won several Southern states because

the presence of Union troops in the South allowed African Americans to vote.

Democrats charged that using "sin taxes" to pay off bonds favored the rich because

the rich held most of the bonds and the poor paid most of these taxes.

What was the overall purpose of black codes passed by the new Southern legislatures?

to severely limit the rights of African Americans to a state similar to slavery

Having gained the right to ____________________, African Americans quickly began to organize politically and to take part in governing the South.

vote

Under Johnson's Reconstruction plan, many members of Congress voted to reject the representatives that Southern voters elected to Congress because they

were former Confederate leaders.