Earth final

how much water/coastline

20% worlds surface fresh water 95% us freshwater 10000 miles coastline (longer than atlantic and probably pacific too) 35000 islands

Which of the following most accurately describes the sequence of events that lead to alewife take-over and massive die-offs in Lake Michigan?

Shipping channels allowed alewife to migrate from the Atlantic to the Great Lakes; with no top-down control from lake trout the alewife took over, but alewife struggled with some Great Lakes conditions, leading to die-offs.

flow of lakes

Superior (St. Mary River) to Huron/Michigan (St. Clair, Detroit) to Erie (Niagara) to Ontario (St. Lawrence) that dumps into Atlantic Ocean so LIKE ONE BIG RIVER duluth minnesota -- feature of locks and canals

Imagine you turn on your tap in Ann Arbor, MI, fill your glass with water, gulp it down, and later use the restroom and flush this water down the toilet. True or False: This water will eventually find its way to the Great Lakes.

TRUE

asian carp

The Back door: invasive species from mississippi can enter through the chicago river which had its course reversed

Which of the following is longest?

The Great Lakes Coast

Which of the following best describes the structure and flow of the Great Lakes?

The Great Lakes have always been connected, but you couldn't sail from the ocean to Lake Superior until we built canals.

How old are the Great Lakes?

The Great Lakes were formed when glaciers melted about 14,000 years ago.

Which of the following are causes of harmful algal blooms in Lake Erie in the past 20 years? SELECT ALL THAT APPLY.

Runoff of fertilizers and nutrients from farm fields. Invasive mussels, which filter out "good" algae.

Which of the following accurately describes the introduction of salmon into the Great Lakes? SELECT ALL THAT APPLY.

Salmon were raised artificially in a "hatchery". The introduction of salmon into the Great Lakes created a word-class sport fishery. The salmon were brought in from the Pacific coast. As a tertiary consumer, the salmon effectively controlled alewife.

Which of the following can be considered as evidence of midcontinent rift? SELECT ALL THAT APPLY.

igneous rocks around Lake Superior copper ore depoits

microcystis

s most harmful in blooms (single celled organisms 3 um in diameter that clump together in colonies) they produce little molecules like microcystin (caroginic, rashes, toxicity in liver, fast death) that are very toxic

change waterflow

st. Lawrence seaway -- detour all rapids from lakes to the Atlantic ocean (duluth Minnesota all the way to the Atlantic) built a 1000 ft canal!!! Canal not big enough to fit largest freighter (1955) -- obsolete soon after completed cuz not big enough so didn't affect econ as much as thought Prior to 1900 the chicago and calumet rives flowed into michigan but so much pollution (sewage accumulating around shoreline, cholera is an issue) so changed direction with canal and dumped down to st.louis

Which of the following are true about the role of nutrients in harmful algal blooms? SELECT ALL THAT APPLY.

Algae/cyanobacteria need the following nutrients to grow: carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur (CHNOPS). Phosphorous and nitrogen are often limiting nutrients in aquatic ecosystems (e.g., oceans and lakes). Phosphorus from agriculture (fertilizer and manure washed off farm fields) is important in "feeding" the blooms.

Which of the following accurately describe evidence of the glaciers that carved the Great Lakes, and the ancestral lakes that preceded them? SELECT ALL THAT APPLY.

Cliffs on Mackinac Island were made by waves from ancient Lake Algonquin. Erratics all over the midwest are evidence of the activity of massive glaciers. Moraines are ridges that were left behind by debris from melting glaciers.

higher nutrient loads so worse blooms

Climate change = more severe storms, increased temps and calm water (very big inputs in spring then hot, dry summer is bad)

Which of the following are correct about the link between polar vortex, climate change, and Great Lakes Water levels? SELECT ALL THAT APPLY.

Climate change has been linked to a destabilized jet stream, which can lead to polar vortex. Polar vortexes resulted in very high winter ice cover, which led to reduced rates of evaporation. Ice cover reduces evaporation in part by reflecting sunlight and reducing warming of lake water during the winter.

Which of the following are true about the formation of the Great Lakes? SELECT ALL THAT APPLY.

Giant glaciers eroded Earth's surface, carving out the basins that now hold the Great Lakes The weight of the glaciers pushed down the Earth's crust, forming the basin that now hold the Great Lakes

Which of the following are true about the effect of climate change on harmful algal blooms in the Great Lakes? (SELECT ALL THAT APPLY):

Higher temperatures favor bloom-forming algae. Climate change is causing bigger storms, which leads to more runoff, which causes bigger harmful algal blooms.

water levels

Ice cover of the great lakes dropped 60-70% form 1970s-2010s = evaporation White ice reflects sunlight and prevents it from soaking up heat Dark blue water absorbs sunlight and get heated: this jump-starts annual lake warming and has a big effect on water temps during summer Low water levels coincided with arise in water temperature and evaporation Why record low water levels in 2013? (decreased winter ice cover) Water levels surge on great lakes - fastest rise ever (2014-2015) half to a meter, 3 feet by end of two years Polar vortex - 92% and 88.8% coverage of ice on great lakes Ice cover reflected sunlight, prevents warming of water and reduces evaporation --water levels surged Polar vortex: low pressure, pressure difference keeps cold air over arctic, climate change destabilizes jet steam and it comes down into Michigan a lot (arctic warms faster than other places - differential warming) Climate change: over large regions and time, can change frequency of storms -- can't attribute any particular storm to climate change Intensified hydrological cycle - on larger scales, higher air temps means more evaporation and more rainfall

Which of the following are true about the processes governing the midcontinent rift, ore deposits, and mining? SELECT ALL THAT APPLY.

Ore deposits formed due to circulation of hot fluids through fractures in the Earth's crust at the midcontinent rift. Ore deposits contain metals such as copper. We all use products that were made from copper that comes from mining of ore deposits.

Where does the water in the Great Lakes mainly come from?

Rain and Snow

Which of the following most accurately characterize the changes in land use in the Great Black Swamp area, and their effects in the late 1800s and early 1900s?

Removal of wetlands and vegetation reduced the capacity of nature to filter out nutrients, leading to harmful cyanobacterial blooms.

Which of the following most accurately describes where banded iron formations (BIFs) come from?

Which of the following most accurately describes where banded iron formations (BIFs) come from?

TRUE or FALSE: Inputs into a lake (runoff, precipitation, inlets) must equal outputs (evaporation, outlets).

false

rock layers

formed a bowl the ones on the edge of the bowl didn't get eroded as much because they are stronger

A raindrop falls in Lake Superior. About how long will it take to reach the Atlantic Ocean?

hundreds of years

Which of the following is the correct order of events through geological history that led to formation of the Great Lakes

iron-rich oceans > midcontinent rift > inland seas > river valleys > glaciers

Which of the following accurately describe issues of environmental justice?

major sources of pollution, hazardous waste, toxins tend to be located near poor, minority communities Minority pops tend to face more exposure to environ health hazards Environmental action that prevents environmental hazards in one location often result in the movement/placement of the hazard to a location where the community doesn't have the means to fight it By 1990 environmental organization recognized that they had no sufficiently addressed environ justice and many now have environ justice initiative

environmental justice

the concept that all people and communities have the same right to equal protection from environmental hazards, and an equal voice in decision related to their natural environment

glaciers

5280 ft thick stages of retreat and advance (accumulation vs ablation cuz speed of snow fall) alphine or contentential like laurentide ice sheet carved basin by erisoin and mass pushing down on earth's crust -glacial grooving -erratic rocks moraines: ridges formed when glaciers melt and deposit debris know cuz You can see shoreline feature of ancient lakes mackinac island - interior cliffs (lake algonquin), Arch Rock from lake nippsing from cliff erosion by wave action, now 145 ft above huron lake level

Which of the following is the most accurate explanation for why Lake Superior is deeper than the other Great Lakes?

A midcontinent rift formed a valley, which then filled with sediments and sedimentary rock layers. Glaciers then eroded the sediments and rocks to create the basin that now hosts Lake Superior.

Which of the following accurately describes the effect of invasive mussels on the Great Lakes food web? SELECT ALL THAT APPLY.

Because there aren't native fish that efficiently eat the invasive mussels, the mussel invasion resulted in greatly reduced energy going towards fish. It was a bottom-up effect. The mussels are filter feeders that consumed many of the primary producers.

Which of the following accurately describes farming best management practices (BMPs) and their implementation in our three case studies?

Best management practices (alternative methods) have been scientifically shown to reduce nutrient runoff compared to conventional methods BMPs include restoring some aspects of the great black swamp, including wetlands and vegetation at the edge of fields and streams The nutrient pollution problem is a cost of industrial farming and cheap food

water resources

Bigger concerns: everyone else wants to use our water great lakes compact Water can leave the basin if it's in the form of bottled water! (container 5.7 gallons or less)

Which of the following are costs of high great lakes water levels? SELECT ALL THAT APPLY.

Damage to roads Damage to businesses like shanties in Leland ("Fishtown") Erosion of bluffs and damage/destruction of houses on Lake Michigan "armoring" the lakeshore with seawalls, etc. Moving houses away from the shoreline

Which of the following best describes the conditions that were primarily responsible for record low water levels in the Great Lakes in 2013?

Decreased winter ice cover, which increased temperature and evaporation.

why quagga more dangerous than zebra

Deeper depth (60 vs 540 ft -- so almost every point in lake michigan not just shoreline), Don't require hard surface, Filtration of plankton all year round rather than just warm months gobbi eat mussels

TRUE OR FALSE: if you could drain Lake Michigan, you would have been able to walk across the middle of it (from Michigan to Wisconsin) on a bed of mussels during the heydays of BOTH zebra mussels (2000) AND quagga mussels (2010).

FALSE

Which of the following are true of the St. Lawrence Seaway? SELECT ALL THAT APPLY.

It allowed ships to travel from the Atlantic Ocean to the Great Lakes. It never fully achieved the expected economic stimulus, in part because of limitations on the size of ships that could pass through it. It allowed invasion of non-native species, which would devastate Great Lakes ecosystems.

Which of the following best describes how the Great Lakes Compact protects water from withdrawal and consumption?

It bans large-scale use of Great Lakes water by people outside of the Great Lakes watershed/basin

Where does Great Lakes water go?

It flows out of the St. Lawrence River to the Atlantic Ocean.

why lakes r where they r

Lake basins were formed when large masses of ice gouged out preglacial river valley Glaciers followed rivers that carved out river valleys (v-shaped) that existed where lakes now are and glacier lobes (u-shaped valleys) followed these and did more erosion (rivers did some of initial erosion) Rivers were there cuz underlying geology - Michigan Basin: a bowl of concentric sedimentary rock layers (different layers of rocks like a stack of bowls) Rock layers go down 15000 to 16000 ft below the surface (like 3 miles), Michigan was covered by inland seas 500 million to 65 million years ago) Deposition of material from land (blown and washed in) and sea (think about composition and size of materials = how hard rock layers become) eventually got compacted into layers SOFT: Shale, halite (salt) HARD: limestone, dolomite (animals with shells) Relative erosiveness of rocks determined where rivers went

How were sea lamprey able to devastate Great Lakes fish populations? SELECT ALL THAT APPLY

Lake trout and other Great Lakes species did not have natural defenses against the sea lamprey. Great Lakes populations such as Lake Trout were slow-growing, could not bounce back quickly. There were no natural predators of sea lamprey in the Great Lakes. Sea lamprey, previously blocked by barriers such as Niagara Falls, were able to enter the Great Lakes through shipping channels.

why superior is different

Midcontinent rift formed valley (subsidence or sinking of heavy rift rocks into ancient rift valley depression), glaciers eroded subsequent sedimentary rocks, leading to the formation of lake superior where we get iron/copper Hydrothermal circulation = magma heats waters interacts with metal and dissolves it (used to be in rocks) and hot water travels from fractures in subsurface and when water cool minerals crystalize and form deposits like ore banded iron formations

Which of the following are true about the sedimentary rock layers in the Michigan Basin? SELECT ALL THAT APPLY.

Their erosion, first by rivers and then by glaciers, created the Great Lakes basins. They were formed by seas that covered this area hundreds of millions of years ago they include fossils such as corals and shark teeth They are thick; up to 15,000 feet in total!

How did invasive mussels get to the Great Lakes?

They "hitched rides" in the ballast water of ships that traveled between Europe and the Great Lakes.

Which of the following are characteristics of harmful algal blooms? SELECT ALL THAT APPLY.

They may produce toxins that can be harmful to people and animals. They threaten drinking water, fishing, and other recreation. They often form dense scums. They can occur in rivers, lakes, reservoirs, and oceans.

Which of the following are true of the glaciers that that carved the Great Lakes? SELECT ALL THAT APPLY.

They were a part of the Laurentide Ice Sheet, which covered 5 million square miles. They moved. They were 1-3 miles thick! They left behind moraines. When they melted, they formed proglacial lakes.

Which of the following correctly characterize how geological processes provided us with natural resources for economic activity? SELECT ALL THAT APPLY

ancient iron-rich oceans deposited banded iron formations, from which we now get iron for steel evaporation of ancient seas gave us salt deposits, which we mine for use in melting ice on roads in the winter hot waters circulating through fractures in the midcontinent rift formed ore deposits, which provide us with copper for wiring, etc.