Earth Science Exam 1 Study Guide

¡Supera tus tareas y exámenes ahora con Quizwiz!

The slope of a stream channel expressed as the vertical drop of a stream over a specific distance

gradient

Detrital sedimentary rocks are classified and named principally on the basis of___

grain size

Course-grained felsic composition

granite

Course-grained rock containing plagioclase, quartz, potassium feldspar, and hornblende

granite

Consult Bowen's reaction series. What can be said of the temperature at which a granite crystallizes?

granite crystallizes at temperatures of about 750 degrees celcius

The river depicted in this drawing shows prominent ____. The river is really bendy

meandering

The breaking of rock into smaller pieces

mechanical weathering

Measure of a material's ability to transmit water

permeability

area of deposition along a river

point bar

Volume of open spaces in rock or soil

porosity

______ is a measure of the volume of open space in rocks and unconsolidated, geologic materials like alluvium and soils

porosity

Which igneous texture is characterized by two distinctively different crystal sizes?

porphyritic

Pebbles caught in swirling eddies of water best describe___

potholes

Which of the following are positively charged particles in an atom's nucleus?

protons

all of the atoms making up any given element have the same number of

protons in the nucleus

Vesicular texture

pumice

Which of the following is a silicate mineral with a single-chained structure?

pyroxene

a silicate mineral which has silicon-oxygen tetrahedra bonded in single-chained formation along with iron or magnesium atoms

pyroxene

Imagine you are handed a mineral sample. It breaks with a conchoidal fracture but displays no cleavage. It does not react with hydrochloric acid, is a light pink color, and has a nonmetallic luster. It is harder than a streak plate and has a specific gravity of 2.65. What mineral is it?

quartz

Which common mineral is composed entirely of silicon and oxygen?

quartz

___ exhibits a conchoidal fracture

quartz

silicate mineral consisting solely of silicon and oxygen, with silicon-oxygen tetrahedra bonded in a complex three-dimensional network

quartz

You are handed a sample of an unknown silicate mineral. Which two elements MUST it contain?

silicon and oxygen

Which one of the following is a metamorphic rock?

slate

An igneous rock that cools rapidly is likely to have ___ crystals

small

pyroclastic rock with particles less than 4 mm in diameter

tuff

The physical breakdown (disintegration) and chemical alteration (decomposition) of rock at or near Earth's surface

weathering

To transform an igneous rock into a sedimentary rock, which of the following processes must take place?

weathering, transport, deposition, and lithification

interwoven stream channels

braided channel

A complex network of converging and diverging channels that thread their way among numerous islands or gravel bars

braided channels

A detrital sedimentary rock with large angular fragments is called a(n)___

breccia

Course-grained rock with large angular particles cemented with mud

breccia

Confining pressure results from the ___ of rocks

burial

Limestone is dominated by the mineral___

calcite

Limestone is dominated by the mineral____

calcite

Limestone is most similar to the mineral___

calcite

When in contact with hydrochloric acid, which mineral gives off bubbles of carbon dioxide gas?

calcite

cleavage in three directions not at 90 degree angles

calcite

___ is the maximum load of solid particles of a stream can transport in a unit of time

capacity

The___mineral group reacts to hydrochloric acid

carbonate

A substance that forms when carbon dioxide in the air combines with water. It is an important agent of chemical weathering

carbonic acid

___ is a weak acid that reacts to the mineral calcite

carbonic acid

___ is formed when carbon dioxide dissolves in rainwater, and this mildly reactive substance aids chemical weathering

carbonic acid

_____ are formed when groundwater dissolves cavities into limestone

caverns

The skeletal remains of plankton make up the sedimentary rock

chalk

rock, sediment, or soil through which groundwater moves easily

aquifer

Impermeable bed that hinders or prevents groundwater movement

aquitard

Impermeable layers such as clay that hinders or prevent water movement are called____

aquitards

The rock___ is a description of how one rock may be transformed into another kind of rock through various internal and external processes

cycle

Which of the following minerals comprises just one element?

diamond

Old faithful, a ______ in Yellowstone National Park, erupts steam and hot water

geyser

an item that is solid like a mineral, has a definite chemical composition, and shows distinctive physical properties, but does not have an orderly crystalline structure

glass

Obsidian is characterized by its___ texture

glassy

Foliage rock exhibiting bending

gneiss

Which of the following rock types represents the highest grade of metamorphism

gneiss

Which of the following rock types represents the highest grade of metamorphism?

gniess

Which of the following has the highest specific gravity?

gold

A cubic centimeter each of quartz, olivine, and native gold weighs 2.5, 3.0, and 19.8 grams, respectively. These weights indicate that___

gold has a higher density and specific gravity than quartz and olivine

Most karst topography forms in _____

limestone

Which of the following is the parent rock of marble?

limestone

Which one of the following is a sedimentary rock?

limestone

The ion at the center of a silicon-oxygen tetrahedron is surrounded by

4 oxygen ions

The Amazon River has ____ times as much discharge as the Mississippi River

12

How many cleavage directions does this mineral specimen display? It looks like a big cube that has smaller cubes coming out of it

3

If a mineral has a specific gravity of 3, it must be ___times as dense as water

3

An atom's mass number is 13 and its atomic number is 6. How many neutrons are in its nucleus?

7

The Mississippi River Delta system contains a series of ___ coalescing subdeltas

7

The average number of storm-related deaths attributed to flooding from 1985 to 2014 was______

83

Examine the sketch of a bend in a river. The arrows show the water flow direction. In which of the four lettered locations will erosion take place? A is the left lane, B is the left middle lane, C is the right middle, and D is the far right

A

Examine the sketch of a bend in a river. The arrows show the water flow direction. In which of the four lettered locations will the water be moving at the highest velocity? A is the left lane, B is the left middle lane, C is the right middle, and D is the far right

A

Which of the drainage patterns shown here might develop on relatively uniform surface materials? A. Snowflake B. Cactus C. Branch D. Christmas Tree

C

Examine the sketch of a bend in a river. The arrows show the water flow direction. In which of the four lettered locations is deposition most likely to occur? A is the left lane, B is the left middle lane, C is the right middle, and D is the far right

D

Which of the following best describes the relationship between minerals and rocks?

In a mineral, atoms are bonded in a regular, repetitive, internal structure: a rock is a lithified or consolidated aggregate of mineral grains

Three of the following are true for minerals. Which one of the following is not true for minerals?

They can be a liquid, solid, or gas

new channel segment occurring between meanders due to erosion

cutoff

A tributary stream that flows parallel to the main stream because a natural levee is present is called ______

a yahoo tributary

Magma that might have cooled slowly to produce a diorite is instead erupted at Earth's surface. It would chill rapidly and produce a(n) ____

andesite

Magma that might have cooled slowly to produce a diorite is instead erupted at Earth's surface. It would chill rapidly and produce a(n)___

andesite

Ephe real streams typically flow after heavy rainstorms in ____climates

arid

_____ are earthen mounds built on the banks of rivers to increase the volume of water the channel can hold

artificial levees

Which of the following silicate minerals is the most abundant in Earth's crust?

feldspars

Building a dam on a stream raises its______, causing it to cease erosion and begin to deposit sentiment

base level

Fine-grained Mafic composition

bassalt

Gravel would most likely exist in the ___ of a river

bed load

Sand, gravel, and large boulders that are too large to be carried in suspension and, instead, move along the bottom of a stream channel

bed load

Layers in sedimentary rocks are called___

beds

Use the accompanying figure of the Mohs scale of hardness to answer this question. If you have a mineral sample that is capable of scratching a penny but is scratched by a wire nail, its hardness must be___(Mohs scale is shown in the real question. Google Mohs Scale)

between 3.5 and 4.5

Dredging a stream or river is an example of

channelization

Rock salt and rock gypsum are examples of____sedimentary rocks

chemical

Reactions that take place, often facilitated by water, to create new products, mainly clay minerals, which are stable at Earth's surface

chemical weathering

Due to the arrangement of weaker bonds in their crystal lattice, the tendency of certain minerals to break along smooth, parallel planes is known as

cleavage

Biotite has which of the following types of cleavage?

cleavage in one direction

a rock composed of nomineral matter

coal

Which of the following rivers flows inside the Grand Canyon?

colorado river

___and___ are the most common forms of lithification

compaction, cementation

Drawdown of groundwater due to heavy pumping from a well may result in a(n) ____, a "dimple" in the water table

cone of depression

Pressure that is equal in every direction, such as results from the burial of sediments

confining pressure

Which rock type is most likely to have been deposited in a high-energy environment (such as a very turbulent stream)?

conglomerate

An igneous rock that shows a vesicular texture___

contains many small holes, like swiss cheese

Biochemical rock comprising shells made from calcite

coquina

Rocks that contain crystals that are roughly equal in size and can be identified with the unaided eye are said to exhibit a ___ texture

course-grained

Granite is___

course-grained and dominated by quartz and feldspar crystals

Granite and gabbro have a similar ___

course-grained texture

_____bonding is the sharing of valence atoms between a pair of atoms

covalent

sharing of one or more valence electrons between a pair of atoms

covalent bond

Both of the samples pictured here are examples of the mineral pyrite. The physical property that sets them apart is____(shows two gol rocks but one is shinier and has Normal cracks and the other one is duller and has line cracks)

crystal habit

The terms bladed, fibrous, cubic, and platy describe___

crystal habit

area of active erosion in a river

cut bank

Pressure that is unequal in different directions, such as results from the convergence of tectonic plates (mountain-building)

differential stress

an item that is solid like a mineral, has a definite chemical composition, and shows distinctive physical properties, but is not naturally occurring

dinner plate

Intermediate composition

diorite

The volume of water flowing past a certain point in a given unit of time

discharge

Which of the following is NOT an agent of metamorphism?

dissolution

Calcium and sodium ions make up the ____ of streams

dissolved load

One drainage basin is separated from a neighboring drainage basin by a ____

divide

The tongue-like flow of water-saturated clay-rich soil on a hillside that break away and moves downslope is called___

earthflow

If an atom has an equal number of electrons and protons, it would be considered

electrically neutral

External processes include weathering, mass wasting, and ______

erosion

The physical removal of material by a mobile agent such as flowing water, waves, wind, or ice

erosion

____ is the process by which liquid water changes into water vapor

evaporation

Cleavage in two directions at 90 degree angles

feldspar

Which of the following minerals is a silicate (a mineral containing a silicon-bearing ion)?

feldspar

The flat area on either side of a stream's natural levee, where alluvium is deposited, is called the _____

floodplain

___ can form when the pressure surface is above the land surface

flowing artesian wells

cleavage in four directions

fluorite

Groundwater is the largest reservoir of ____

freshwater that is readily available to humans

when water freezes, it expands in volume. Water-filled cracks can be enlarged when this new ice exerts outward pressure on the walls of the fracture

frost wedging

Course-grained mafic composition

gabbro

Which of the following minerals has a metallic luster?

galena

______ is located in tiny pore spaces between grains of soi9l and sediment, underground

groundwater

water in the saturated zone

groundwater

a mineral consisting of a poisonous gas ionically bonded to an extremely reactive metal

halite

cleavage in three directions at 90 degree angles

halite

The resistance of a mineral to scratching or abrasions is known as

hardness

Groundwater tends to flow through bodies of rock or sediment that___

have high permeability

In contact metamorphism, ___ is the dominant agent of change

heat

Which of the following minerals would best be utilized for extracted iron to make steel?

hematite

Cleavage in two directions not at 90 degree angles

hornblende

Before sedimentary rock can be formed, sediment must be produced (weathered from preexisting rocks), transported, deposited, and ___

lithified

a mineral made of oxidized hydrogen

ice

Chemical weathering would be most effective___

in a warm, wet climate

Streams that exhibit flow only during wet periods are called____

intermittent streams

one atom gives up one or more valence electrons to another atom to form ions

ionic bond

Atoms that have an electrical charge due to a gain or loss of electrons are called

ions

A crystal of potassium feldspar (KAISi3O8) will produce a variety of weathering products after it is weathered. Which of the following is NOT a product that results from the weathering of potassium feldspar?

iron oxides

Examine the rock sample here. Did it form at or below Earth's surface? How do you know? (Shows grainy rock)

it formed below the surface, because of its texture (grain size)

The San Joaquin Valley experienced a phenomenon called ___ due to excessive groundwater pumping

land subsidence

One potential source of groundwater contamination would be _____

leaking septic tank

A cross-sectional view of a stream from its headwaters to its mouth is called a____

longitudinal profile

The appearance or quality of light reflected from the surface of a mineral is known as

luster

Nonfoliated rock with large calcite crystals

marble

Which of the following is a nonfoliated metamorphic rock?

marble

The downslope movement of rock or soil due to the influence of gravity is ____

mass wasting

The transfer of rock and soil downslope, under the influence of gravity

mass wasting

curvy bends in a river

meander

valence electrons are free to move from one atom to another so all atoms share the available valence electrons

metallic bond

Which one of the following mineral groups exhibits a sheet-like silicate structure?

micas

___ is he study of minerals

mineralogy

Most silicate minerals form from ___

molten rock

Regional metamorphism occurs during___

mountain building

Cleavage in one direction

muscovite

The most common group of minerals in Earth's crust are the___

native metals

Between a river and its floodplain, you might find ___

natural levees

glassy texture

obsidian

Which of the following silicate minerals form forms from single tetrahedra

olivine

Coal primarily comprises___

organic matter

meander that has been separated from main part of river

oxbow lake

The reaction of a substance (often a metal ion) with oxygen. Rust is an example

oxidization

What element is the most abundant in Earth's crust by weight?

oxygen

Which of the following elements has the most valence electrons in its outermost shell?

oxygen

Ultramafic composition

peridotite

Which of the following drainage patterns forms on a highly fractured bedrock?

rectangular

Fine-grained felsic composition

rhyolite

Which one of the following is an igneous rock?

rhyolite

An aggregate of one or more minerals is called a(n)______

rock

Blocks of bedrock that break loose and slide downslope are often called a(n)___

rockslide

What is the specific form of mass wasting illustrated here? There is a rectangle of rock that broke Into pieces and fell off

rockslide

Shows image of rock with tree in it and the root is exposed. What form of physical weathering is shown in this image?

root wedging

The expansion of rocks that formed under high confining pressure, once they are uplifted and exposed at Earth's surface produce fractures that are broadly curved and parallel to the land surface

sheeting

A detrital sedimentary rock dominated by sand is a___

sandstone

Most rock outcrops (about 75% of the total) are___

sedimentary

Which kind of rocks may contain fossils?

sedimentary

Mud cracks and ripple marks are common features of___

sedimentary rocks

Exfoliation domes are formed from which of the following processes?

sheeting

The process by which solid particles of various sizes are separated and deposited in different locations

sorting

Where the water table intersects Earth's surface, a(n) ___ results

spring

The reason we see so much mud and sand along the shore of the land is that clay minerals and quarts are ___ at Earth's surface

stable

____ hang from the ceiling in caves

stalactites

If you were to examine the longitudinal profile of a typical river, you would probably find that the gradient is ___

steepest near the headwaters

___ is the powdered form of the mineral

streak

Feldspar minerals can look very similar to each other, what would you look for to differentiate plagioclase feldspar from potassium feldspar

striations on plagioclase feldspar

___is the softest mineral and___is the hardest mineral on Mohs scale

talc, diamond

A mineral's resistance to breaking, bending, or cutting is defined as

tenacity

The steepest angel at which unconsolidated granular material remains stable is ___

the angle of repose

In general, which of the statements below best describes what happens in terms of composition as crystallization proceeds down the Bowen's reaction series

the early-formed silicates are enriched in iron and magnesium, resulting in such rocks as periodite and basalt. As crystallization proceeds, the later-formed silicates are enriched in sodium, potassium, and silicon, resulting in andesite and granite

Internal processes that occur at or near Earth's surface and are powered by___

the sun

Streams erode downward until they reach ___

their base level

The ability of a mineral to transmit both light and an image in the mineral is described as___

transparent

Plants consume water during photosynthesis. They also release it to the atmosphere during___

transpiration

Which of the following is a chemical sedimentary rock?

travertine

Area above water table where openings between sediment, soil, and rock are filled with air

unsaturated zone

Uppermost layer of the saturated zone

water table

V-shaped valleys would most likely contain ___

waterfalls

Which of the following properties would be least useful for identifying a samples of calcite?

white color

The Mississippi Delta is an example of which of the following?

zone of deposition

areas within sediment where all open spaces are completely filled with water

zone of saturation


Conjuntos de estudio relacionados

AP English--the Power of Language

View Set

HOSP2040 Human Resources Management in Service Organizations Final Exam Part 1

View Set

fixed-ratio, variable-ratio, fixed-interval, variable-interval, or continuous reinforcement, Psychology - Operant and Classical Conditioning/Shaping & Chaining, Operant Conditioning, Psychology exam 1

View Set

Global 2 Honors Nazi Germany Review

View Set

LVN Term 1 - ATI Infection Control Pretest

View Set

HISTORY & THEMES VIDEO QUIZ: The Pyramids of Giza

View Set