Earth Science Exam 2

10.17 Figure on page 281 projects that ___________ tons of total carbon could potentially be removed from the atmosphere If deforestation would have been halted in 1990 and a massive reforestation was completed

140 billion

According to our text, how many moons are in our Solar System?

166+

Most life is found between an ocean depth of ________ meters and an altitude of ______ meters

200; 6000

From analysis of Figure 9.4 on page 221, what is the percent increase in the population of the developed world from 1900 to 2100?

220%

From figure 9.21 on page 283, what is the percentage of energy demand for the transportation sector?

27.8%

According to our text, how long ago did primitive prokaryotic bacteria exist, evidenced from the banded iron formation in Western Greenland?

3.8 billion years ago

If the growth rate of increase of the world population is 2%, what is the doubling time of the population?

35 years

If the US had a population of 306,000,000 people in 2007, calculate the per capita energy consumption using info from Figure 9.20 on page 237

6.5 metric tons per capita

From analysis of Figure 9.4 on page 221, what is the percent increase in the population of the developing world from 1900 to 2100?

720%

From table 95. on page 252, how much nickel metal was obtained in 1991 from the mining of 38 million tons of nickel ore?

950000 tons Ni

What percentage of the total mass of the solar system resides in the Sun?

99%

_______________ produce seeds that are enclosed in a fruit or seed case within the Kingdom plantae

Angiosperms

A catabolic biochemical pathway in organisms in which inorganic carbon in the environment is utilized for conversion into organic matter

Autotrophy

Many geochemical cycles are facilitated by microbes. Match the correct microbial Genus name with the correct part of the nitrogen cycle requiring its metabolism

Azobacter = Nitrogran fixation Pseudomonas = Denitrification Planctomycetes = Anammox denitrification

According to Figure 8.4 on page 193, Where is the asteroid belt located?

Between mars and jupiter

The tropical rain forest have been a major biome for million years. The relatively constant, warm and moist climate of the ecosystem has led to high __________ of the system through the establishment of many ecological niches

Biodiversity

One example of the use of forests as a source for food in order to protect them from deforestation is

Brazil woods and Exotic woods

According to Figure 8.14 on pages 211, What is the relationship between sea mineral precipitation and hot house/ice house cycling?

Calcite/Dolomite seas correlate with hot house atmospheric conditions

Levels of atmospheric oxygen during Phanerozoic time were the results of the biochemical cycling of which two elements?

Carbon and Sulfur

Looking at Figure 9.17 on page 234 showing the gross world produce and the gross world product per person in US dollars from 1950 to 2008, what connection do these variables have with energy consumption?

Continuously increasing GWP and GWP/captia requires energy sources

Metals obtained from ores associated with granitic igneous rock bodies of the continental crust include; tin, bismuth, tungsten, and?

Copper

One step which developed countries can take to lessen the rate of destruction of the world's forests and be economically practical for developing nations is to lessen the ________ of developing countries in return for development of sustainable forest-management programs

Debt

Serve the important function of recycling nutrients in a sustainable ecosystem to maintain balance?

Decomposers

All of the following are environmental consequences related to increased reliance on coal as an energy source EXCEPT?

Decreased emissions of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere

From the environmental standpoint, it is important to know the areas of forest land to estimate emissions of carbon dioxide and other biogenic gases in the atmosphere and to estimate the rate of?

Deforestation

Functional unit of the exosphere in which living and nonliving components interact dynamically and exchange materials?

Ecosystem

All sulfur compound emissions into the atmosphere lead to negative global climate consequences

FALSE

Gaseous nitrogen compounds emitted by birth natural and human sources to the atmosphere only affect terrestrial ecosystems

FALSE

Perturbed or domesticated ecosystems do not load to environmental degradation

FALSE

Corporate-grown production crops often depend on _________ to produce high yields

Fertilizers, pesticides, and irrigation

In addition to differences in size, the main difference between "Plankton" and "Nekton" is that plankton can only ______ while nekton can?

Float; swim

The continuous rise in energy demand by the developing world will lead to an increase reliance on ___________ _____________ as energy sources

Fossil fuels

What viable may be used to determine how well off an individual is in a particular nation?

GDP per capita

We "earthlings" are lucky that we live on a planet in the Habitable Zone meaning that is not too hot or not too cold for life to flourish. The phenomenon is also known as the?

Goldilocks paradox

What variable is used to gauge the strength of a nation's economy?

Gross domestic product and gross natural product

One of the major types of higher plants called _________ bear naked seeds not enclosed in an ovary?

Gymnosperms

Nitrogen, in the form of ammonia fertilizer is produced in an industrial chemical process known as the _________ process.

Haber-Bosch

Five major effects of deforestation in developing countries are: displacement of indigenous people, emissions of carbon dioxide, flooding, hydrological changes and loss of ____________ and __________________

Habitat; biodiversity

Which eon does our text refer to as "Earth's Violent Beginnings"?

Hadean Eon

Has the percentage of atmospheric oxygen varied much during Phanerzoic time?

Has varied over Phanerzoic time with the spike over 35% during the Mesozoic which was likely due to the abundance of land plants

According to our text, "The principal environmental issues confronting humankind result from ________ __________ in the biogeochemical cycles of the biological elements

Human interference

When deforestation occurs in a tropical rain forest the ____________ cycle is disrupted.

Hydrolic, biologic, and carbon

Which statement is true?

It is easier for a temperate forest to recover after deforestation because nutrient stores are left in the soils

Pluto is the largest body in a region known as the?

Kuiper belt

Which of the following is NOT one of the five recognized causes of deforestation in developing countries?

Land ownership and distribution equality among the people of the nation

When nutrients applied in the form of fertilizers or animal wastes and pesticides are applied to agricultural fields, they can be _________ aquatic systems.

Leached into

What type of plants harbor nodules on their root rhizomes which contain specialize bacteria that can fix atmospheric nitrogen (N2) to ammonia (NH3) which subsequently reacts with water to make ammonium (Nh4+) which plants can use?

Legumes (related to beans)

The largest sedimentary reservoirs of carbon is stored as

Limestone

____________ is a problem associated with the heavy use of biomass (noncommercial fuels) as an energy source

Loss of forests, soil degradation and soil loss, increased fluxes of carbon dioxide and other gases to the atmosphere

The subdivision of the Phanerzoic Eon into three major eras is based on?

Major flora and faunal changed observation in the sedimentary rock record as a result of major extinction events

Figure 7.6 on page 173 depicts the "Prehuman biogeochemical cycle of methane. The portion of the cycle which moves the greatest amount of methane from the Earth's surface to the atmosphere are the?

Natural wetlands

______ and _________ are limiting nutrients in aquatic systems. One or both of these nutrients added to an aquatic ecosystem can enhance the NPP of the system and lead to unhealthy eutrophic conditions?

Nitrogen and phosphorus

_____________ occurs when diatomic nitrogen is taken from the atmosphere during bacterial metabolism in soils and water and converted to nitrogen in the form of ammonia nitrate, which may be utilized by plants.

Nitrogen fixation

Viruses are not technically considered to be alone because they are?

Not composed of cells

What is the gaseous by-product of photosynthesis necessary as an electron receptor for metabolic cellular respiration to occur?

Oxygen

The development of the _________ __________ in the stratosphere trapped ultraviolet radiation allowing cyanobacteria and their fossilized counterparts, the stromatolites, to expand out into the environment.

Ozone shield

According to chapter 7 of our text, the activities of __________ have significantly impacted the chemical, biological and biogeochemical cycles of planet Earth.

People

Which terrestrial biome has the lowest percentage of phytomass and which one has the greatest percentage of phytomass?

Perpetual Ice ; Tropical Rain Forest

Earth's atmospheric oxygen results from

Photosynthesis

Humans are affecting the Earth's ecosphere by consuming resources, developing civilizations and by the world?

Population

Heterotrophs which consume the producers or feed on other animals?

Primary and Secondary consumers

Which autotrophs produce organic matter from inorganic carbon and are the base of the food chain?

Producers

What Biochemical processes are completed by Prokaryotes

Production of methane form organic or carbon dioxide. Fermentation of sugars to alcohol and eventually carbon dioxide. Extraction of nitrogen from the atmosphere and convert it to a form useable by other organisms (nitrogen, fixation)

Since we are unable to directly sample atmospheric composition during the geological past, scientists use ___________ data

Proxy

Why are fossil fuels considered non-renewable resources?

Since reserves of fossil fuels took million of years to build, the rates of human extraction far outpaces the rates of natural formation

The tropical forest area of the developing world is being reduced by clear-cutting and?

Slash and burn

The three major regions of Tropical forests are located in Central America, Africa and?

South America

When considering the four stages of demographic transition, what is the state presently characterizing many of the world's poorer nations?

Stage 2: Transitional stage of high birth and lower death rates and rapid growth in population

The two was in which oil is trapped in sedimentary rocks include a stratigraphic trap and a ___________ trap

Structural

Name two long time-scale (geological time) carbon cycling processes which control the carbon dioxide content in the atmosphere

Subduction of limestone and volcanism

In the metabolic process generally known as photosynthesis plants or plant-like microbes use inorganic carbon in the form of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and water and process them in the presence of nutrients and _______ to make more complex organic molecules and an important gaseous byproduct?

Sunlight

Massive stars, many times heavier than our sun, can create tremendous explosions with debris that can be seen in space for a long time afterward. One such explosion is called?

Supernova

Organisms whose metabolic pathway is described as "heterotrophic" cannot?

Synthesize their own food

Chemical, biological, and biogeochemical cycles are found in all "spheres of planet Earth.

TRUE

The two major ecosystems are

Terrestrial and aquatic

During the decomposition of limestone, the reaction CaC)3 + CO2 + H2O --> Ca2+ + 2HCO3. Where does the CO2 come from?

The atmosphere

Limestone (CaCO3) weathers when carbon dioxide from the atmosphere reacts with water to make weak carbonic acid (h2CO3). The products of this reaction are dissolved icons of calcium (Ca2+) and bicarbonate (HC)3). What happens to the dissolved constituents of this reaction?

The dissolved constituents enter the soil and ground waters and rivers and eventually reach the ocean where they are precipitated out.

Although many of the exact details still need to be worked out, most scientist concur that the event known as the Big Bang began

The universe as we know it

Why could the exploration of methane hydrated be of importance to the future of world energy supplies?

There are abundant methane hydrates in the costal subsurface sediments of the ocean

What is the significance of the banded iron formations?

They represent a time of sufficiently high atmospheric O2 concentrations indicating photosynthesis by marine organisms

How is carbon dioxide returned to the atmosphere?

Through burning of hydrocarbons, organic decay, and cellular respiration

What are the three events in history of the world that are associated with rapid population growth?

Toolmaking, agriculture, and the industrial revolution

Which statement is incorrect?

Tropical forest plants tend to have very deep, extensive root systems to access deep stored nutrient-rich soils

According to the text, present and predicted extinction rates are likely related to human activities?

True

What is the major difference between the biogeochemical cycle of phosphorus and those of carbon, nitrogen and sulfur?

Unlike other elements mentioned in the question, phosphorus has no major gaseous reservoir in its biogeochemical cycle

Considering Figure 9.20 on page 237, which statement below is true concerning US fuel consumption over the past 150 years?

Use of coal is being replaced by natural gas

How can volcanic eruption like that of Mt. Pinatubo affect global climate?

Volcanic eruptions can inject sulfur components into the stratosphere which can lead to short-tern climate cooling

The five compounds which can act as oxidizing agents in remineralization of organic matter include: oxygen, nitrate, iron, oxide, sulfate, and?

Water

According to analysis of Figure 9,26 on page 241, what percentage of proven oil reserves are in the middle east region?

about 65%