EBIO Midterm #2 Homework Questions

A _______________ cannot be hydrolyzed any further.

monosaccharide

The light reactions convert the high potential energy of energized electrons to the energy stored in A) ATP and NADPH B) ATP and sugars C) CO2 and sugars D) ATP and H2O E) NADPH and H2O

A) ATP and NADPH

______ energizes active transport of protons uphill from low to high proton concentration; subsequent flow of protons downhill from high to low proton concentration through the ATP synthase converts the potential energy of the proton gradient into _____. A) Light; ATP B) ATP; sugar C) Light; sugar D) Light; water E) Water; ATP

A) Light; ATP

Glycogen is _____. A) a polysaccharide found in animals B) a transport protein that carries oxygen C) a polysaccharide found in plant cell walls D) a source of saturated fat E) the form in which plants store sugars

A) a polysaccharide found in animals Animals store energy in the form of glycogen.

Humans exhale CO2. Which of the four molecules below could NOT be the dietary source of the carbon converted to CO2 and exhaled by you? A carbon atom in a molecule of A) cellulose B) starch C) fructose D) glucose E) fat

A) cellulose

Glycogen functions in A) energy storage in animals. B) energy storage in plants. C) providing structural support in plant cell walls. D) providing structural support in animal cells.

A) energy storage in animals.

The movement of protons (H+) through the ATP synthase occurs from ______ to ______ proton concentration. A) high; low B) low; high D) high; high E) low; low

A) high; low

Which features are found in both animal and plant cells? A) ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, and outer cell membrane B) mitochondria, chloroplasts, and outer cell membrane C) ribosomes, mitochondria, and cell walls D) mitochondria, a large central vacuole, endoplasmic reticulum, and cell walls

A) ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, and outer cell membrane

Starch functions in A) energy storage in animals. B) energy storage in plants. C) providing structural support in plant cell walls. D) providing structural support in animal cells.

B) energy storage in plants.

Most of the energy captured by producers in an ecosystem is LOST as WHAT in the food chain? A) ATP B) heat C) sunlight D) sugars E)starch

B) heat

All of the processes below are somehow related to ATP production in mitochondria. Which process directly turns the ATP synthase turbine in mitochondria: A) the flow of H+ along its concentration gradient from the intermembrane space to the matrix. B) the transfer of electrons to oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor. C) the loading of electrons from NADH into the mitochondrial electron transport chain. D) the removal of H (electrons and H+) from C-H bonds of energy-rich food molecules in glycolysis. E) the removal of H (electrons and H+) from C-H bonds of energy-rich food molecules in the citric acid cycle.

A) the flow of H+ along its concentration gradient from the intermembrane space to the matrix.

Which of the statements correctly describes an event that is part of the light reactions of photosynthesis? A) Light is absorbed and used to extract electrons from sugar. B) ADP is phosphorylated to form ATP. C) Carbon dioxide is incorporated into a sugar. D) NADP+ is produced. E) Water is produced.

B) ADP is phosphorylated to form ATP.

Which of the following is least stable? A) sugar B) ATP C) glucose D) AMP E) cellulose

B) ATP

Four of the following statements are correct. Find the one that is FALSE. While performing photosynthesis during the day, the chloroplasts of a green leaf produce A) ATP to be used in the Calvin cycle. B) ATP as an energy source for the roots of the plant. C) sugars for the green leaf's cellular respiration at night. D) sugars as an energy source for the roots of the plant. E) sugars to fuel the growth of the plant.

B) ATP as an energy source for the roots of the plant.

Four of the following statements regarding ATP are correct. Which one is FALSE? A) ATP powers transport work, chemical work, and movement work. B) ATP provided by mitochondrial electron transport energizes C-H bond formation in the citric acid cycle. C) ATP provided by photosynthetic electron transport energizes C-H bond formation in the Calvin cycle. D) Regeneration of ATP from ADP and phosphate in animal cells occurs in the mitochondria. E) ATP is very unstable.

B) ATP provided by mitochondrial electron transport energizes C-H bond formation in the citric acid cycle.

What makes carbohydrates and fats a source of energy? A) Both have a lot of oxygen atoms. B) Both have a lot of bonds with loosely held electrons. C) Both are hydrophobic molecules. D) Both form hydrogen bonds with water. E) Both have a lot of bonds with tightly held electrons.

B) Both have a lot of bonds with loosely held electrons.

Four of the molecules or states below represent states of high energy (high potential energy or high chemical potential energy). Find the EXCEPTION. A) NADH B) NADP+ C) ATP D) sugar E) a rock sitting on top of a tall structure

B) NADP+

Four of the following processes are energized by phosphorylation. Find the EXCEPTION. A) the sodium/potassium pump in the outer cell membrane B) active H+ transport from low H+ concentration in the matrix to high H+ concentration in the intermembrane space by mitochondrial electron transport C) transport of vesicles by motor proteins D) muscle contraction E) formation of ATP

B) active H+ transport from low H+ concentration in the matrix to high H+ concentration in the intermembrane space by mitochondrial electron transport

Carbohydrates are formed in the process of photosynthesis from the starting materials of A) carbon dioxide only. B) carbon dioxide and water. C) carbon dioxide and oxygen. D) water and oxygen.

B) carbon dioxide and water.

Which of these is a polysaccharide? A) lactose B) cellulose C) galactose D) sucrose E) glucose

B) cellulose Cellulose is a carbohydrate composed of many monomers.

Four of the five substances below can serve as fuel for human cellular respiration. Find the EXCEPTION. A) fats B) cellulose C) amylose D) glucose E) protein

B) celluloseIn response to consumption of high levels of saturated fats and sugars, humans and other mammals will synthesize more of the enzymes needed for cellular respiration store less energy as fat eat less synthesize more of the enzymes needed for energy storage synthesize fewer of the enzymes needed for energy storage

Cells of brown fat tissue have many mitochondria. How does brown fat tissue serve an endothermic animal? It A) increases the production of ATP B) converts most of the energy of food molecules to heat C) helps the animal stay cool when it is hot D) increases the usable energy that can be gained from glucose E) limits the loss of energy as heat

B) converts most of the energy of food molecules to heat

Carbohydrates are burned in cellular respiration for the purpose of producing A) oxygen. B) energy for the cell. C) water. D) carbon dioxide. E) sugars.

B) energy for the cell.

The light-driven movement of protons (H+) from the stroma to the inner thylakoid space across the thylakoid membrane occurs from ______ to ______ proton concentration. A) high; low B) low; high C) high; high D) low; low

B) low; high

Which of these is a source of lactose? A) plant cell walls B) milk C) table sugar D) potato starch E) glycogen

B) milk

Comparing the photosynthetic light reactions with the Calvin cycle, which CONSUME(S) glucose? A) both the light reactions and the Calvin cycle B) neither the light reactions nor the Calvin cycle C) only electron transport in the light reactions D) only the Calvin cycle E) only the splitting of water in the light reactions

B) neither the light reactions nor the Calvin cycle

Formation of water from oxygen occurs A) only in photosynthesis. B) only in respiration. C) in both photosynthesis and respiration. D) in neither photosynthesis nor respiration. E) during the Calvin cycle conversions.

B) only in respiration.

Where do the reactions of the Calvin cycle take place? A) thylakoid membranes B) stroma fluid of the chloroplast C) cytosol fluid surrounding the chloroplast D) chlorophyll molecule E) outer membrane of the chloroplast

B) stroma fluid of the chloroplast

1 glucose + 1 fructose combine to form _______ by ___________. A) starch; dehydration synthesis B) sucrose; dehydration synthesis C) lactose; dehydration synthesis D) lactose; hydrolysis E) sucrose; hydrolysis

B) sucrose; dehydration synthesis

The ultimate energy source for producers is ________ and the final energy-rich product produced in the mitochondria of consumers is ________. A) water; ATP B) sunlight; ATP C) CO2; sugar D) sugar; sugar E) sunlight; sugar

B) sunlight; ATP

Where are the proteins of the electron transport chain located in cellular respiration? A) in the fluid space within the mitochondrial intermembrane space B) they are bound to the mitochondrial inner membranes C) in the cytosolic fluid D) they are bound to the thylakoid membranes E) in the mitochondrial matrix fluid

B) they are bound to the mitochondrial inner membranes

The light reactions of photosynthesis occur in the A) stroma fluid B) thylakoid membranes C) cytosol fluid D) mitochondria E) chloroplast fluid space

B) thylakoid membranes

The components of which metabolic process are bound to membranes? A) glycolysis B) alcohol fermentation C) ATP formation by the ATP synthase D) lactic acid fermentation E) citric acid cycle

C) ATP formation by the ATP synthase

The Calvin cycle converts _______ to _______. A) C-H bonds; C=O bonds B) carbon dioxide; water C) C=O bonds; C-H bonds D) C-H bonds; carbon dioxide E) water; carbon dioxide

C) C=O bonds; C-H bonds

From where does the CO2 released in cellular respiration come? A) CO2 is released from glucose in the mitochondrial matrix. B) CO2 is formed when oxygen accepts the electrons from the mitochondrial electron transport chain. C) CO2 is what is left over from the carbon chain of glucose after the removal of H (electrons and H+). D) CO2 is formed by extraction of electrons from water in the presence of glucose. E) CO2 is released in the Calvin cycle.

C) CO2 is what is left over from the carbon chain of glucose after the removal of H (electrons and H+).

Which statement is NOT correct? A) NADH provides energized electrons. B) NAD+ can be loaded with high-energy electrons. C) NAD+ can be loaded with low-energy electrons. D) The regeneration of NADH from NAD+ requires energy. E) The electrons added to NAD+ to form NADH come from glucose.

C) NAD+ can be loaded with low-energy electrons.

Which statement below about hydrogen (H) in photosynthesis and respiration is FALSE? A) Photosynthesis and respiration both use H shuttles. B) H is removed from water to make sugars in photosynthesis; H removed from sugars is combined with oxygen in respiration, forming water again. C) NADH is used in photosynthesis; NADPH is used in respiration. D) The O-H bond is polar; the C-H bond is nonpolar. E) While the O-H bond cannot be used to release energy, the C-H bond can be used to release energy.

C) NADH is used in photosynthesis; NADPH is used in respiration.

Why was Mr. Priestly unable to keep a mouse, sealed in a container together with a plant, alive in his basement? A) The basement was too hot, which killed the mouse. B) The plant he used in his experiments in the basement was not edible. C) The plant did not get the light needed for photosynthesis. D) The plant in the basement used up all the oxygen it made for photosynthesis.

C) The plant did not get the light needed for photosynthesis.

The oxygen consumed during cellular respiration participates most DIRECTLY in what process? A) phosphorylation of ADP to form ATP B) glycolysis C) accepting electrons at the end of the mitochondrial electron transport chain D) the citric acid cycle E) forming CO2

C) accepting electrons at the end of the mitochondrial electron transport chain

Fast-twitch muscle fibers have the advantage of ________ and the disadvantage of _________. A) extracting a lot of energy from glucose; not being able to perfom over extended periods B) using fat as a long-lasting energy source; not being able to use oxygen C) acting quickly; not extracting a lot of energy from glucose D) acting over extended periods; not being able to use fat as an energy source E) making a lot of ATP; not being able to operate without oxygen

C) acting quickly; not extracting a lot of energy from glucose

Why do plants use the ATP made by ATP synthase to produce sugars? A) because animals prefer sugars (due to their sweet taste) over ATP B) because they do not have muscles that are powered by ATP C) because ATP is too unstable to store for more than a very short time D) because they do not have nerve cells that require ATP E) because they do not use ATP to fuel cellular work

C) because ATP is too unstable to store for more than a very short time

The polysaccharides ________________ occur in plants, while ___________ occur(s) in animals. A) cellulose and amylopectin; amylose and glycogen B) glycogen and amylose; cellulose C) cellulose and amylose; glycogen D) amylopectin and glycogen; amylose E) cellulose and glycogen; amylopectin and amylose

C) cellulose and amylose; glycogen

To which sugar are human taste buds most sensitive? A) galactose B) glucose C) fructose D) amylose E) lactose

C) fructose

The uncoupling protein converts the energy provided by ______ to _______. A) glucose; ATP B) ATP; heat C) glucose; heat D) pyruvate; ATP E) pyruvate; NADH

C) glucose; heat

Synthesis of ATP by the ATP synthase driven by downhill flow of protons (H+) along their concentration gradient takes place A) only in photosynthesis. B) only in respiration. C) in both photosynthesis and respiration, but not during the movement of substances across the outer cell membrane. D) only during the movement of substances across the outer cell membrane E) in photosynthesis, respiration, and during the movement of substances across the outer cell membrane.

C) in both photosynthesis and respiration, but not during the movement of substances across the outer cell membrane.

In mitochondrial electron transport, water is formed. Where does the oxygen for the formation of water come from? A) carbon dioxide (CO2) B) glucose (C6H12O6) C) molecular oxygen (O2) D) ethanol (C2H5OH) E) lactate (C3H5O3-)

C) molecular oxygen (O2)

The following statement compares different starches: Because it is branched and can be broken down to ________ by multiple enzymes at the same time, _________ is digested more quickly than _________. A) lactose; amylose; amylopectin B) fructose; cellulose; amylopectin C) monosaccharides; amylopectin; amylose D) simple sugars; cellulose; amylose E) amylopectin; amylose; glycogen

C) monosaccharides; amylopectin; amylose

Compared to fat, glycogen is mobilized _______ and ________ to become depleted as an energy source in human metabolism. A) more slowly; is faster B) more slowly; is slower C) more quickly; is faster D) more quickly; is slower

C) more quickly; is faster

Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells share four of the following features. Find the exception. A) DNA B) proteins C) multiple inner compartments D) outer cell membrane E) ribosomes

C) multiple inner compartments

Because starch and cellulose have different functions, they A) must consist of the same monosaccharide. B) must both consist of glucose monomers. C) must have different structures. D) must consist of different monomers. E) must occur in different organisms.

C) must have different structures.

What bonds in a sugar molecule do not serve as a source of energy? A) C-H bonds and C-C bonds B) C-H bonds and C-OH bonds C) only C-OH bonds D) only C-H bonds E) only C-C bonds

C) only C-OH bonds

Cellulose functions in A) energy storage in animals. B) energy storage in plants. C) providing structural support in plant cell walls. D) providing structural support in animal cells. E) providing structural support in plant and animal cell walls.

C) providing structural support in plant cell walls.

Which cell feature is found in both plant and animal cells? A) chloroplast B) cell wall C) rough endoplasmic reticulum D) large central vacuole

C) rough endoplasmic reticulum

Two species that rely on microbial partners capable of breaking down cellulose for energy are A) humans and cats. B) humans and termites. C) termites and cows. D) cows and cats. E) termites and cats.

C) termites and cows.

From the fact that high fructose corn syrup (HFCS) tastes sweeter than regular table sugar, one can conclude that A) HFCS contains fructose, but table sugar does not. B) glucose and fructose must both be monosaccharides. C) the percentage of fructose in HFCS must be higher than that in table sugar. D) the percentage of fructose in HFCS must be 55%. E) fructose must stimulate the production of hormones that control blood sugar level.

C) the percentage of fructose in HFCS must be higher than that in table sugar.

Fill in the blanks: In the model of the hydroelectric dam, water stands for ________, the turbine stands for ________, and the lit-up light bulb stands for _________. A) the ATP synthase; the protons (H+); the ATP produced B) the protons (H+); the ATP produced; the ATP synthase C) the protons (H+); the ATP synthase; the ATP produced D) the ATP produced; the protons (H+); the ATP synthase

C) the protons (H+); the ATP synthase; the ATP produced

Carbon dioxide containing bonds with ________ held electrons is converted to sugar molecules containing bonds with ______ held electrons in the Calvin cycle. A) loosely; tightly B) loosely; loosely C) tightly; loosely D) tightly; tightly

C) tightly; loosely

Four of the five processes below are fueled by ATP formed in mitochondria. Which is not fueled by ATP? A) transport of substances from low to high concentration across the outer cell membrane B) movement of a vesicle along a cytoskeletal track C) transport of protons (H+) from low concentration in the mitochondrial matrix to high concentration in the mitochondrial intermembrane space D) chemical work E) phosphorylation of a cytosolic protein

C) transport of protons (H+) from low concentration in the mitochondrial matrix to high concentration in the mitochondrial intermembrane space

ALL of the energy is released as HEAT when protons (H+) flow downhill through the A) ATP synthase in mitochondria. B) ATP synthase in chloroplasts. C) uncoupling protein in mitochondria. D) photosynthetic electron transport chain. E) mitochondrial electron transport chain.

C) uncoupling protein in mitochondria.

The light reactions of photosynthesis use _____ and produce _____. A) carbon dioxide ... oxygen B) NADPH ... oxygen C) water ... NADPH D) NADPH ... NADP+ E) carbon dioxide ... sugar

C) water ... NADPH NADPH is a reactant in the Calvin cycle.

Four of the statements below apply to microbes and humans. Find the one that is false. A) The microbial cells living in the human body outnumber the human cells. B) Most of the microbes found in the human body are beneficial. C) The human diet affects the microbial composition of the human gut. D) A healthy human does not house more than a few hundred microbial cells. E) Many fermented food products are produced using live microbes.

D) A healthy human does not house more than a few hundred microbial cells.

The main final energy-rich product of photosynthesis is ________ and the main energy source obtained by consumers from their food is ________. A) ATP; ATP B) ATP; water C) CO2; C-H bonds of food molecules D) C-H bonds of sugars; C-H bonds of food molecules E) sunlight; C-H bonds of food molecules

D) C-H bonds of sugars; C-H bonds of food molecules

The molecular formula for glucose is C6H12O6. What would be the molecular formula for a disaccharide linking two glucose molecules via dehydration synthesis? A) C2H4O2 B) C6H24O12 C) C12H24O12 D) C12H22O11 E) C12H20O10

D) C12H22O11

Four of the findings below provide evidence in support of the endosymbiont theory of eukaryote evolution. Find the exception. A) double membrane around chloroplast B) DNA in mitochondria C) DNA in chloroplasts D) DNA in nucleus E) ribosomes in mitochondria

D) DNA in nucleus

Four of the five answers below explain why a plant's green leaves carry out more photosynthesis than respiration. Find the EXCEPTION. A) The green leaf is only a small part of the plant and needs to produce enough energy-rich sugars to support all of the non-photosynthetic parts (like roots, non-green stems and trunks, or flowers). B) Only when overall photosynthetic activity exceeds overall respiration activity of the whole plant can the plant grow and accumulate biomass. C) Sugar produced in photosynthesis must support the energy needs of the plant during both day and night. D) Leaves perform more photosynthesis because they don't have mitochondria. E) Sugar produced in leaves during the summer must support the energy needs of plants that drop their leaves during the winter

D) Leaves perform more photosynthesis because they don't have mitochondria.

Which statement about the transport and use of oxygen in humans is FALSE? A) Oxygen for cellular respiration is taken up by the lungs. B) Hemoglobin transports oxygen from the lungs to body cells requiring ATP for cellular work. C) Oxygen serves as the terminal electron acceptor in mitochondria. D) Oxygen is converted to CO2 in mitochondria. E) High CO2 levels decrease the oxygen-binding capacity of hemoglobin.

D) Oxygen is converted to CO2 in mitochondria.

Which of the following statements BEST describes the relationship between photosynthesis and respiration? A) Photosynthesis only occurs in plants and respiration only occurs in animals. B) ATP molecules are produced in photosynthesis and used up in respiration. C) Respiration stores energy in energy-rich, carbon-based molecules, while photosynthesis releases energy from energy-rich, carbon-based molecules. D) Photosynthesis stores energy in energy-rich, carbon-based molecules, while respiration releases energy from energy-rich, carbon-based molecules. E) Both photosynthesis and respiration consume more ATP than they produce.

D) Photosynthesis stores energy in energy-rich, carbon-based molecules, while respiration releases energy from energy-rich, carbon-based molecules.

Which of the following statements is correct? A) The light reactions provide the Calvin cycle with oxygen, and the Calvin cycle provides the water for the light reactions. B) The light reactions provide ATP and NADPH, and the Calvin cycle provides sugar for the light reactions. C) The light reactions provide the CO2 that is converted to sugar in the Calvin cycle. D) The light reactions provide ATP and NADPH to the Calvin cycle.

D) The light reactions provide ATP and NADPH to the Calvin cycle.

In four of the five pairs of organisms or pairs of organelles below, one produces energy-rich food molecules and oxygen, and the other produces CO2 and H2O. Find the EXCEPTION. A) chloroplasts and mitochondria in a green leaf cell B) a plant and a mouse enclosed in a tightly-sealed glass container exposed to sunlight C) plants and animals in an ecosystem D) a rabbit and a fox E) grass and a cow

D) a rabbit and a fox

A cell possesses the following features: enzymes, DNA, ribosome, phospholipid bilayer, energy acquisition and processing. It could be a cell from A) an animal, but not a plant. B) a member of the bacteria, but not of the Archaea. C) a plant or an animal, but no other kind of organism. D) any kind of organism. E) a prokaryote but not a eukaryote.

D) any kind of organism.

Four of the five statements below are correct. Which one is false? Starch and cellulose A) are both synthesized and found in plants. B) both contain a lot of energy. C) are both made of glucose monomers. D) are both structural components of plant cell walls. E) are both polysaccharides.

D) are both structural components of plant cell walls.

ATP is produced by A) mitochondria only. B) chloroplasts only. C) transport proteins in the cell membrane. D) both mitochondria and chloroplasts, but not by transport proteins in the cell membrane. E) mitochondria, chloroplasts, and transport proteins in the cell membrane.

D) both mitochondria and chloroplasts, but not by transport proteins in the cell membrane.

A cell that keeps its DNA in a membrane-bounded nucleus could be a cell from which of the following groups of organisms? A) prokaryotes and protists B) protists and photosynthetic bacteria C) bacteria and Archaea D) fungi and plants E) bacteria and fungi

D) fungi and plants

What process occurs in Box A? A) electron transport B) the citric acid cycle C) electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation D) glycolysis E) oxidative phosphorylation

D) glycolysis Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol.

Picture a cow eating grass. The majority of the sun's energy absorbed by the grass is eventually converted to what form? A) fat in the cow B) ATP in the cow C) glycogen in the cow D) heat in the environment E) CO2 in the environment

D) heat in the environment

Where are electron transport chains found in plant cells? A) only in the cytosol B) only in the stroma of chloroplasts C) only in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts D) in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts and in the inner membranes of mitochondria E) in the stroma of chloroplasts and in the matrix of mitochondria

D) in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts and in the inner membranes of mitochondria

Comparing the photosynthetic light reactions with the Calvin cycle, which CONSUME(S) ATP? A) both the light reactions and the Calvin cycle B) neither the light reactions nor the Calvin cycle C) only the transport of protons across the thylakoid membrane in the light reactions D) only the Calvin cycle E) only the splitting of water in the light reactions

D) only the Calvin cycle

Cellular respiration harvests the MOST chemical energy in which of the following steps? A) glycolysis B) alcohol fermentation C) reactions occurring in the chloroplast stroma D) reactions occurring in mitochondria E) lactic acid fermentation

D) reactions occurring in mitochondria

In response to consumption of high levels of saturated fats and sugars, humans and other mammals A) will synthesize more of the enzymes needed for cellular respiration B) store less energy as fat C) eat less D) synthesize more of the enzymes needed for energy storage E) synthesize fewer of the enzymes needed for energy storage

D) synthesize more of the enzymes needed for energy storage

Four of the five reactions below occur in the cytosol. Which does not? A) alcohol fermentation B) glycolysis C) use of ATP for mechanical work D) the Calvin cycle E) lactic acid fermentation

D) the Calvin cycle

What process occurs within Box B? A) oxidative phosphorylation B) electron transport C) photophosphorylation D) the citric acid cycle E) glycolysis

D) the citric acid cycle The citric acid cycle transfers electrons to NADH and FADH2.

In mitochondria, protons are moved by the mitochondrial electron transport chain against their concentration gradient from the matrix into the intermembrane space, whereas in chloroplasts, protons are moved by the photosynthetic electron transport chain against their concentration gradient from A) the stroma to the cytosol. B) the intermembrane space to the matrix. C) the matrix to the stroma. D) the stroma to the inner thylakoid space. E) the inner thylakoid space to the stroma

D) the stroma to the inner thylakoid space.

What is the primary function of the Calvin cycle? A) to use NADPH to release carbon dioxide B) to convert starch to sugars C) to extract electrons from water and release oxygen D) to synthesize a simple sugar (G3P) from carbon dioxide E) to use ATP and NADPH to convert a simple sugar (G3P) to carbon dioxide

D) to synthesize a simple sugar (G3P) from carbon dioxide

Where does the Calvin cycle occur? C B D E A

E The Calvin cycle occurs in the stroma.

The three domains of life are A) plants, animals, and protists. B) fungi, plants, and animals. C) prokaryotes, plants, and animals. D) Archaea, bacteria, and animals. E) Eukarya, Archaea, and bacteria.

E) Eukarya, Archaea, and bacteria.

Which of the following statements correctly describes the endosymbiont theory? A) Eukaryotes acquired their mitochondria by engulfing photosynthetic prokaryotes. B) Eukaryotes acquired their chloroplasts by engulfing non-photosynthetic prokaryotes. C) Eukaryotes acquired their mitochondria by engulfing other eukaryotes. D) Prokaryotes are eukaryotes that ejected their mitochondria. E) Eukaryotes acquired mitochondria and chloroplasts by engulfing prokaryotes.

E) Eukaryotes acquired mitochondria and chloroplasts by engulfing prokaryotes.

A student examines a cell that possesses the following molecules and structures: enzymes, DNA, ribosomes, an outer cell membrane, mitochondria, and chloroplasts. It could be a cell from A) an animal, but not a plant. B) a bacterium. C) a plant or an animal. D) any kind of organism. E) a plant, but not an animal.

E) a plant, but not an animal.

The accumulation of high concentrations of electrically charged particles (like H+, K+ or Na+) via transport from low to high concentration occurs A) only across thylakoid membranes B) only across inner mitochondrial membranes C) only across the outer cell membrane D) across both thylakoid membranes and inner mitochondrial membranes, but not across the cell membrane E) across thylakoid membranes, inner mitochondrial membranes, and the outer cell membrane

E) across thylakoid membranes, inner mitochondrial membranes, and the outer cell membrane

Plants growing in environments that do not allow rapid plant growth typically A) inactivate the pathway leading to energy storage in the leaves. B) store little or no starch in their leaves. C) have low levels of cellulose in their cell walls. D) activate the pathway leading to energy utilization in the plant's growing tissues. E) activate the pathway leading to energy storage in the leaves.

E) activate the pathway leading to energy storage in the leaves.

Which molecules can be utilized (directly or after some breakdown) in the cellular respiration pathway to generate ATP energy? A) only amino acids and proteins B) only glycerol and fatty acids C) only glucose and sucrose D) only glycerol, fatty acids, glucose, sucrose, starch, and glycogen E) amino acids, protein, glycerol, fatty acids, glucose, sucrose, starch, and glycogen

E) amino acids, protein, glycerol, fatty acids, glucose, sucrose, starch, and glycogen

Which of the following 5 molecules is MOST STABLE? A) NADPH B) ATP C) NADH D) sugar E) carbon dioxide

E) carbon dioxide

Where does glycolysis take place? A) mitochondrial outer membrane B) mitochondrial inner membrane C) mitochondrial matrix fluid D) mitochondrial intermembrane space E) cytosolic fluid

E) cytosolic fluid

Which organisms use mitochondria to produce oxygen? A) plants and animals B) bacteria and fungi C) Archaea and bacteria D) bacteria and protists E) no known organisms

E) no known organisms

The direct reaction of oxygen (O2) with which of the following releases energy that can be used for ATP formation? A) Hydrogen gas (H2), hydrocarbons (as in gasoline), paper (cellulose), electrons (plus H+) at the end of the mitochondrial electron transport chain B) only hydrocarbons (as in gasoline), paper (consisting of cellulose), and electrons (plus H+) at the end of the mitochondrial electron transport chain C) only paper (consisting of cellulose) and electrons (plus H+) at the end of the mitochondrial electron transport chain E) only electrons (plus H+) at the end of the mitochondrial electron transport chain

E) only electrons (plus H+) at the end of the mitochondrial electron transport chain

What molecule is indicated by the letter D? A) pyruvate B) water C) ATP D) glucose E) oxygen

E) oxygen Oxygen is the final electron acceptor of cellular respiration.

Prokaryotic cells lack four of the following features. Which feature is found in prokaryotes? A) mitochondria B) Golgi apparatus C) a real nucleus D) rough endoplasmic reticulum E) phospholipid bilayers

E) phospholipid bilayers

Mitochondria are found in A) all cells. B) animal cells and bacterial cells, but not in plant cells. C) animal cells only. D) plant cells only. E) plant and animal cells.

E) plant and animal cells.

If you could track the carbon atom of a CO2 molecule fixed in the chloroplast of a plant, you would find that it can become part of which of the following on its way through an ecosystem? A) only sugar in a plant B) sugar or starch in a plant, but not cellulose in a plant C) sugar, starch or cellulose in a plant, but not glycogen in a human D) sugar, starch or cellulose in a plant, glycogen in a human, but not CO2 released again into the atmosphere E) sugar, starch or cellulose in a plant, glycogen in a human, and CO2 released again into the atmosphere

E) sugar, starch or cellulose in a plant, glycogen in a human, and CO2 released again into the atmosphere

In the FIRST step of the chloroplast's light reactions, what provides the energy to catapult electrons from low to high potential energy. A) sugars B) NADPH C) CO2 D) ATP E) sunlight

E) sunlight

Four of the five features below present a state of high chemical potential energy in photosynthesis. Find the exception. A) glucose B) excited electrons C) NADPH D) ATP E) water

E) water

A simple sugar is composed of equal parts carbon and water, which gave rise to the general name of any sugar as a ___________

carbohydrate

The DNA-containing region of this bacterial cell is indicated by the letter _____. a) A b) B c) C d) D e) E

d) D

Lactose, the sugar in milk, is a ___________, because it can be split into two monosaccharides.

disaccharide

A carbohydrate that yields many monosaccharides when hydrolyzed is a ___________________.

polysaccharide