Ecology 2

Which aspects of the biology of zooxanthellae are controlled by their coral hosts? A) their cell wall chemistry B) their population growth rate when free-living C) the release of photosynthetic products from their cells D) the rate at which they absorb sugars from their hosts E) their mortality rate

C

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic favored by K-selection? A) low intrinsic rate of increase B) late reproduction C) many, small offspring D) repeated bouts of reproduction E) strong competitive ability

C

Soil fertilization should favor mycorrhizal fungi that are A) less aggressive at obtaining sugars from their plant hosts. B) more aggressive at obtaining sugars from their plant hosts. C) more efficient at extracting inorganic nutrients from soils. D) more efficient at extracting sugars from soils. E) more efficient at extracting inorganic nutrients from plant root exudates.

B

Born helpless, grow quickly

Altricial

The Lotka-Volterra predation model predicts that predators and prey, living together, will show A) oscillations in population size that increase in amplitude through time. B) oscillations in population size that remain of constant amplitude through time. C) oscillations in population size that decrease in amplitude through time. D) oscillations, but only when outside forces such as climatic variation are also present. E) steady equilibria in population sizes.

B

The interaction between honeyguide birds and the Boran people of Kenya A) is an obligate mutualism. B) is a facultative mutualism. C) is exploitative, with humans benefiting but honeyguides exploited. D) represents the only way a honeyguide can gain access to a beehive. E) depends only on humans following birds, not on active communication by the birds.

B

The standard error of the mean is equal to A) the sample variance divided by the sample size. B) the sample standard deviation divided by the square root of the sample size. C) the sample variance divided by the square root of the sample size. D) twice the square root of the sample size. E) twice the square root of the sample variance.

B

The study of the relationship between climate and the timing of ecological events is called A) ecology. B) phenology. C) oenology. D) climatology. E) life history theory

B

In a population of birds, the average beak size is selected against and the large and small sized beaks are selected for. This is an example of A) directional selection. B) disruptive selection. C) stabilizing selection. D) natural selection. E) balanced polymorphism.

B

In order to determine whether a species is common or rare, ecologists use all of the following criteria except: A) habitat tolerance. B) evolutionary existence. C) geographical range. D) local population size. E) None of the choices are correct.

B

In the Lotka-Volterra model, the rate of predation is represented by A) c. B) p. C) cp. D) dpNp E) dp

B

Organisms that produce many offspring would best be characterized by which of the following? A) a convex survivorship curve B) a concave survivorship curve C) a linear survivorship curve D) a sigmoidal survivorship curve E) None of the choices are correct.

B

Periodical cicadas spend 13 or 17 years A) feeding in tree twigs before emerging as adults. B) feeding on tree roots before emerging as adults. C) as adults before laying eggs. D) in a resistant, resting egg before hatching as larvae. E) None of the choices are correct.

B

Type III survivorship curve indicates A) low juvenile mortality and high mortality in older adults. B) high juvenile mortality and low mortality in older adults. C) low juvenile mortality and low mortality in older adults. D) high juvenile mortality and high mortality in older adults. E) equal chance of dying at any age.

B

Which of the following is not an example of altered behavior of the pill bug, Armadillidum vulgare, when infected by the parasite, Plagiorhynchus cylindraceus? A) spends less time in sheltered areas B) positive phototaxis C) spends more time in low humidity environments D) seeks out light substrates E) all are examples of altered behavior of the pill bug when infected by the parasite

B

Which of the following observations can be explained by the energetic limitation of an organism's total reproductive effort? A) Darter diversity is very high in the Ozark Highlands. B) Darters that lay many eggs lay smaller eggs, on average. C) Seed size in plants varies over at least 10 orders of magnitude. D) Seed size in plants depends in part on the plant's seed dispersal mechanism. E) More than one of the choices.

B

______________ is/are defined as a group of potentially breeding organisms within a species in a given space and time. A) Density B) Populations C) Distribution D) Abundance E) Community

B

Individuals of one sex compete among themselves for mates

Intrasexual selection

Repeated reproductive efforts

Iteroparous

Normal random changes to a population that cause its extinction.

Stochastic extinction

When the average mass of individual plants in a stand is plotted against stand density (log-transformed), the slope of the relationship is very often around A) -1/2. B) -1. C) -3/2. D) +1/2. E) +3/2.

C

The major benefit obtained by aspen sunflower, Helianthella quinquenervis, from its ant mutualists is A) reduced losses of seeds to seed predators. B) reduced loss of leaf tissue to herbivorous insects. C) more efficient extraction of soil nutrients. D) more rapid growth early in the growing season. E) improved attraction of pollinators.

A

A fish maturing late with large body size and producing many small offspring would be said to have a(n) A) periodic life history. B) opportunistic life history. C) equilibrium life history. D) precocial life history. E) stress-tolerant life history.

A

Caughly's research on the distribution of three different species of Australian kangaroos (Macropus giganteus, M. fuliginosus, and M. rufus) suggests the A) physical environment limits the distribution of the kangaroos. B) topography limits the distribution of the kangaroos. C) amount of rainfall limits the distribution of the kangaroos. D) temperature limits the distribution of the kangaroos. E) None of the choices are correct.

A

Darwin is often considered the father of evolutionary thought. Which of the following terms is/are not part of Darwin's analysis? A) gene frequencies B) natural selection C) adaptation D) fitness E) None of the choices are correct.

A

Grime's classification of plant life histories focuses attention on A) stress and disturbance. B) stress and nutrient availability. C) disturbance and gene flow. D) disturbance and plant species diversity. E) r- vs. K-selection.

A

If the age distribution diagram is bell shaped or the number of individual in each age class is evenly distributed, this indicates that the population is A) stable. B) declining. C) growing slowly. D) growing rapidly. E) not able to be determined.

A

In a population of lizards, the average and long length tails are selected against and the short tails are selected for. This is an example of A) directional selection. B) disruptive selection. C) stabilizing selection. D) natural selection. E) balanced polymorphism.

A

In experiments with the prairie grass Andropogon, root:shoot ratios proved to be A) higher in plants grown in poor soils. B) lower in plants grown in poor soils. C) equal in plants grown in poor and rich soils. D) higher in plants grown with mycorrhizae. E) equal in plants grown with and without mycorrhizae.

A

In mature white pine forests of New Hampshire A) belowground interspecific competition suppresses the growth of herbaceous plants and hemlocks. B) belowground interspecific competition suppresses the growth of white pine seedlings. C) aboveground intraspecific competition suppresses the growth of white pine seedlings. D) aboveground interspecific competition suppresses the growth of herbaceous plants and hemlocks. E) belowground intraspecific competition suppresses the growth of herbaceous plants and hemlocks.

A

In the Lotka-Volterra predation model, a prey (host) population in the absence of predators would A) grow exponentially. B) grow logistically. C) grow exponentially, and then crash when it has outstripped its own food supply. D) decline to extinction. E) The model makes no assumptions about what happens in the absence of predators.

A

Mycorrhizal fungi acquire _________ from their plant partners. A) sugars B) soil nutrients C) proteins and lipids D) growth hormones E) protection from consumers

A

Nt = N0 λt represents A) geometric population growth. B) annual growth rate. C) exponential growth rate. D) logistic growth. E) None of the choices are correct.

A

Nutrient poor soils should favor mycorrhizal fungi that are A) less aggressive at obtaining sugars from their plant host. B) more aggressive at obtaining sugars from their plant host. C) more efficient at extracting inorganic nutrients from soil. D) more efficient at extracting sugars from soil. E) more efficient at extracting inorganic nutrients from plant root exudates.

A

Seeds bearing eliasomes are likely to be dispersed by A) ants. B) wind. C) water. D) birds. E) scatterhoarding mammals.

A

The "unsuccessful mutualists" in Kathleen Keeler's cost-benefit model of mutualism are those that A) give benefits to their partner, but fail to receive benefits in return. B) receive benefits from their partner, but fail to provide benefits in return. C) neither give benefits to their partner, nor receive them in return. D) fail to locate individuals of their mutualistic partner effectively. E) locate mutualistic partners, but fail to overcome their defenses against colonization.

A

The presence of parasitic protozoa in a culture of competing Tribolium castaneum and T. confusum A) can reverse the outcome of competition. B) decreases the likelihood of coexistence. C) has no effect on the outcome of competition. D) increases the likelihood of coexistence. E) has an effect on the outcome of competition only in the presence of predatory birds.

A

The principle of allocation states A) if an organism uses energy for one function it reduces the amount of energy available for other functions. B) organisms have a tendency to select the smallest prey available rather than exert more energy in capturing larger prey. C) organisms that build larger nests produce fewer offspring. D) organisms have a tendency to allocate more time and energy to a single preferred offspring while neglecting others. E) plants allocate their energy such that larger seedlings come from smaller seeds.

A

Type I survivorship curve indicates A) low juvenile mortality and high mortality in older adults. B) high juvenile mortality and low mortality in older adults. C) low juvenile mortality and low mortality in older adults. D) high juvenile mortality and high mortality in older adults. E) equal chance of dying at any age.

A

Which of the following are mismatched? A) nx : mortality rate B) lx : survivorship history C) R0 : net reproductive rate D) mx : average number offspring per individual E) x : age/time interval

A

Which of the following word pairs are mismatched? A) random distribution; aggressive interaction B) clumped distribution; attraction to a common source C) regular distribution; antagonistic behaviors D) large scale distribution; substantial environmental changes E) small scale distribution; insignificant environmental changes

A

Study of adaptations and behavior of individual species or populations in relation to their environment.

Autecology

A species feeding on the tissue of its host, while not killing it directly, is a A) predator. B) parasite. C) parasitoid. D) cannibal. E) debilitator.

B

An annual plant when initially colonizing an area will probably demonstrate A) annual growth rate. B) geometric population growth. C) exponential growth rate. D) logistic growth. E) None of the choices are correct.

B

Analysis of the Lotka-Volterra competition model implies that two competitors can coexist only when A) interspecific competition is stronger than intraspecific competition. B) intraspecific competition is stronger than interspecific competition. C) intraspecific and interspecific competition are equally strong. D) predation or parasitism is stronger than interspecific competition. E) Actually, the model implies that two competitors can never coexist.

B

Ants on the aspen sunflower, Helianthella quinquenervis, obtain sugars and amino acids by A) collecting nectar from the sunflower's flowers. B) collecting nectar from extrafloral nectaries. C) tending aphids that extract plant sap. D) extracting plant sap directly by piercing the sunflower stem. E) All of the choices are correct.

B

As a fraction of adult mass, the mass of offspring at independence tends to be largest in A) mammals. B) altricial birds. C) lizards. D) both mammals and lizards. E) All three groups have similar values.

B

Crabs and shrimp associated with corals protect their hosts from A) being dislodged from the substrate by currents. B) predation by sea-stars. C) predation by fishes. D) attack by parasitic nematodes. E) infection by pathogenic bacteria.

B

Ecologists sometimes use __________________ as simpler representations of the complex natural world. A) character displacement B) mathematical or laboratory models C) competition coefficients D) replication E) None of the choices are correct.

B

For a population in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, in a situation where there are only two alleles at a particular locus, the proportions of genotypes are: SS = 0.64, Ss = 0.32, and ss = 0.04. Calculate the allele frequency for the recessive allele. A) 0.04 B) 0.2 C) 0.32 D) 0.64 E) 0.8

B

For thousands of years, humans have bred domesticated plants and animals to produce and maintain desirable traits, such as large fruits. Darwin used which term to describe this: A) mutation. B) artificial selection. C) phenotypic plasticity. D) genetic engineering. E) natural selection.

B

The "K" in "K-selection" comes from the A) ecologist who coined it, Astrid Kodric-Brown. B) shape of the age-vs.-mortality-rate plot for K-selected species. C) "K" in the logistic growth equation. D) Greek letter "kappa," symbolizing fecundity. E) None of the choices are correct.

C

The Hardy-Weinberg principle states that A) genotypic changes will result in phenotypic changes. B) phenotypic changes will result in genotypic changes. C) allelic frequencies within a population will not change unless certain conditions are met. D) allelic frequencies within a population will change unless certain conditions are met. E) None of the choices are correct.

C

The rate at which a population of a species will increase when there are no limits on its rate of growth.

Biotic potential

'Rarity II' can be described as A) restricted range, narrow habitat tolerances, and small local populations. B) restricted range, broad habitat tolerances, and large local populations. C) extensive range, narrow habitat tolerances, and large local populations. D) restricted range, broad habitat tolerances, and small local populations. E) extensive range, broad habitat tolerances, and small local populations.

C

A polymorphic locus is one that A) codes for more than one protein. B) codes for both protein and lipid. C) occurs in a population as more than one allele. D) occurs on more than one chromosome. E) can cause more than one phenotype in an individual, depending on the environment.

C

All of the following conditions are included in the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium principle except: A) no mutation. B) large population size. C) non-random mating. D) no immigration. E) genotypes of equal fitness.

C

Among fish species, an "opportunistic" life history is characterized by A) high juvenile survival, large numbers of offspring, and early maturity. B) high juvenile survival, large numbers of offspring, and late maturity. C) low juvenile survival, low number of offspring, and early maturity. D) traits that maximize colonizing ability for environments that do not vary much in time or space. E) traits that maximize colonizing ability for environments that are very stressful.

C

Bethel and Holmes demonstrated A) positive phototaxis in Acanthocephalans infected by amphipods. B) negative phototaxis in Acanthocephalans infected by amphipods. C) positive phototaxis in amphipods infected by Acanthocephalans. D) negative phototaxis in amphipods infected by Acanthocephalans. E) increased herbivory by amphipods infected by Acanthocephalans.

C

Calculate standard error given: mm, s = 6.2 mm, and n = 10. A) 0.62 mm B) 0.88 mm C) 1.96 mm D) 9.06 mm E) 17.8 mm

C

Density is defined as A) the number of individuals within a population. B) abundance. C) the number of individuals per unit area. D) the distribution of individuals within a given area. E) None of the choices are correct.

C

Field experiments differ from laboratory experiments in that A) laboratory experiments include controls, but field experiments need not. B) field experiments can be more easily replicated than laboratory experiments. C) laboratory experiments allow variables not of direct interest to be controlled, while in field experiments these typically vary. D) field experiments can teach us about ecological systems, but laboratory experiments cannot. E) field experiments are often used by ecologists, but laboratory experiments never are.

C

Humans would best be represented by which of the following survivorships curves? A) III B) II C) I D) IV E) None of the choices are correct.

C

In the Lotka-Volterra predation model, a predator population in the absence of prey (hosts) would A) grow exponentially. B) grow logistically. C) decline as predators die. D) decline at first, but then increase as predators switch to other modes of feeding. E) decline at first, but then reach a small equilibrium population size.

C

Joseph Connell discovered that Balanus barnacles were excluded from the upper intertidal zone by ____________, while Chthalamus barnacles were excluded from the middle intertidal zone by ___________. A) competition from mussels, prolonged immersion in water B) competition from mussels, competition with Balanus C) prolonged exposure to air, competition with Balanus D) prolonged exposure to air, competition with algae E) predation by wading birds, predation by starfish

C

Over time, average phenotypes become less common and the population becomes phenotypically more diverse as a result of _____________ selection. A) bimodal B) directional C) disruptive D) stabilizing E) disjointed

C

Which of the following is NOT true of riparian plant communities? A) plant species adapted to frequent disturbance by flooding B) plant species dependent on flooding often dominant C) low species diversity, compared to surrounding terrestrial communities D) high population densities, compared to surrounding terrestrial communities E) seriously impacted by human activities

C

Which of the following is not a benefit provided by mutualistic crab and shrimp to the Pocillopora coral? A) protection from predators B) promotion of the health and integrity of coral tissue C) source of lipids D) both protection from predators and source of lipids E) both promotion of the health and integrity of coral tissue and source of lipids

C

Which of the following statements is/are true? A) Population growth in humans can be represented by an S curve. B) The human population has reached carry capacity. C) Population growth in humans is exponential. D) Human population growth is not effected by density dependent factors. E) Both population growth in humans can be represented by an S curve and the human population has reached carry capacity.

C

Which statement about snowshoe hare and lynx populations in boreal Canada is false? A) Lynx are not the only important predator of snowshoe hares. B) Lynx and hare populations both oscillate repeatedly, with a similar period. C) Snowshoe hares rarely deplete their food supply enough to affect their population biology. D) Trapping records kept by non-scientists can provide useful records of hare population sizes. E) Field experiments imply that hare cycles depend both on the hares' food and their predators.

C

Which statement about the impact of dams on cottonwood forests is false? A) Damming reduces growth of established cottonwoods downstream. B) Damming increases mortality of established cottonwoods downstream. C) By reducing flooding downstream, damming improves cottonwood seed germination. D) The timing of water release from a dam can greatly affect cottonwood seed germination. E) Careful management of flow through dams can greatly reduce harmful impacts on cottonwoods downstream.

C

Whittaker's research on North American tree distribution examined ____________ gradients and concluded that the tree distribution was __________________. A) temperature; random B) temperature; clumped C) moisture; clumped D) moisture; random E) soil; random

C

Within a population, if the average is selected for and the two opposing extremes are selected against, this is an example of A) directional selection. B) disruptive selection. C) stabilizing selection. D) natural selection. E) balanced polymorphism.

C

__________ consume live plant material but do not usually kill plants. A) Predators B) Pathogens C) Herbivores D) Parasites E) Parasitoids

C

In Thomas Park's experiments with Tribolium beetles, which of the following was true? A) T. confusum and T. castaneum had identical niches. B) T. confusum and T. castaneum always coexisted when cultured together. C) T. confusum and T. castaneum never coexisted when cultured together. D) T. confusum and T. castaneum could coexist under some environmental conditions, but not all. E) T. confusum and T. castaneum proved to be unsuitable species for laboratory experimentation.

D

An interaction between individuals of different species that benefit both partners is called A) commensalism. B) predation. C) exploitation. D) mutualism. E) ammensalism.

D

Because natural selection has shaped fish life histories, A) fish species with high adult mortality tend to mature at a younger age. B) fish species with high adult mortality tend to mature at an older age. C) fish species with high adult mortality tend to invest relatively large amounts of energy in reproduction. D) Both fish species with high adult mortality tend to mature at a younger age and fish species with high adult mortality tend to invest relatively large amounts of energy in reproduction are true. E) Both fish species with high adult mortality tend to mature at an older age and fish species with high adult mortality tend to invest relatively large amounts of energy in reproduction are true.

D

Competition between members of a single species is called A) cohort specific competition. B) species specific competition. C) interspecific competition. D) intraspecific competition. E) interference competition.

D

Density dependent factors include all of the following except: A) competition. B) disease. C) predation. D) temperature. E) None of the choices are correct.

D

During droughts in the Galápagos Islands, the ground finches most likely to survive are those with A) smaller bodies. B) smaller bills. C) earlier maturation. D) larger bills. E) larger territories.

D

Ephemerellid mayflies under attack by stoneflies will typically A) swim away to escape possible predation. B) rely on their cryptic coloration to escape detection. C) rely on their spiny appendages to deter attack. D) adopt a posture which increases their apparent size, so that the predator will avoid them. E) burrow into the stream bottom.

D

Evolution can be defined as A) a process which favors the average phenotype within a population. B) a process that increases the average size of individuals within a population. C) a process of eliminating "bad" traits within a population. D) a change in gene frequencies in a population. E) the extent to which phenotypic variation is due to genetic variation.

D

Gause's "competitive exclusion principle" states that A) when two species occur together, competition is always prevented by some behavioral adjustment. B) no two species can coexist indefinitely. C) no two competing species can coexist indefinitely. D) no two species with identical niches can coexist indefinitely. E) None of the choices are correct.

D

Gause's laboratory experiments with Paramecium species provided evidence for: A) character displacement. B) the niche. C) self-thinning rule. D) competitive exclusion principle. E) All of the choices are correct.

D

Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium equation: A) q2 - qp + p2 = 1.0 B) 2pq - q2 - 2p = 1.0 C) q2 - qp2 + p = 1.0 D) p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1.0 E) p2 + pq + q2 = 1.0

D

If the age distribution diagram is bottom heavy or pyramidal in shape, this indicates that the population is A) stable. B) declining. C) growing slowly. D) growing rapidly. E) cannot be determined

D

In Grime's classification, stress-tolerant plants A) live under conditions of high stress and also high disturbance. B) grow rapidly. C) are very palatable to herbivores. D) conserve nutrients and water. E) All of the choices are correct

D

In Kathleen Keeler's cost-benefit model of mutualism, the condition for persistence of mutualists is pwmw + qwmu > wnm. The parameters p and q represent the A) cost and benefit of the mutualism. B) fitness of successful and unsuccessful mutualists. C) frequency of "mutualist" and "nonmutualist" alleles in the population. D) proportion of successful and unsuccessful mutualists in the population. E) amount of herbivore protection provided by ant and non-ant defenses.

D

__________ show more variation in life history traits than any other group. A) All of the choices show equal amounts of variation in life history traits. B) Mammals C) Birds D) Reptiles E) Fish

E

In plants, "self-thinning" refers to reduction in A) the biomass of an individual in response to competition. B) the total biomass of a population in response to competition. C) both population density and population biomass in response to competition. D) population density in response to competition, as population biomass increases. E) population density due to grazing by herbivores.

D

Mycorrhizal fungi (directly) help their plant partners acquire A) sugars. B) sunlight. C) seed dispersal. D) soil nutrients. E) pollination.

D

Plagiorhynchus worms and Puccinia rusts are parasites that share the ability to change their host's behavior in way that A) increase the length of time they can survive in their hosts. B) decrease their host's mortality rates. C) increase their hosts reproduction, thereby increasing production of parasite-infected offspring. D) increase the likelihood of their (the parasites') transmission to a new host. E) decrease the hosts' vulnerability to other parasites.

D

Raine, Willmer, and Stone demonstrated that protection and pollination mutualism do not come into conflict on the swollen thorn acacia, Acacia hindsii, because A) there is spatial separation of inflorescences and resources used by guarding ants. B) A. hindsii inflorescences lack nectar. C) A. hindsii inflorescences contain a chemical ant repellent. D) All of the choices are correct. E) Both A and B are correct.

D

The __________ defines the physical conditions under which a species might live, in the absence of interaction with other species. A) functional niche B) realized niche C) principle niche D) fundamental niche E) primary niche

D

The enlarged thorns of swollen thorn acacias provide ants with A) a source of sugar. B) a source of protein. C) a source of fats. D) living space. E) a habitat for their prey species.

D

The major benefit obtained by zooxanthellae algal cells from their coral host is A) protection from herbivores. B) sugars. C) phosphorus from coral wastes. D) nitrogen from coral wastes. E) temperature regulation.

D

Which of the following cannot be determined using a fecundity schedule combined with a life table? A) per capita rate of increase B) net reproductive rate C) mean generation time D) dispersal rates E) geometric rate of increase

D

Which of the following equations best represents the geometric rate of increase? A) r = T/(ln R0) B) r = (ln R0)/T C) λ = Nt/( Nt+1) D) λ = (Nt+1)/Nt E) None of the choices are correct.

D

Which of the following statements about damselfish on Jamaican reefs is false? A) Damselfish engage in both intraspecific and interspecific competition. B) Damselfish compete for territories they use for feeding. C) Damselfish attack intruders threatening their young. D) Damselfish without territories die. E) Competition in damselfish is "interference" competition.

D

Which statement is not true of lynx and coyote predation of the snowshoe hare? A) Lynx and coyote both show a strong numerical response to increases in the snowshoe hare population. B) Lynx show higher predation rates when snowshoe hare numbers are declining. C) Coyotes show higher predation rates when snowshoe hare numbers are increasing. D) Coyotes show a clear type 2 functional response to increases in the snowshoe hare population. E) At high hare densities, coyote and lynx predation rates exceed their daily energy needs.

D

dN/dt = rmaxN [(K - N)/K] represents A) annual growth rate. B) geometric population growth. C) exponential growth rate. D) logistic growth. E) None of the choices are correct.

D

Comes about from some change with no chance of escape.

Deterministic extinction

"Riparian" refers to plant communities occurring A) in the tropics. B) at high altitudes. C) along the edges of deserts. D) in permanently flooded areas. E) in transitions between riverbanks and upland areas.

E

'Rarity I' can be described as: A) restricted range, narrow habitat tolerances, small local populations B) restricted range, broad habitat tolerances, large local populations C) extensive range, narrow habitat tolerances, large local populations D) restricted range, broad habitat tolerances, small local populations E) extensive range, broad habitat tolerances, small local populations

E

A "forb" is a(n) A) fish species living in the open ocean. B) bird species having offspring independent at a young age. C) plant species with woody tissue. D) grass or sedge. E) herbaceous, but non-graminoid, plant species.

E

A "negatively phototaxic" amphipod will swim A) away from parasitic worms. B) towards parasitic worms. C) away from competing amphipods. D) towards light. E) away from light.

E

A calculated range of values that we estimate contains the true mean of a population with a known degree of certainty is called a A) standard error. B) standard deviation. C) median. D) Students t-value. E) confidence interval.

E

A group of subpopulations living in spatially isolated patches connected by exchange of individuals among patches is called a(n) A) micropopulation. B) megapopulation. C) isopopulation. D) allopopulation. E) metapopulation.

E

Adaptation to the environment by a population does not include A) variation in characteristics among individuals in a population. B) evolution. C) improved ability to live in the environment. D) anatomy, physiology, and behavior. E) None of the choices are correct.

E

Ant-acacia trees provide several services to their mutualistic ant partners. These include A) enlarged thorns to host ant colonies. B) nectar from foliar nectaries. C) nectar from floral nectaries. D) All of the choices are correct. E) Both enlarged thorns to host ant colonies and nectar from foliar nectarie

E

Evolution results from A) mutations. B) natural selection. C) genetic drift. D) gene flow. E) All of the choices are correct.

E

Gause's experiments with Paramecium and Didinium showed A) extinction of the predator, followed by extinction of the prey, in all habitats. B) coexistence of predator and prey at fairly constant population sizes, in all habitats. C) coexistence of predator and prey, but with oscillating population sizes, in all habitats. D) coexistence of predator and prey at fairly constant population sizes, but only in the presence of refuges and predator reservoirs. E) coexistence of predator and prey with oscillating population sizes, but only in the presence of refuges and predator reservoirs.

E

In the Lotka-Volterra predation model, the predator death rate is represented by A) c. B) p. C) cp. D) dpNp. E) dp.

E

Intraspecific competition among planthoppers A) results in reduced survivorship. B) results in increased development time. C) occurs via resources rather than interference. D) occurs because plants exploited by planthoppers have less protein and less moisture. E) All of the choices are correct.

E

Research on North American bird populations have indicated that populations are _____________, distributed on a __________________ scale. A) clumped; small B) random; small C) regular; small D) regular; large E) clumped; large

E

Self-thinning in a stand of trees A) increases biomass per individual. B) decreases stand density. C) results in death of less competitive individuals. D) is a result of intraspecific competition. E) All of the choices are correct.

E

The age distribution of a population can reveal A) growth potential. B) survivorship. C) reproduction. D) both growth potential and survivorship. E) growth potential, survivorship, and reproduction.

E

The exponential population growth equation can be used for A) populations with overlapping generations. B) populations experiencing continuous growth. C) populations with nonpulsed reproduction. D) both populations with overlapping generations and populations experiencing continuous growth. E) both populations with overlapping generations, populations experiencing continuous growth, and populations with nonpulsed reproduction.

E

The factors that determine carrying capacity include all of the following except: A) space. B) disease. C) food. D) competition. E) None of the choices are correct.

E

The number of eggs laid by a female is called her A) fertility. B) gonadosomatic index. C) growth form. D) rotundity. E) fecundity.

E

Two species occurring together in the same place are said to be A) competitors. B) precocial. C) mutualists. D) allopatric. E) sympatric.

E

Type II survivorship curve indicates A) low juvenile mortality and high mortality in older adults. B) high juvenile mortality and low mortality in older adults. C) low juvenile mortality and low mortality in older adults. D) high juvenile mortality and high mortality in older adults. E) equal chance of dying at any age.

E

Which of the following are characteristics of a population? A) consists of a single species B) has an age distribution C) has a birth rate has an emigration rate All of the choices are correct.

E

Which of the following are conditions necessary to maintain Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium? A) no mutations B) large population C) equal fitness D) random mating E) All of the choices are correct.

E

Which of the following does NOT contribute to determining the niche of the salt-marsh grass Spartina anglica? A) the height of tidal fluctuations B) the fetch of the estuary C) latitude D) temperature E) rainfall frequency

E

Which of the following environments for germinating seed is most likely to favor a plant species that makes many small seeds, compared to one that makes fewer larger seeds? A) nutrient limitation B) competition from established plants C) shade D) deep burial in soil E) disturbance

E

Which of the following factors can stabilize predator-prey relationships by providing a prey refuge? A) an area of prey habitat where predators cannot enter B) an area of prey habitat that is isolated and difficult for predators to find C) the occurrence of prey in numbers too large for predators to attack effectively D) the ability of prey to grow to a size invulnerable to predation E) All of the choices are correct.

E

Which of the following is a correct graphical representation of the Lotka-Volterra predator-prey model? A) predator and prey numbers are plotted against time producing reciprocal oscillations in predator prey populations B) predator numbers are plotted against prey numbers producing reciprocal oscillations in predator prey populations C) predator and prey numbers are plotted against time producing an elliptical oscillation in predator prey numbers D) predator numbers are plotted against prey numbers producing an elliptical oscillation in predator prey numbers E) both predator and prey numbers are plotted against time producing reciprocal oscillations in predator prey populations and predator numbers are plotted against prey numbers producing an elliptical oscillation in predator prey numbers

E

Which of the following is a result of infection of Arabis by the plant parasite Puccinia monoica? A) formation of an elongated rosette topped by a cluster of bright yellow leaves B) formation of a pseudoflower that resembles the flower of a buttercup C) insect transfer of spermatia from one fungus to another D) elimination of seed formation by the host plant E) All of the choices are correct.

E

Which of the following organisms are dependent on mutualisms for their persistence? A) reef-building corals B) bioluminescent fishes C) bumblebees and hummingbirds D) horses, elephants, and camels E) All of the choices are correct.

E

Which statement about organisms' "niches" is false? A) The niche summarizes environmental factors influencing growth, survival, and reproduction of a species. B) The niche concept was developed by Joseph Grinnell and Charles Elton. C) The "fundamental" niche refers to physical, but not biological, aspects of the environment. D) Interactions such as competition and parasitism may restrict the size of an organism's niche. E) In the laboratory, two species with identical niches are especially easy to maintain in a mixed culture.

E

Individuals of one sex consistently choose mates among members of opposite sex based on a particular trait

Intersexual selection

Able to move around early, grow slowly

Precocial

One major reproductive effort

Semelparous

As N approaches K (Carring compacity) growth slows.

Sigmoidal population growth

Study of groups of organisms in relation to their environment, community ecology.

Synecology