Econ 4

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What two institutions did Congress create in order to increase the availability of mortgages in a secondary​ market?

"Fannie Mae" and​ "Freddie Mac"

Suppose that velocity is 3 and the money supply is​ $600 million. According to the quantity theory of​ money, nominal output equals

$1.8 billion.

Suppose American Bank has​ $500 in deposits and​ $200 in reserves and that the required reserve ratio is 10 percent. In this​ situation, American Bank has

$50 in required reserves.

Suppose you deposit​ $2000 in currency into your checking account at a branch of Bank of​ America, which we will assume has no reserves at the time you make your deposit. Also assume that the required reserve ratio is​ 20% (0.20). ​(a) Complete the first​ T-account to the right to show the initial impact of this transaction on Bank of​ America's balance sheet. step a Assets Change in Reserves ______ Liabilities Change in Deposits_____ Suppose that Bank of America makes the maximum loan it can from the funds you deposited. Using the second​ T-account, show the initial impact of the loan on Bank of​ America's balance sheet. The funds will be deposited in another bank. step b Assets Change in Reserves ______ Change in loans_____ Liabilities Change in Deposits_____ Now suppose that whoever took out the loan in​ (b) makes a deposit in a branch of Citibank. ​(c) Show the effect of these transactions on the balance sheet for Citibank. step c Assets Change in Reserves ______ Liabilities Change in Deposits_____ What is the maximum increase in checking account deposits that can result from your​ $2000 deposit and what is the maximum increase in the money​ supply, respectively?

+2000 +2000 -1600 +1600 0 +1600 +1600 $10,000 and​ $8,000, respectively

Which of the following is the formula for the tax​ multiplier?

-MPC/1-MPC

Glenn​ Rudebusch, an economist at the Federal Reserve Bank of San​ Francisco, argues that if the Fed had followed the Taylor rule during the recession of 2007−​2009, then by the end of 2009 the target for the federal funds rate would have been minus−5 percent. ​Source: Glenn​ Rudebusch, "The​ Fed's Monetary Policy Response to the Current​ Crisis," FRBSF Economic Letter​, May​ 22, 2009. Suppose the current inflation rate is 2 ​percent, the target inflation rate is 44 ​percent, and the real equilibrium federal funds rate is 11 percent. Given that the weight for the output gap is 0.50 and the output gap is minus−4 percent, using the Taylor rule one can calculate that if the weight for the inflation gap exceeds ____ Given that the weight for the inflation gap is 0.50 and the output gap is minus−4 ​percent, using Taylor rule one can determine that if the weight for the output gap exceeds _____ Given that the weight for the inflation gap is 0.50 and the weight for the output gap is 0.50​, using the Taylor rule one can determine that if the output gap is less than ____ Is it possible for the federal funds rate to be​ negative?

.50 .50 -4.00 ​No, nominal interest rates have a lower bound of zero

Use the following equation to find the value of y for selected values of​ x, minus−3less than or equals≤xless than or equals≤3. y equals 2 x squared plus 5 x minus 3y=2x2+5x−3 For each value of​ x, find the corresponding value for y.

0 -5 -6

If the money supply is growing at a rate of 3 percent per​ year, real GDP​ (real output) is growing at a rate of 2 percent per​ year, and velocity is​ constant, what will the inflation rate​ be?

1

c. Congress enacts significant new legal barriers to firing workers

1

Similarly, explain why a decrease in the marginal propensity to import would increase the size of the government purchases multiplier. The value of the government purchases multiplier would decrease because in the formula for the multiplier the denominator is

1 minus− ​[MPC times ×​(1 minus−​t) minus− ​MPI]

If the marginal propensity to consume equals 0.75​, the tax rate equals 0.10​, and the marginal propensity to import equals 0.20​, what is the value of the government purchases​ multiplier? The government purchases multiplier is equal to

1.90

Which of the following is the formula for the government purchases​ multiplier?

1/1-MPC

Assume that before receiving the discount​ loan, FNB had no excess reserves. The maximum amount of the​ $10 million that FNB can issue in loans is

10 million

Assuming a fixed amount of taxes and a closed economy and that the marginal propensity to consume equals .0.90​, calculate the value of the following multipliers. Be sure to use a negative sign​ (-) to show if a multiplier has a negative value. The government purchases multiplier equals The tax multiplier equals The balanced budget multiplier equals

10.0 -9.0 1

Assume that the required reserve ratio is​ 10%. The maximum total increase in the money supply that can result from the​ Fed's discount loan is

100 million

If the money supply is growing at a rate of 10 percent per​ year, real GDP​ (real output) is growing at a rate of 2 percent per​ year, and velocity is growing at 3 percent per year instead of remaining​ constant, what will the inflation rate​ be?

11

Suppose that real GDP is currently ​$13.22 trillion and potential real GDP is​ $14.0 trillion, or a gap of ​$800 billion. The government purchases multiplier is 5.0​, and the tax multiplier is 4.0. Holding other factors​ constant, by how much will government purchases need to be increased to bring the economy to equilibrium at potential​ GDP? Government spending will need to be increased by ​$ Holding other factors​ constant, by how much will taxes have to be cut to bring the economy to equilibrium at potential​ GDP? Taxes will need to be cut by ​$

160 200

If the government does not take any policy​ actions, then, in​ 2017, the value of real GDP will be ​$_____trillion and the value of the price level will be_____

18 117

If the Fed does not take any policy​ action, in 2017 the level of real GDP will be _________ and the price level will be _________ If the Fed wants to keep real GDP at its potential level in​ 2017, it should use _______ policy This means that the trading desk should be_______Treasury bills. If the Fed takes no policy​ action, the inflation rate in 2017 will be ______ If the Fed uses monetary policy to keep real GDP at its​ full-employment level, the inflation rate in 2017 will be_____

18.3 118 furthest to the right on grap contractionary selling 3.5% 1.8%

​Similarly, explain why a decrease in the marginal propensity to import would increase the size of the government purchases multiplier. The value of the government purchases multiplier would decrease because in the formula for the multiplier the denominator is

1− ​[MPC ×​(1 −​t) − ​MPI]

d. Workers and firms lower the inflation rate they expect

2

If the marginal propensity to consume equals 0.80​, the tax rate equals 0.25​, and the marginal propensity to import equals 0.05​, what is the value of the government purchases​ multiplier? The government purchases multiplier is equal to

2.22

Assuming a fixed amount of taxes and a closed economy and that the marginal propensity to consume equals 0.600.60​, calculate the value of the following multipliers. Be sure to use a negative sign​ (-) to show if a multiplier has a negative value. The government purchases multiplier equals The tax multiplier equals The balanced budget multiplier equals

2.5 -1.5 1

Assuming a fixed amount of taxes and a closed economy and that the marginal propensity to consume equals 0.600.60​, calculate the value of the following multipliers. Be sure to use a negative sign​ (-) to show if a multiplier has a negative value. The government purchases multiplier equals___ The tax multiplier equals _______ The balanced budget multiplier equals___

2.5 -1.5 1

If the government takes no policy​ actions, the inflation rate in 2017 will be ___ If the government uses fiscal policy to keep real GDP at its potential​ level, the inflation rate in 2017 will be nothing____

2.6 4.4

Suppose you buy a house for ​$150,000. One year​ later, the market price of the house has risen to ​$160,000. If you made a down payment of 25 percent and took out a mortgage loan for the other 75 ​percent, the return on your investment in the house is

27

If the money supply is growing at a rate of 3 percent per​ year, real GDP​ (real output) is growing at a rate of 2 percent per​ year, and velocity is growing at 2 percent per year instead of remaining​ constant, what will the inflation rate​ be?

3

The proportion of younger and less skilled workers in the labor force decreases.

3

According to the Taylor rule​, what is the federal funds target rate under the following​ conditions? follows≻Equilibrium real federal funds rate equals 3​% follows≻Target rate of inflation equals 3​% follows≻Current inflation rate equals 2​% follows≻Real GDP is 2​% below potential real GDP The federal funds target rate equals

3.5%

Assets Liabilities Reserves ​ $10,000 Deposits ​ $70,000 Loans ​ $66,000 ​Stockholders' equity ​ $6,000 ​(a) If the required reserve ratio​(RR) is 10​ percent, this bank currently holds _____ in excess reserves. The maximum amount by which the bank can expand its loans is Complete the following simplified bank balance sheet to show the immediate impact if the bank makes the loans in part​ (b) by creating deposit accounts for the borrowers within the the bank. Assets Reserves ______ Loans_____ Liabilities Deposits______ ​Stockholders' equity______

3000 3000 10000 69000 73000 6000

b. The Fed carries out an expansionary monetary policy

4

If you made a down payment of 15 percent and borrowed the other 85 ​percent, the return on your investment in the house is

44

If the required reserve ratio is 0.100.10​, the maximum increase in checking account deposits that will result from an increase in bank reserves of ​$5,000 is ​$

50,000

Suppose that the equilibrium real federal funds rate is 4 percent and the target rate of inflation is 2 percent. Use the following information and the Taylor rule to calculate the federal funds rate​ target: Current inflation rate​ = 2 percent Potential real GDP​ = ​$14.711 trillion Real GDP​ = ​$14.92 trillion The federal funds target rate is

6.71

During the expansion and deflation of the housing​ bubble, housing prices rose by

60 percent between January 2000 and July 2005 and then fell by 80 percent between July 2005 and May 2010.

If the required reserve ratio is 0.15​, the maximum increase in checking account deposits that will result from an increase in bank reserves of ​$10,000 is ​$

66667

There are​ ________ members of the Board of​ Governors, who the President of the United States appoints to​ ________. One of the Board members is appointed Chairman for​ ________.

7; 14-year nonrenewable​ terms; a​ 4-year renewable term

If the money supply is growing at a rate of 10 percent per​ year, real GDP​ (real output) is growing at a rate of 2 percent per​ year, and velocity is​ constant, what will the inflation rate​ be?

8

Suppose that Deja owns a​ McDonald's franchise. She decides to move her​ restaurant's checking account to Wells​ Fargo, which causes the changes shown on the following​ T-account. Wells Fargo Assets Liabilities Reserves ​ +$100,000 Deposits ​ $100,000 If the required reserve ratio is 0.15​, or 15 ​percent, and Wells Fargo currently has no excess​ reserves, the maximum loan Wells Fargo can make as result of this transaction is ​$

85000

Suppose a political candidate hired you to develop two arguments in favor of a flat tax. Consider the following list of arguments about changing to a flat​ tax: A. There would be a reduction in paperwork and the compliance cost of the tax system. B. The complexities in the current tax code allow the government to pursue other policy goals. C. A change in the tax code would result in a more unequal distribution of income because the marginal tax rate on​ high-income taxpayers would be reduced. D. There are potential increases in labor​ supply, savings, and investment from a lower marginal tax rate. Which two out of the above list of arguments would you advance in favor of a flat​ tax? Consider the same list of arguments about changing to a flat tax. Which two out of the above list of arguments would you advance against a flat​ tax?

A and D B and C

​"A contractionary fiscal policy involves a decrease in government purchases or a decrease in​ taxes."

A contractionary fiscal policy involves the decrease of government purchases​ and/or an increase in taxes in order to decrease aggregate demand.

In an article in the American Free Press​, Professor Peter Spencer of York University in England is quoted as​ saying: ​"This printing of money​ 'will keep the​ [deflation] wolf from the​ door'." In the same​ article, Ambrose​ Evans-Pritchard, a writer for the​ London-based newspaper The Telegraph​, is quoted as​ saying: ​"Deflation has...insidious traits. It causes shoppers to hold back. Once this psychology gains a​ grip, it can gradually set off a​ self-feeding spiral that is hard to​ stop." ​Source: Doug​ French, "We Should Celebrate Price​ Deflation," American Free Press​, November​ 17, 2008. What is price​ deflation?

A fall in the price level.

Consider the following choices and determine the correct definition for the monetary rule.

A monetary rule is a plan for increasing the money supply at a constant rate regardless of the prevailing economic condition.

If workers ignore inflation in forming their expectations of the real wage​ rate, what is the effect of an expansionary monetary​ policy?

A move up along the​ short-run Phillips curve.

What effect does expansionary monetary policy have on equilibrium if consumers have rational expectations?

A movement from point A to point C.

What is a banking​ panic?

A situation in which many banks experience runs at the same time.

What is the​ "tax wedge"?

A tax wedge is the difference between the pretax and posttax return to an economic activity. For​ example, a tax on interest income would decrease the posttax return to investment.

A political commentator​ argues: ​"Congress and the president are more likely to enact an expansionary fiscal policy than a contractionary fiscal policy because expansionary policies are popular and contractionary policies are​ unpopular." Briefly explain whether you agree.

Agree because expansionary fiscal policies create employment and increase GDP whereas contractionary fiscal policies impose an artificial recession on the economy

Which of the following conditions make a good suitable for use as a medium of​ exchange?

All of the above conditions must be met.

Select the answer below that best corrects the following​ statement: ​"An expansionary fiscal policy involves an increase in government purchases or an increase in​ taxes."

An expansionary fiscal policy involves the increase of government purchases​ and/or a decrease in taxes in order to increase aggregate demand.

Suppose that at the same time Congress and the president pursue an expansionary fiscal​ policy, the Federal Reserve pursues an expansionary monetary policy. How might an expansionary monetary policy affect the extent of crowding out in the short​ run?

An expansionary monetary policy would decrease interest rates and thus reduce the extent of crowding out.

What is meant by Professor​ Spencer's statement​ "This printing of money​ 'will keep the​ [deflation] wolf from the​ door'"?

An increase in the money supply that exceeds the rate of growth of GDP will increase the price level.

In the graph of the money market shown on the​ right, what could cause the money demand curve to shift from MD1 to MD2​?

An increase in the price level An increase in real GDP.

Are federal expenditures higher today than they were in​ 1960?

As a percentage of​ GDP, federal expenditures have increased since 1960.

Are federal purchases higher today than they were in​ 1960?

As a percentage of​ GDP, federal purchases have decreased since 1960.

Stock prices rose rapidly in​ 2005, as did housing prices in many parts of the country. By​ 2008, both stock prices and housing prices were declining sharply. Some economists have argued that rapid increases and decreases in the prices of assets such as shares of stock or houses can damage the economy.​ Currently, stabilizing asset prices is not one of the Federal​ Reserve's policy goals. In what ways would a goal of stabilizing asset prices be different from the four goals listed in this​ chapter?

Asset prices deal with a specific type of wealth that carries risk associated with individual firms.

Distinguish among​ money, income, and wealth.

A​ person's money is the currency held and the checking account​ balance, income is the earning and wealth is equal to value of assets minus all debts.

In​ mid-2013, an article in the Economist magazine argued that in the United​ States, "unemployment is well above the natural rate and inflation is well below the​ Fed's target and​ falling." ​Source: "How Could Markets Possibly Have​ Misunderstood?" Economist​, June​ 28, 2013. This situation is illustrated by point

B

Which of the following were important developments in the mortgage market that took place during the​ 1970s?

Banks began to resell mortgages on the secondary market rather than holding them in their portfolios. Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac began to act as intermediaries between investors and home buyers.

Who borrows money and who lends money at this​ "target interest​ rate"?

Banks borrow and banks lend.

How would this action​ "pump money into the financial system to support​ lending"?

Banks can make more loans.

Suppose you have​ $2000 in currency in a shoebox in your closet. One​ day, you decide to deposit the money in a checking account. How will this action affect the M1 and M2 definitions of the money​ supply?

Both M1 and M2 will remain unchanged.

Which of the following statements is​ correct?

Changes in the federal funds rate usually will result in changes in both​ short-term and​ long-term interest rates on financial assets. A majority of economists support the​ Fed's choice of the interest rate as its monetary policy​ target, but some economists believe the Fed should concentrate on the money supply instead. The effect of a change in the federal funds rate on​ long-term interest rates is usually smaller than it is on​ short-term interest rates. All of the above are true.

Why did the Fed help JP Morgan Chase buy Bear​ Stearns?

Commercial banks would be reluctant to lend to investment banks. Failure of Bear Stearns would lead to a larger investment bank failure.

What is inflation​ targeting?

Committing the central bank to achieve an announced level of inflation.

A Federal Reserve publication discusses an estimate of the tax multiplier that gives it a value of 1.2 after one year and 2.8 after two years. ​Source: Sylvain​ Leduc, "Fighting Downturns with Fiscal​ Policy," Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco Economic Letter​, June​ 19, 2009. Why might the tax multiplier have a larger value after two years than after one​ year?

Consumers are more likely to perceive the tax change as permanent and change their spending choices.

Why would deflation cause​ "shoppers to hold​ back," and what does​ Evans-Pritchard mean when he​ says, "Once this psychology gains a​ grip, it can gradually set off a​ self-feeding spiral that is hard to​ stop"?

Consumers delay​ purchases, expecting prices to fall​ more, and the lack of demand causes prices to fall further.

Changes in interest rates affect aggregate demand. Which of the following is affected by changes in interest rates​ and, as a​ result, impacts aggregate​ demand?

Consumption of durable goods Business investment projects The value of the dollar

What is a contractionary fiscal​ policy?

Contractionary fiscal policy includes decreasing government spending and increasing taxes to decrease aggregate demand.

In the definition of the money​ supply, where do credit cards​ belong?

Credit cards are not included in the definition of the money supply.

What is meant by crowding​ out?

Crowding out is a decline in private expenditures as a result of increases in government purchases.

on the Phillips curve graph represents the same economic situation as point C on the aggregate demand and aggregate supply graph.

D

Increased government debt can lead to higher interest rates​ and, as a​ result, crowding out of private investment spending. In terms of borrowing​ (debt-spending), what will offset the effect of crowding out in the long run so that government debt poses less of a problem to the​ economy?

Debt-spending on research and development. ​Debt-spending on highways and ports. ​Debt-spending on education. All of the above

Increased government debt can lead to higher interest rates​ and, as a​ result, crowding out of private investment spending. In terms of borrowing​ (debt-spending), what will offset the effect of crowding out in the long run so that government debt poses less of a problem to the​ economy?

Debt-spending on research and development. ​Debt-spending on highways and ports. ​Debt-spending on education. All of the above.

Briefly explain whether you agree or disagree with the following​ statement: ​"Assets are things of value that people own. Liabilities are debts.​ Therefore, a bank will always consider a checking account deposit to be an asset and a car loan to be a​ liability."

Disagree. Checking accounts represent something that the bank owes to the owner of the account. It is a bank liability.

Do you agree or disagree with the following​ statement? ​"I recently read that more than half of the money issued by the government is actually held by people in foreign countries. If​ that's true, then the United States is less than half as wealthy as the government statistics​ indicate."

Disagree. Money is currency plus checking deposits. Wealth is the value of assets minus debts.

The U.S. Commerce Department reported the following monthly changes in the sales of durable​ goods: December 2012 ​+5.1 percent January 2013 −6.4 percent February 2013 ​+6.4 percent March 2013 −5.9 percent April 2013 −3.3 percent ​Source: Kathleen​ Madigan, "Hard to See Pattern in Durables Goods​ Report," Wall Street Journal​, May​ 24, 2013. Because durable goods are often purchased with borrowed​ funds, their sales are very sensitive to changes in interest rates. What is the most likely reason for the variation in durable goods orders during a period of record low interest​ rates?

Durable​ goods, especially​ aircraft, carry large sticker​ prices, so the dollar value of new orders are quite volatile.

During the recession of 2007−​2009, some economists were concerned that the U.S. economy might begin experiencing deflation. An article in the Federal Reserve Bank of San​ Francisco's Economic Letter​ stated: ​"A popular version of the​ well-known Phillips curve model of inflation predicts that we are on the cusp of a deflationary spiral in which prices will fall at ever increasing rates over the next several​ years." ​Source: John C.​ Williams, "The Risk of​ Deflation," FRBSF Economic Letter​, March​ 27, 2009. How might a deflationary spiral occur in the Phillips curve​ model?

During a severe​ recession, the unemployment rate differs from its equilibrium​ value, inflation​ falls, lowering​ people's future inflation expectations and results in a spiralling deflation.

Does judging whether a deficit is excessive depend in part on whether the country is in a​ recession?

During a​ recession, the deficit is higher as tax revenue falls and spending increases making an existing deficit even bigger.

In what ways does the federal budget serve as an automatic stabilizer for the​ economy?

During a​ recession, there is an increase in government expenditures for transfer payments and a decrease in taxes as wages and profits fall. During an​ expansion, there is a decrease in government expenditures for transfer payments and an increase in taxes as wages and profits rise. Both of these occur automatically and both effects help to stabilize aggregate demand.

Workers generally form their expectations of future inflation based on the current conditions in the economy. Which one of the following does not reflect how they form their​ expectations?

During periods of high​ inflation, people do not take any particular action until the Fed has controlled the inflation rate.

on the Phillips curve graph represents the same economic situation as point B on the aggregate demand and aggregate supply graph.

E

An article in the Economist magazine contains the​ following: ​"Robert Lucas . . . showed how incorporating expectations into macroeconomic models muddled the framework economists prior to the​ 'rational expectations​ revolution' thought they saw so​ clearly." ​Source: "How to Know What Causes​ What," Economist​, October​ 10,2011. What economic framework did economists change as the result of​ Lucas's arguments?

Economists changed the theory of​ "adaptive expectations" where people assume that future rates of inflation will follow the past rates of inflation

Consider the figures below and determine which is the best description of what causes the shift from AD1 to AD2.

Example A shows a contractionary monetary policy. The price level and real GDP both fall. Example B shows an expansionary monetary policy. The price level and real GDP both rise. Both A and B

Consider the figures below. Determine which combination of fiscal policies shifted AD 1AD1 to AD 2AD2 in each figure and returned the economy to​ long-run macroeconomic equilibrium.

Example​ (A): Expansionary fiscal policy. Example​ (B): Contractionary fiscal policy.

Consider the figures below. Determine which combination of fiscal policies shifted AD1 to AD2 in each figure and returned the economy to​ long-run macroeconomic equilibrium.

Example​ (A): Expansionary fiscal policy. Example​ (B): Contractionary fiscal policy.

Suppose the economy is in equilibrium in the first period at point​ (A). In the second​ period, the economy reaches point​ (B). We would expect the federal government to pursue what type of policy in order to move AD 2AD2 to AD Subscript 2 comma policyAD2, policy and reach equilibrium​ (point C) in the second​ period?

Expansionary fiscal policy

Suppose the economy is in equilibrium in the first period at point​ (A). In the second​ period, the economy reaches point​ (B). We would expect the federal government to pursue what type of policy in order to move AD 2AD2 to AD Subscript 2 comma policyAD2, policy and reach equilibrium​ (point C) in the second​ period?If the federal​ government's policy is​ successful, what is the effect on the following macroeconomic​ indicators? Actual real​ GDP: Potential real​ GDP: Price​ level: ​Unemployment:

Expansionary fiscal policy increases does not change increases decreases

What is an expansionary fiscal​ policy?

Expansionary fiscal policy includes increasing government spending and decreasing taxes to increase aggregate demand.

Suppose the economy is in equilibrium in the first period at point A. In the second​ period, the economy reaches point B. We would expect the Fed to pursue what type of policy in order to move AD 2AD2, policy and reach equilibrium​ (point C) in the second​ period? If the Federal Reserve​ Bank's policy is​ successful, what is the effect on the following macroeconomic​ indicators? Actual real​ GDP: Potential real​ GDP: Price​ level: ​Unemployment:

Expansionary monetary policy increases does not change increase decreases

For more than 20​ years, the Fed has used the federal funds rate as its monetary policy target. It has not targeted money supply at the same time because the

Fed cannot target both at the same​ time: It has to choose between targeting an interest rate and targeting the money supply.

Which of the following describes a liability on the Federal​ Reserve's balance​ sheet?

Federal Reserve notes

As of​ 1993, the Fed sets targets for which of the following in order to achieve price stability and high​ employment?

Federal funds rate

What is the difference between federal purchases and federal​ expenditures?

Federal purchases require that the government receives a good or service in​ return, whereas federal expenditures include transfer payments.

Which of the following best explains the difference between commodity money and fiat​ money?

Fiat money has no value except as​ money, whereas commodity money has value independent of its use as money.

Paul Volcker is credited largely with which of the​ following?

Fighting inflation by reducing the growth of the money supply. The​ "Volcker disinflation."

What is the​ "shadow banking​ system"?

Financial firms that raise money from investors and provide it to borrowers.

Suppose that Congress changes the law to require all firms to accept paper currency in exchange for whatever they are selling. All of the following are correct ​except:

Firms lose since they​ don't have the convenience of credit cards.

What is fiscal​ policy?

Fiscal policy can be described as changes in government spending and taxes to achieve macroeconomic policy objectives.

Which of the following statements is most accurate regarding fiscal policy and monetary​ policy?

Fiscal policy includes changes in government spending and taxes and is controlled by the federal government. Monetary policy includes changes in the money supply and interest rates and is controlled by the Federal Reserve. Both policies are intended to achieve macroeconomic objectives.

According to many economists and​ policymakers, what other options does the Fed have to improve its credibility with​ workers, firms, and​ investors?

Following a rules strategy. Following a discretion strategy. Following the Taylor rule.

What is the difference between federal government purchases​ (spending) and federal government​ expenditures?

Government purchases are included in government expenditures.

What are the gains to be had from simplifying the tax​ code?

Greater clarity of the decisions made by households and firms. Increased efficiency of households and firms. Resources from the tax preparation industry freed up for other All of the above.

What are the gains to be had from simplifying the tax​ code?

Greater clarity of the decisions made by households and firms. Increased efficiency of households and firms. Resources from the tax preparation industry freed up for other endeavors. All of the above.

Which of the following is not a problem of high inflation​ rates?

High inflation helps to stabilize financial markets.

​________ is caused by central banks increasing the money supply at a rate far in excess of the growth rate of real GDP.

Hyperinflation

Why is price stability one of the​ Fed's monetary policy ​goals?

If inflation is​ low, the Fed will have flexibility to lessen the impact of recessions. By achieving price​ stability, the Fed also promotes economic growth. Rising prices erode the value of money as a medium of exchange and store of value. All of the Above.

Suppose that the economy is currently at potential​ GDP, and the federal budget is balanced. If the economy moves into​ recession, what will happen to the federal​ budget?

If the budget is balanced at potential GDP and the economy moves into​ recession, then there will be a budget deficit as government expenditures increase and tax revenues decrease.

Which of the following statements about the federal debt is​ correct?

If the debt becomes very large relative to the​ economy, then the government may have to raise taxes to high levels or reduce other types of spending to make the interest payments on the debt.

While serving as the president of the Federal Reserve Bank of St.​ Louis, William Poole​ stated, ​"Although my own preference is for zero inflation properly​ managed, I believe that a central bank consensus on some other numerical goal of reasonably low inflation is more important than the exact​ number." ​Source: William​ Poole,"Understanding the​ Fed," Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Review​, Vol.​ 89, No.​ 1, January/February​ 2007, p. 4. Which of the following are benefits that the economy might gain from an explicit inflation target even if the target chosen is not a zero rate of​ inflation?

Improved accountability for the Fed More accurate expectations of future inflation Better communication between the Fed and the public All of the above

Why​ doesn't the Phillips curve represent a permanent​ trade-off between unemployment and inflation in the long​ run?

In the long​ run, aggregate supply is vertical.

Which of the following statements is ​correct?

In the long​ run, the Phillips curve is a vertical line at the natural rate of unemployment. In the long​ run, a higher or lower inflation rate has no effect on the unemployment rate. In the long​ run, a higher or lower price level has no effect on real GDP. All of the above.

Which of the following best describes the difference between crowding out in the short run and in the long​ run?

In the short​ run, an increase in government purchases may not fully crowd out private expenditures due to the stimulative effect of an increase in government purchases on aggregate demand. In the long​ run, most economists believe that a permanent increase in government purchases will result in complete crowding out of private expenditures.

What changes should they make if they decide a contractionary fiscal policy is​ necessary?

In this​ case, Congress and the president should enact policies that decrease government spending and increase taxes.

If Congress and the president decide an expansionary fiscal policy is​ necessary, what changes should they make in government spending or​ taxes?

In this​ case, Congress and the president should enact policies that increase government spending and decrease taxes.

A newspaper article contains the​ statement: ​"Income is only one way of measuring​ wealth." ​Source: Sam​ Roberts, "As the Data​ Show, There's a Reason the Wall Street Protesters Chose New​ York," New York Times​, October​ 25, 2011. Do you agree that income is a way of measuring​ wealth?

Income is yearly earnings and it​ doesn't measure wealth which is the value of personal assets less all debts.

According to an article in the New York Times​, an official at the Bank of Japan had the following explanation of why monetary policy was not pulling the country out of​ recession: ​"Despite recent major increases in the money​ supply, he​ said, the money stays in​ banks." ​Source: James​ Brooke, "Critics Say​ Koizumi's Economic Medicine Is a Weak​ Tea," New York Times​, February​ 27, 2002. In the​ quote, when the official says​ "the money stays in​ banks," he is referring to ______ in the reserves in banks. But the real problem was that banks were not _____ that reserves The reason for this may have been a lack of ______

Increase lending borrowers

Suppose the economy is in equilibrium in the first period at point​ (A). In the second​ period, the economy reaches point​ (B). What policy would the federal government likely pursue in order to move AD 2AD2 to AD Subscript 2 comma policyAD2, policy and reach equilibrium​ (point C) in the second​ period?

Increase government spending

The graph to the right shows a situation in which the economy was in equilibrium at potential GDP​ (at point​ A) when the demand for housing sharply declined. What actions can Congress and the president take to move the economy back to potential​ GDP?

Increase government spending or decrease taxes.

In the figure to the​ right, which of the following events is most likely to cause a shift in the money demand​ (MD) curve from MD 1 to MD2 ​(Point A to Point ​C)​?

Increase in real GDP or increase in the price level

In the figure to the​ right, which of the following events is most likely to cause a shift in the money demand​ (MD) curve from MD1 to MD2 ​(Point A to Point ​C)​?

Increase in real GDP or increase in the price level

John Maynard Keynes is said to have remarked that using an expansionary monetary policy to pull an economy out of a deep recession can be like​ "pushing on a​ string." What is Keynes likely to have​ meant?

Increasing reserves and lowering interest rates may not stimulate economic activity if banks​ don't lend and businesses​ don't borrow.

Why do most economists believe that it is important for a​ country's central bank to be independent of the rest of the​ country's central​ government?

Independent central banks are more effective at fighting inflation.

From the discussion in this​ chapter, which source of government revenue is likely to increase the most in the​ future?

Individual income taxes.

If Irving Fisher was correct in his prediction about the value of​ velocity, then the quantity equation can be written to solve for the inflation rate as​ follows:

Inflation rate​ = Growth rate of the money supply- Growth rate of real output.

In the figure to the​ right, when the money supply increased from MS1 to MS2​, the equilibrium interest rate fell from​ 4% to​ 3%. Why?

Initially, firms hold more money than they want relative to other financial assets. Increased demand for Treasury securities drives up their prices. Increased demand for Treasury securities drives down their interest rate. All of the above.

Which of the following is a monetary policy target used by the​ Fed?

Interest rate.

The Phillips curve was developed by A.W. Phillips in 1957 and shows the relationship between unemployment and inflation. The​ curve, shown at the​ right, indicates what type of relationship between the two​ variables?

Inverse relationship

How do investment banks differ from commercial​ banks?

Investment banks do not take deposits. Investment banks generally do not lend to households.

Consider the figure to the right. An increase in government spending shifted the aggregate demand curve from AD 1AD1 to AD 2AD2. As a​ result, both price level and real GDP increased. What can be​ said, however, about the increase in real​

It increased by less than indicated by a multiplier with a constant price level

Consider the figure to the right. An increase in government spending shifted the aggregate demand curve from AD 1AD1 to AD 2AD2. As a​ result, both price level and real GDP increased. What can be​ said, however, about the increase in real​ GDP?

It increased by less than indicated by a multiplier with a constant price level.

In the late​ 1940s, the Communists under Mao Zedong were defeating the government of China in a civil war. The paper currency issued by the Chinese government was losing much of its​ value, and most businesses refused to accept it. At the same​ time, there was a paper shortage in Japan. During these​ years, Japan was still under military occupation by the United States. Some U.S. troops in Japan realized that they could use dollars to buy up vast amounts of paper currency in​ China, ship it to Japan to be recycled into​ paper, and make a substantial profit. Under these​ circumstances, was the Chinese paper currency a commodity money or a fiat money​?

It is a commodity money because it has value as recycled paper.

What is the Taylor​ rule?

It is a rule that links the​ Fed's target for the federal funds rate to the current inflation​ rate, real equilibrium federal funds​ rate, inflation gap and output gap.

What do economists mean by the demand for​ money?

It is the amount of moneylong —currency and checking account depositslong —that individuals hold.

The Taylor rule for federal funds rate targeting does which of the​ following?

It links the​ Fed's target for the federal funds rate to economic variables.

When SRAS 1SRAS1 shifts to SRAS 2SRAS2​, the price level increases and the level of real GDP falls. What happens to the​ short-run Phillips curve when the​ short-run aggregate supply curve shifts​ (a supply​ shock)?

It shifts up such that a given level of unemployment occurs at a higher price level.

During the Civil​ War, the Confederate States of America printed lots of its own currencylong dash—Confederate dollarslong dash—to fund the war. By the end of the​ war, nearly 1.5 billion paper dollars had been printed by the Confederate government. ​Source: "Textual Transcript of Confederate​ Currency," Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond. How would such a large quantity of Confederate dollars have affected the value of the Confederate​ currency?

It would have generated high inflation and therefore decreased the value of the Confederate currency.

At the beginning of​ 2005, Robert​ Toll, CEO of Toll​ Brothers, argued that the United States was not experiencing a housing bubble.​ Instead, he argued that higher house prices reflected restrictions imposed by local governments on building new houses. He argued that the restrictions resulted from ​"NIMBY"long dash—​"Not in My Back ​Yard"long dash—politics. Many existing homeowners are reluctant to see nearby farms and undeveloped land turned into new housing developments. As a​ result, according to​ Toll, "Towns​ don't want anything​ built." ​Source: Shawn​ Tully, "Toll​ Brothers: The New King of the Real Estate​ Boom," Fortune​, April​ 5, 2005. Why would the factors mentioned by Robert Toll cause housing prices to​ rise?

It would keep the supply of housing from increasing.

What are the largest asset and the largest liability of a typical​ bank?

Loans are the largest asset and deposits are the largest liability of a typical bank.

Recall that​ "securitization" is the process of turning a​ loan, such as a​ mortgage, into a bond that can be bought and sold in secondary markets. An article in the Economist ​notes: That securitization caused more subprime mortgages to be written is not in doubt. By offering access to a much deeper pool of​ capital, securitization helped to bring down the cost of mortgages and made​ home-ownership more affordable for borrowers with poor credit histories. ​Source: "Ruptured​ Credit," Economist​, May​ 15, 2008. What is a​ "subprime mortgage," and would a subprime borrower be likely to pay a higher or a lower interest rate than a borrower with a better credit​ history?

Loans granted to borrowers with flawed credit​ histories; a higher interest rate.

Which of the following is NOT a monetary policy goal of the Federal Reserve bank​ (the Fed)?

Low prices

The Federal Reserve uses two definitions of the money​ supply, M1 and​ M2, because

M1 is a narrow definition focusing more on​ liquidity, whereas M2 is a broader definition of the money supply.

Suppose you decide to withdraw​ $100 in currency from your checking account. What is the effect on M1​? Ignore any actions the bank may take as a result of your having withdrawn the​ $100.

M1 remains unchanged.

Jill makes a deposit into her savings account at the local bank with​ $100 in cash. As a result of this​ transaction,

M1 will decrease by​ $100.

Beginning in​ 2008, the Federal Reserve and the U.S. Treasury Department responded to the financial crisis by intervening in financial markets in unprecedented ways. Which of the following is one of the unprecedented actions of the​ Fed?

Making loans to primary dealers and holders of​ mortgage-backed securities.

What is a​ "classic type of​ run"?

Many depositors simultaneously decide to withdraw their money from a bank.

Which of the following statements concerning the Phillips curve is​ correct?

Many economists and policymakers in the 1960s viewed the Phillips curve as a structural relationship.

Which can be changed more​ quickly: monetary policy or fiscal​ policy?

Monetary policy can be changed more quickly than fiscal policy. Monetary policy can be changed at any of the FOMC meetings and the smaller number of individuals involved makes it easier to change policy.

What is the advantage of holding​ money?

Money can be used to buy​ goods, services, or financial assets.

Which of the following is included in M2 but not​ M1?

Money market deposit accounts in banks

In a speech delivered in June​ 2008, Timothy​ Geithner, then president of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York and later U.S. Treasury​ secretary, said: The structure of the financial system changed fundamentally during the boom. . . .​ [The] non-bank financial system grew to be very large. . . .​ [The] institutions in this parallel financial system​ [are] vulnerable to a classic type of​ run, but without the protections such as deposit insurance that the banking system has in place to reduce such risks. ​Source: Timothy F.​ Geithner, "Reducing Systemic Risk in a Dynamic Financial​ System," Remarks at the Economics Club of New​ York, June​ 9, 2008. a. What did Geithner mean by the​ "non-bank financial​ system"?

Money market mutual​ funds, hedge​ funds, and other financial firms that raise money from investors and provide it to firms and households.

Which one of the following is not one of the policy tools the Fed uses to control the money​ supply?

Moral suasion.

Which one of the following is not the formula for the quantity theory of​ money?

M×Y=P×V.

Consider the figure to the right. Can the Fed achieve a​ $900 billion money supply​ (MS) AND a​ 5% interest rate​ (point C)?

No. The Fed cannot target both the money supply and the interest rate simultaneously.

The English economist William Stanley Jevons described a world tour during the 1880s by a French​ singer, Mademoiselle Zelie. One stop on the tour was a theater in the Society​ Islands, part of French Polynesia in the South Pacific. She performed for her usual​ fee, which was​ one-third of the receipts. This turned out to be three​ pigs, 23​ turkeys, 44​ chickens, 5000​ coconuts, and​ "considerable quantities of​ bananas, lemons, and​ oranges." She estimated that all of this would have had a value in France of 4000 francs. According to​ Jevons, "as Mademoiselle could not consume any considerable portion of the receipts​ herself, it became necessary in the meantime to feed the pigs and poultry with the​ fruit." ​Source: W. Stanley Jevons​, Money and the Mechanism of Exchange​, New​ York: D. Appleton and​ Company, 1889, pp.​ 1-2. Do the goods Mademoiselle Zelie received as payment fulfill the four functions of money

No. The goods are not a store of value.

After September​ 11, 2001, the federal government increased military spending on wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. Is this increase in spending considered fiscal​ policy?

No. The increase in defense spending after that date was designed to achieve homeland security objectives.

Which of the following is not a correct comparison between a contractionary fiscal policy in the basic aggregate demand and aggregate supply model and in the dynamic aggregate demand and aggregate supply​ model?

None of the above are correct statements about the two models.

Which of the following is not a correct comparison between a contractionary monetary policy in the basic aggregate demand and aggregate supply model and in the dynamic aggregate demand and aggregate supply​ model?

None of the above are correct statements about the two models.

How can the Fed fight a combination of rising unemployment and rising​ inflation?

Not​ easily; neither expansionary nor contractionary monetary policy can solve both problems simultaneously.

Which one of the following is not a function of​ money?

Open market operation.

Suppose the economy is in equilibrium in the first period at point A. In the second​ period, the economy reaches point B. What policy would the Fed likely pursue in order to move AD 2AD2 to AD Subscript 2 comma policyAD2, policy and reach equilibrium​ (point C) in the second​ period? ​ (What policy will increase the price level and increase actual real​ GDP?)

Open market purchase of government securities

Suppose the economy is in equilibrium in the first period at point A. In the second​ period, the economy reaches point B. What policy would the Fed likely pursue in order to move AD 2AD2 to AD, policy and reach equilibrium​ (point C) in the second​ period?

Open market purchase of government securities.

According to a Congressional Budget Office​ report: CBO projects that the population age 65 or older will increase by 87 percent between now and​ 2037, compared with an increase of just 12 percent over that period in the number of people ages 20 to 64....CBO...estimates​ that, unless changes are made to Social​ Security, spending for the program will rise from 5.0 percent of GDP today to 6.2 percent by 2037. ​Source: Congressional Budget​ Office, The 2012​ Long-Term Budget Outlook​, June​ 2012, p. 65. Who are the baby​ boomers?

People born between World War II and 1965.

In the figure to the​ right, at what point is the inflation rate​ stable? That​ is, at what point can we refer to the inflation rate as the nonaccelerating inflation rate of unemployment ​?

Point C

If the Federal Reserve is late to recognize a recession and implements an expansionary policy too​ late, the result could be an increase in inflation during the beginning of the next phase. Even though the goal had been to reduce the severity of the​ recession, the poor timing caused another​ problem: inflation. This is an example of what type of​ policy?

Procyclical policy

Which one of the following is not one of the monetary policy goals of the​ Fed?

Reduce income inequality.

​"The multiplier effect means that an increase in one component of aggregate demand will result in a larger increase in total aggregate​ demand," your economics professor states.​ "Moreover, the multiplier effect also works in​ reverse." What does your professor mean when she says that the multiplier effect works in​ reverse?

She means that a decrease in some component of aggregate demand will result in a larger decrease in total aggregate demand.

Why would securitization give mortgage borrowers access to a deeper pool of​ capital?

Since banks could resell mortgages to​ investors, they had access to more funds than just their own deposits.

Why would deposit insurance provide the banking system with protection against​ runs?

Since most depositors are​ insured, it is less likely that panicked buyers will simultaneously withdraw funds.

Which of the following are reasons why the federal government uses the CPI when deciding how much to increase Social Security payments to retired workers to keep the purchasing power of the payments from​ declining?

The CPI continues to be the most widely used measure of inflation.

Why might European governments have felt the need to support their banks in order to avoid another Lehman​ moment?

The European governments wanted to avoid wider economic repercussions resulting from bank failures that could undermine the financial positions of other firms and lead to a further reduction in prices of financial assets.

The text explains that the United States has a ​"fractional reserve banking system​." Why do most depositors seem to be unworried that banks loan out most of the deposits they​ receive?

The FDIC insures deposits up to​ $250,000.

Which of the following best explains how the Federal Reserve acts to help prevent banking​ panics?

The Fed acts as a lender of last​ resort, making loans to banks so that they can pay off depositors.

Which of the following statements is true about the Fed under the leadership of Chairman Alan Greenspan between 1987 and​ 2006?

The Fed attempted to enhance its credibility by announcing its monetary policy action at the conclusion of each FOMC meeting.

The Fed uses monetary policy to offset the effects of a recession​ (high unemployment and falling prices when actual real GDP falls short of potential​ GDP) and the effects of a rapid expansion​ (high prices and​ wages). Can the​ Fed, therefore, eliminate​ recessions?

The Fed can only soften the magnitude of​ recessions, not eliminate them.

Which tool is the most​ important?

The Fed conducts monetary policy principally through open market operations.

In the graph of the money market shown on the​ right, what could cause the money supply curve to shift from MS1 to MS2​?

The Fed decreases the money supply by deciding to sell U.S. Treasury securities.

Why would the Fed intentionally use contractionary monetary policy to reduce real​ GDP?

The Fed intends to reduce​ inflation, which occurs if real GDP is greater than potential GDP.

Which of the following statements is true about the​ Fed's monetary policy​ targets?

The Fed is forced to choose between the interest rate and the money supply as its monetary policy target.

Which of the following is a monetary policy response to the economic recession of 2007-2009 and the accompanying financial​ crisis?

The Fed provided loans directly to corporations by purchasing commercial paper. The Fed purchased large amounts of​ mortgage-backed securities. The Fed expanded the eligibility for discount loans to firms other than commercial banks. All of the above were responses.

Nobel laureate Milton Friedman and his followers belong to a school of thought known as monetarism. What do the monetarists argue the Fed should​ target?

The Fed should target the money​ supply, not the interest​ rate, and that it should adopt the monetary growth rule.

What can we expect from the Federal Reserve Bank if it seeks to move the economy in the direction of​ long-run macroeconomic​ equilibrium?

The Fed will pursue an expansionaryan expansionary monetary policy.

Which of the following accurately describes expansionary monetary​ policy?

The Federal Reserve causes an increase in the money supply.

Which of the following accurately describes a recent change in the Federal​ Reserve's balance​ sheet?

The Federal Reserve has more loans to financial markets and institutions on the assets side of its balance sheet.

Which of the following accurately describes contractionary monetary​ policy?

The Federal Reserve increases interest rates.

What is the cyclically adjusted budget deficit or​ surplus?

The cyclically adjusted budget deficit or surplus is the deficit or surplus in the federal​ government's budget if the economy were at potential GDP.

What is the​ long-run effect of a permanent increase in government​ spending?

The decline in​ investment, consumption, and net exports exactly offsets the increase in government​ spending; therefore, real GDP remains unchanged.

What is the discount​ rate?

The discount rate is the rate at which the Fed lends to banks.

Which of the following is not a correct comparison between an expansionary fiscal policy in the basic aggregate demand and aggregate supply model and in the dynamic aggregate demand and aggregate supply​ model?

The dynamic model assumes that potential GDP is constantly growing while the basic model assumes that it is static. In the dynamic​ model, expansionary policy would be used when demand does not grow​ sufficiently; in the basic​ model, expansionary policy would be used when demand falls. If the economy is below full​ employment, expansionary fiscal policy will cause an increase in the price level in both models. All of the above are correct statements about the two models.

What is it about these variables that makes future budget deficits difficult to​ predict?

The economic variables respond to economic​ shocks, making them less predictable.

What is the difference between the federal budget deficit and federal government​ debt?

The federal budget deficit is the​ year-to-year short fall in tax revenues relative to government spending ​ (T < G​ + TR), financed through government bonds. The federal government debt is the accumulation of all past deficits.

As the figure to the right​ indicates, the Fed can affect both the money supply and interest rates.​ However, in recent​ years, the Fed targets interest rates in monetary policy more often than it does the money supply. Which interest rate does the Fed​ target?

The federal funds rate

In​ 2013, one article in the Wall Street Journal noted​ that: "The​ Fed's Board of Governors kept the discount rate unchanged at​ 0.75%," while another article predicted​ that: "The Fed can be expected to state again that the target rate​ won't change until​ mid-2015." ​Sources: Michael J.​ Casey, "Let's Get This Over and Done​ With, Fed," Wall Street Journal​, June​ 19, 2013; and Sarah Portlock and Eric​ Morath, "Some Fed Officials See​ 'Diminished' Downside​ Risks," Wall Street Journal​, February​ 26, 2013. What is the name of the​ "target interest​ rate" mentioned in this​ article?

The federal funds rate.

Who is responsible for fiscal​ policy?

The federal government controls fiscal policy.

If the​ short-run aggregate supply curve​ (SRAS) were a horizontal​ line, what would be the impact on the size of the government purchases and tax multipliers

The impact of the multiplier would be larger if the SRAS curve is horizontal.

b. Why does an estimate of the size of the multiplier matter in evaluating the effects of an expansionary fiscal​ policy?

The larger the​ multiplier, the greater the effects of an expansionary fiscal policy.

Which of the following statements regarding the 2009 stimulus package is​ true?

The largest category of expenditures was health​ care, social​ services, and​ education; and the largest category of tax cuts was individual tax cuts.

Suppose that during one​ period, the velocity of money is constant and during another​ period, it undergoes large fluctuations. During which period will the quantity theory of money be more useful in explaining changes in the inflation​ rate?

The period where velocity is constant because when velocity is constant the changes in the money supply can be shown to be the main cause of inflation.

An article in the Economist argued​ that: ​"heavy public debt risks more than just crowding out private investment. It​ can, in the​ extreme, bring on​ insolvency." ​Source: "Running Out of​ Road," Economist​, June​ 16, 2011. What does the article mean by​ "heavy public​ debts"?

The public debt is considered to be heavy when it as a percentage of GDP debt is rather high.

How does the quantity theory provide an explanation about the cause of ​ inflation?

The quantity equation shows that if the money supply grows at a faster rate than real​ GDP, then there will be inflation.

Explain whether you agree with this​ argument: If the Fed actually ever carried out a contractionary monetary​ policy, the price level would fall. Because the price level has not fallen in the United States over an entire year since the​ 1930s, we can conclude that the Fed has not carried out a contractionary policy since the 1930s.

The statement is false. A contractionary policy could result in a lower rate of inflation rather than a fall in the price level.

In a newspaper​ column, author Delia Ephron described a conversation with a friend who had a large balance on her credit card on which the friend was being charged an interest rate of 18 percent per year. The friend was worried about ever being able to pay off the debt. Ephron was earning only 0.4 percent interest on her bank certificate of deposit​ (CD). She considered withdrawing the money from her CD and using it to make a loan to her friend so her friend could pay off her credit card​ balance: ​"So I was thinking that all of us earning 0.4 percent could instead loan money to our friends at 0.5 percent. ...​ [M]y friend would get out of debt​ [and] I would earn​ $5 a month instead of​ $4." ​Source: Delia​ Ephron, "Banks​ Taketh, but​ Don't Giveth," New York Times​, January​ 27, 2012. Why​ don't more people use their savings to make loans rather than keeping the funds in bank accounts that earn very low rates of​ interest?

There is a risk that the borrower​ won't pay the money back.

Why do you think that a deflationary spiral did not actually occur during or after the recession of 2007−​2009?

There was a​ world-wide increase in oil prices and an increase in food prices during that time.

Which of the following decisions does the textbook discuss as an action by the Fed during Chairman Alan​ Greenspan's term that possibly contributed to the financial crisis of​ 2007-2009?

The​ Fed's decision to keep the target for the federal funds rate at 1 percent for more than 18 months after the end of the 2001 recession.

Suppose that the expected inflation rate increases from 4 percent to 6 percent. What will happen to the​ short-run Phillips​ curve?

The​ short-run trade-off between uemployment and inflation will be worse than before as the economy moves to a higher​ short-run Phillips curve.

​"Their commercial-lending​ businesses, funded by their stable deposit​ bases, make them steady​ earners." ​Source: Karen​ Richardson,"Clean Books Bolster Traditional​ Lenders," Wall Street Journal​, April​ 30, 2007, p. C1. What is commercial​ lending?

This is when banks make loans to businesses.

Why does a​ $1 increase in government purchases lead to more than a​ $1 increase in income and​ spending?

Through the government purchases​ multiplier, the​ $1 increase in government spending will lead to an increase in aggregate demand and national​ income, which will lead to an increase in induced spending.

In response to problems in financial markets and a slowing​ economy, the Federal Open Market Committee​ (FOMC) began lowering its target for the federal funds rate from 5.25 percent in September 2007. Over the next​ year, the FOMC cut its federal funds rate target in a series of steps. Writing in the New York Times​, economist Steven Levitt​ observed, ​"The Fed has been pouring more money into the banking system by cutting the target federal funds rate to 0 to 0.25 percent in December​ 2008." ​Source: Steven D.​ Levitt, "The Financial Meltdown Now and​ Then," New York Times​, May​ 12, 2009. What is the relationship between the federal funds rate falling and the money supply​ increasing?

To decrease the federal funds​ rate, the Fed must increase the money supply.

In the figure to the​ right, expected inflation is initially at​ 1.5%. When expected inflation increases to​ 4.5%, which of the following will​ occur?

To have​ 3.5% unemployment​ rate, inflation would be​ 7.5%. Unemployment reaches the natural rate of​ 5%. At the natural rate of​ unemployment, inflation is​ 4.5%. All of the above.

Which of the following was the​ Fed's objective in using​ "quantitative easing" and​ "Operation Twist"?

To increase aggregate demand. To keep interest rates on​ 10-year Treasury notes low. To keep interest rates on mortgages low. All of the above.

How does lowering the target for the federal funds rate​ "pour money" into the banking​ system?

To increase the money​ supply, the Fed buys bonds on the open​ market, which increases bank reserves.

Why do few economists argue that it would be a good idea to balance the federal budget every​ year?

To keep a balanced budget during a​ recession, taxes would have to increase and government expenditures would have to​ decrease, which would further reduce aggregate demand and deepen the recession.

How does a budget deficit act as an automatic stabilizer and reduce the severity of a​ recession?

Transfer payments to households increase. Consumers spend more than they would in the absence of social insurance​ programs, like unemployment. During​ recessions, tax obligations fall due to falling wages and profits. All of the above.

Suppose that the Federal Reserve engages in an open market sale of ​$3939 million in U.S. Treasury bills to banks. In the​ T-accounts for the Fed and for the banking system shown​ here, fill in the missing information. Federal Reserve Assets _____ -$39 million Liabilities reserves _____ -$39 million Banking System Assets Liabilities Treasury bills $39 million _____ -39 million Liabilities

Treasury Bills Reserves

An editorial in the Wall Street Journal declares​ that: ​"We don't put much stock in future budget forecasts because they depend on so many​ variables." ​Source: "Fiscal​ Revelation," Wall Street Journal​, February​ 6, 2007, p. A 16. Which of the following variables would a forecast of future federal budget deficits depend​ on?

Wage growth. GDP growth. Profit growth. Demographics. All of the above are important variables to consider.

When is it considered​ "good policy" for the government to run a budget​ deficit?

When borrowing is used for​ long-lived capital goods.

The article also stated that Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe was pressuring the Bank of​ Japan, the Japanese central​ bank, to take steps to hit an inflation target of 2 percent. Why would the Bank of​ Japan, the Japanese central​ bank, be reluctant to raise its target for​ short-term interest rates if the price level is​ falling?

When the target rate​ increases, money growth slows​ down, and inflation should decrease.

How do the banks​ "create money"?

When there is an increase in checking account​ deposits, banks gain reserves and make new​ loans, and the money supply expands.

What is the Fed doing to increase the credibility of its​ policies?

Whenever a change in policy is​ announced, the change actually takes place. Announcing the federal funds target rate.

The paper currency of the United States is technically called​ "Federal Reserve​ Notes." The following excerpt is from the Federal Reserve​ Act: ​"Federal Reserve Notes...shall be redeemed in lawful money on demand at the Treasury Department of the United​ States, in the city of​ Washington, District of​ Columbia, or at any other Federal Reserve​ bank." If you took a​ $20 bill to the Treasury Department or Federal Reserve​ bank, with what type of​ "lawful money" is the government likely to redeem​ it?

With another Reserve Note of equal value.

Why should the retirement of the baby boomers cause a large increase in the growth rate of spending by the federal government on Social​ Security?

With the retirement of the baby​ boomers, there will be more individuals collecting Social Security than currently.

Indicate the two main objections to the idea that the​ short-run Phillips curve is vertical.

Workers and firms might not have rational expectations. Contracts with workers keep wages sticky.

Which of the following formulas represents the expression for equilibrium real​ GDP?

Y=C-(MPC*T)+I+G/1-MPC

Does government spending ever reduce private​ spending?

Yes, due to crowding out.

Suppose that you are a bank​ manager, and the Federal Reserve raises the required reserve ratio from 10 percent to 12 percent. What actions would you need to​ take?

You would have to reduce loans to make up for the necessary increase in reserves.

Suppose you decide to withdraw​ $100 in cash from your checking account. Which one of the following choices accurately shows the effect of this transaction on your​ bank's balance sheet.

Your​ bank's balance sheet shows a decrease in reserves by​ $100 and a decrease in deposits by​ $100.

​"People lined up on the veranda of the American mission hospital here from miles around to barter for doctor visits and​ medicines, clutching scrawny​ chickens, squirming goats and buckets of​ maize." ​Source: Celia W.​ Dugger, ​"Zimbabwe Health​ Care, Paid With​ Peanuts," New York Times​, December​ 18, 2011. The people buying medical services at this hospital could not use money to pay for the medical services they were buying because the

Zimbabwean currency was worthless.

Suppose the inflation rate has been 15 percent for the past four years. The unemployment rate is currently at the natural rate of unemployment of 5 percent. The Federal Reserve decides that it wants to permanently reduce the inflation rate to 5 percent. To do​ this, the Fed would use

a contractionary

Year Potential Real GDP Real GDP Price Level 2016 ​$17.7 trillion ​$17.7 trillion 110.0 2017 ​$18.1 trillion ​$18.3 trillion 115.5 If the Fed wants to keep real GDP at its potential level in​ 2017, it should use____ policy

a contractionary

If actual real GDP in 2006 occurs at point B and potential GDP occurs at LRAS06​, we would expect the Federal Reserve Bank to pursue ______monetary policy. If the​ Fed's policy is​ successful, what is the effect of the policy on the following macroeconomic​ indicators? Actual real GDP _________ Potential real GDP ________ Price level _________ Unemployment ________

a contractionary decrease doesn't change decrease increase

Year Potential Real GDP Real GDP Price Level 2016 ​$17.7 trillion ​$17.7 trillion 110.0 2017 ​$18.1 trillion ​$18.3 trillion 115.5 If the Fed wants to keep real GDP at its potential level in​ 2017, it should use____ policy. The trading desk should be____T-bills If the​ Fed's policy is successful in keeping real GDP at its potential level in​ 2017, state whether each of the following will be​ higher, lower, or the same as it would have been if the Fed had taken no​ action: i. Real GDP will be_______it would have been if the Fed had taken no action. Full-employment real GDP will be ____ it would have been if the Fed had taken no action. The inflation rate will be_____it would have been if the Fed had taken no action. The unemployment rate will be____it would have been if the Fed had taken no action.

a contractionary selling lower than the same as lower than higher than

According to an article in Business Week​, many workers who retired in the year 2000 expected to live off the interest they would receive from bank certificates of deposit or money market mutual funds. ​ "Then came disinflationlong dash—and a steep fall in interest​ rates." ​Source: Peter​ Coy, "The Surprise Threat to Nest​ Eggs," Business Week​, July​ 28, 2003. Disinflation is

a decline in the inflation rate.

In the fall of​ 2011, investors began to fear that some European​ governments, particularly Greece and​ Italy, might default on the bonds they had​ issued, making the prices of the bonds fall sharply. Many European banks owned these​ bonds, and some investors worried that these banks might also be in financial trouble. An article in the Economist magazine referred to the​ "prospect of another Lehman​ moment." The article noted​ that, "Governments are once again having to step in to support their​ banks." ​Source: "Here We Go​ Again," ​Economist, October​ 8, 2011. What did the article mean by a​ "Lehman moment"? A​ "Lehman moment" meant

a deepening of the financial crisis brought about by bankruptcy of a major bank.

Congress and the president enact a temporary cut in payroll taxes. This is an example of

a discretionary fiscal policy.

If the government cuts taxes in order to increase aggregate​ demand, the action is called

a discretionary fiscal policy.

Which of the following is not one of the monetary policy goals of the Federal Reserve​ ("the Fed")?

a high foreign exchange rate of the U.S. dollar relative to other currencies

According to the Taylor​ Rule, if the Fed reduces its target for the inflation​ rate, the result will be

a higher target federal funds rate.

Economists who believed that the Phillips curve represented a structural relationship believed that the curve represented

a permanent​ trade-off between unemployment and inflation.

In a real business cycle​ model, which of the following best explains an increase in real GDP above the​ full-employment level?

a positive technology shock

In a column in the Financial Times​, the prime minister and the finance minister of the Netherlands argue that the European​ Union, an organization of 27 countries in​ Europe, should have​ "a commissioner for budgetary​ discipline." They believe​ that: ​"The new commissioner should be given clear powers to set requirements for the budgetary policy of countries that run excessive​ deficits." ​Source: Mark Rutte and Jan Kees de​ Jager, "Expulsion from the Eurozone Has to Be the Final​ Penalty," Financial Times​, September​ 7, 2011. An​ "excessive" budget deficit in this context is

a relatively large budget deficit as a percentage of GDP beyond the European​ Union's deficit and debt rules .

The​ "Volcker disinflation" was

a significant reduction in the inflation rate between 1979 and​ 1989, under the leadership of Fed Chairman Paul Volcker.

The​ short-run Phillips curve exhibits ____​, whereas the​ long-run Phillips curve shows _____

a trade-off between inflation and unemployment no trade-off between inflation and unemployment

A student says the​ following: ​"I understand why the Fed uses expansionary policy but I​ don't understand why it would ever use contractionary policy. Why would the government ever want the economy to​ contract?" The government would want the economy to contract when real GDP is

above potential GDP and the price level is rising.

If actual inflation is higher than expected​ inflation, the

actual real wage is less than the expected real​ wage: unemployment falls.

A monetary policy intended to bring about disinflation will cause a greater increase in unemployment if workers and firms had

adaptive​ expectations, in which case they would change their expectations of future inflation only after current inflation had decreased.

Alan Greenspan

agreed with Paul Volcker about the importance of keeping inflation low.

If something is to be considered as​ money, it has to fulfill

all four functions

The following appears in a Federal Reserve​ publication: ​"In practice, monetary policymakers do not have​ up-to-the-minute, reliable information about the state of the economy and prices. Information is limited because of lags in the publication of data. ​ Also, policymakers have​ less-than-perfect understanding of the way the economy​ works, including the knowledge of when and to what extent policy actions will affect aggregate demand. The operation of the economy changes over​ time, and with it the response of the economy to policy measures. These limitations add to uncertainties in the policy process and make determining the appropriate setting of monetary policy...more​ difficult." ​Source: Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve​ System, The Federal Reserve​ System: Purposes and Functions​, ​Washington, DC, 1994. If the Fed itself admits that there are many obstacles in the way of effective monetary​ policy, why does it still engage in active monetary policy rather than use a monetary growth​ rule, as suggested by Milton Friedman and his​ followers? Policymakers at the Fed believe that

although it is not​ perfect, active monetary policy is still a stabilizing force in the economy.

The revenue the federal government collects from the individual income tax declines during a recession. This is an example of

an automatic stabilizer.

The total the federal government pays out for unemployment insurance decreases during an expansion. This is an example of

an automatic stabilizer.

Year Potential GDP Real GDP Price Level 2016 ​$17.8 trillion ​$17.8 trillion 113.7 2017 ​$18.2 trillion ​$17.8 trillion 115.9 If Congress and the president want to keep real GDP at its potential level in​ 2017, they should use______ which would mean ______

an expansionary fiscal policy increasing government spending or cutting taxes

If Lucas and Sargent were​ right,

an expansionary monetary policy would not work if people had rational​ expectations, since they will use all available information including knowledge of the effects of the​ Fed's monetary policy.

The U.S. penny is made primarily of zinc. There have been several times in recent years when zinc prices have been high and it has cost the U.S. Treasury more than one cent to manufacture a penny. There are currently about 1.4 billion pennies in circulation. Economist​ François Velde of the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago has proposed making the current penny worth 5 cents. ​Source: Austan​ Goolsbee, "Now That a Penny​ Isn't Worth​ Much, It's Time to Make It Worth 5​ Cents," New York Times​, February​ 1, 2007. The effect of this proposal would cause______the value of M1. Is this change likely to have much impact on the​ economy?

an increase in no

The federal​ government's budget surplus was​ $263.2 billion in 2000 and​ $128.2 billion in 2001. A decrease in the federal​ government's budget surplus can be the result of

an increase in government purchases. a recession. a decrease in taxes. all above

Which of the following is not an example of monetary​ policy?

an increase in taxes

Consider the formula for the multiplier effect Which of the following could cause an increase in overall economic​ activity, according to this​ formula?

an increase in the multiplier

Consider the formula for the multiplier effect. Which of the following could cause an increase in overall economic​ activity, according to this​ formula?

an increase in the multiplier

The effect on the economy of tax reduction and simplification is

an increase in the quantity of real GDP supplied at every price​ level, and a shift in the​ long-run aggregate supply curve.

What is the purpose of the Taylor​ rule? The Taylor rule is used to

analyze and predict how the Fed targets the federal funds rate.

An article in the Economist states that the value of potential​ GDP: ​"is almost impossible to pin down in real time since the​ economy's equilibrium​ long-run stock of capital and labour are so difficult to estimate with​ precision...." ​Source: "Remembering When the Future Kept Getting​ Bigger," Economist​, May​ 24, 2012. By​ "real time," the article means

at any point in actual time.

The difficulty of estimating potential GDP matters for policymakers because​ ideally, equilibrium GDP should occur

at potential GDP.

Changes in taxes and spending that happen without actions by the government are called

automatic stabilizers.

In the securitization​ process,

banks grant loans to households and bundle the loans into securities that are then sold to investors.

The decline in housing prices that began in 2006 led to rising defaults among which​ borrowers?

borrowers who had made only small down payments ​alt-A and subprime borrowers borrowers with​ adjustable-rate mortgages All of the above.

When Burns refers to​ "the current​ environment," he means the​ 1970s, a period in which

both inflation and unemployment worsened.

During the 1980s and​ 1990s, the relationship between growth in M2 and inflation

broke​ down, and the Fed announced that it would no longer set targets for M2.

To reduce a budget​ deficit,

budgetary policies such as increasing taxes and cutting expenditures can be used.

To increase the money​ supply, the FOMC directs the trading​ desk, located at the Federal Reserve Bank of New​ York, to

buy U.S. Treasury securities from the public.

If the Federal Open Market Committee​ (FOMC) decides to increase the money​ supply, it orders the trading desk at the Federal Reserve Bank of New York to

buy U.S. Treasury securities.

What is​ "quantitative easing"? Quantitative easing involved the​ Fed's

buying longer term Treasury securities that are not usually involved in open market operations.

When the Federal Open Market Committee​ (FOMC) decides to increase the money​ supply, it ___________ U.S. Treasury securities. If the FOMC wishes to decrease the money​ supply, it _______U.S. Treasury securities.

buys sells

The concept of a nonaccelerating inflation rate of unemployment​ (NAIRU) helps us to understand why in the long​ run, the Federal Reserve

can affect the inflation rate but not the unemployment rate.

If the​ long-run aggregate supply curve is​ vertical, then the Phillips curve

cannot be downward sloping in the long run.

Friedrich​ Schneider, an economist at the Johannes Kepler University of Linz in​ Austria, made the following observation about​ China: ​"The average Chinese trusts neither the Chinese banks nor the Communist​ Party." ​Source: David​ Barboza, "Chinese Way of Doing​ Business: In Cash We​ Trust," New York Times​, April​ 30, 2013. If Schneider is​ correct, businesses and consumers might prefer to carry out transactions by using

cash

The large budget deficits of​ $1.4 trillion in fiscal year 2009 and​ $1.3 trillion in fiscal year 2010 were

caused partly by the increase in government spending including spending to bail out failed financial institutions and by the deep decline in tax revenues as incomes and profits fell.

By​ repercussions, Keynes means that an initial increase in autonomous expenditures will

change production by an amount greater than the initial increase in autonomous expenditures.

Suppose that Congress and the president were committed to balancing the budget each year. How does what happened during 2013 provide insight into difficulties they might run into in trying to balance the budget every year. Because government spending and tax revenues

change with​ GDP, balancing the budget annually would result in economic disruptions.

When Robert Shiller asked a sample of the general public what they thought caused​ inflation, the most frequent answer he received was​ "greed." Most economists would argue that inflation is caused by

changes in both aggregate demand and aggregate supply.

The Federal Reserve acting as the lender of last resort to prevent a bank panic

constitutes offering discount loans to distressed​ banks, but the​ "bail out of the​ banks" involved providing funds to the banks in exchange for ownership in those banks.

If actual real GDP in 2006 occurs at point B and potential GDP occurs at LRAS 06LRAS06​, we would expect the federal government to pursue​ a(n) ____ fiscal policy.

contractionary

William McChesney​ Martin, who was Federal Reserve chairman from 1951 to​ 1970, was once quoted as​ saying, ​"The role of the Federal Reserve is to remove the punchbowl just as the party gets​ going." When he said​ "to remove the​ punchbowl," he meant to engage in ____ policy

contractionary

If actual real GDP in 2006 occurs at point B and potential GDP occurs at LRAS 06​, we would expect the federal government to pursue​ a(n) _____ fiscal policy. If the​ government's policy is​ successful, what is the effect of the policy on the following macroeconomic​ indicators? Actual real GDP Potential real GDP Price level Unemployment

contractionary decreases doesn't change decreases increases

The most important role of the Federal Reserve in​ today's U.S. economy is

controlling the money supply to pursue economic objectives.

In​ 1968, Herbert​ Stein, who would later serve on President​ Nixon's Council of Economic​ Advisors, wrote, ​"Some who would opt for avoiding inflation would say that in the long run such a policy would cost​ little, if​ any, additional​ unemployment." ​Source: Herbert​ Stein, The Fiscal Revolution in America​, ​Chicago: University of Chicago​ Press, 1969, p. 382. ​Stein's statement was

correct

The M1 measure of the money supply includes which of the following​ components?

currency in circulation checking account deposits in banks holdings of​ traveler's checks All of the above.

​"Today...the main purpose​ [of government's issuing​ bonds] is to let craven politicians launch projects they know the​ public, at the​ moment, would rather not fully finance. The tab for these projects will not come​ due, probably, until after the politicians have long since departed for greener​ (excuse the​ expression) pastures." ​Source: Paul​ Carpenter, "The Bond Issue​ Won't Be Repaid by Park​ Tolls," (Allentown,​ PA) Morning Call​, May​ 26, 2002. Borrowing is a bad idea to pay for ____ but a good idea to pay for ____

current expenses long-lived capital goods

One-time tax​ rebates, such as those in 2001 and​ 2008, increase consumption spending by less than a permanent tax cut because​ one-time tax rebates increase

current income.

​One-time tax​ rebates, such as those in 2001 and​ 2008, increase consumption spending by less than a permanent tax cut because​ one-time tax rebates increase

current income.

Look carefully at the following list. a. The coins in your pocket. b. The funds in your checking account. c. The funds in your savings account. d. The​ traveler's check that you have left over from a trip. e. Your Citibank Platinum MasterCard. Which of the things above are NOT included in the M1 definition of the money​ supply?

c​ & e

As the price of a single good​ rises, the quantity demanded of that good tends to​ _______________. As overall prices​ (the price​ level) rise, the quantity demanded of output tends to​ _________________.

decrease decrease

A higher required reserve ratio​ _________ the value of the simple deposit multiplier.

decreases

An increase in the amount of excess reserves that banks keep​ _________ the value of the​ real-world deposit multiplier.

decreases

In the figure to the​ right, the opportunity cost of holding money ______ when moving from Point A to Point B on the money demand curve.

decreases

If the​ government's policy is​ successful, what is the effect of the policy on the following macroeconomic​ indicators? Actual real GDP Potential real GDP Price level Unemployment

decreases does not change decreases increases

Complete the following table for a static​ AD-AS model: Recession Expansionary ↑Gov't spending or_______ Real GDP and price level _________ Rising inflation Contractionary _______ or up arrow Taxes Real GDP and price level ________

decreases taxes rise decreases government spending falls

As your actions and those of other bank managers reduced the amount of loans​ made, we would expect that the money supply would end up

decreasing

The following is from a message by President Hoover to​ Congress, dated May​ 5, 1932: ​"I need not recount that the revenues of the Government as estimated for the next fiscal year show a decrease of about​ $1,700,000,000 below the fiscal year​ 1929, and inexorably require a broader basis of taxation and a drastic reduction of expenditures in order to balance the Budget. Nothing is more necessary at this time than balancing the​ Budget." According to the​ statement, balancing the Budget would require

decreasing government purchases and increasing taxes.

According to an article in the Economist ​magazine, in 2013 the Japanese economy was experiencing falling prices​ "on everything from chocolate bars to​ salad." ​Source: "Waging a New​ War," Economist​, March​ 9, 2013. What is the term for a falling price​ level?

deflation

Look again at the chart on prices during the early​ 1930s: Year Consumer Price Index ​%-Change in Prices 1929 17.1 − 1930 16.7 −​2.3% 1931 15.2 −9.0 1932 13.7 −9.9 1933 13.0 −5.1 Which of the following terms best describes the situation during​ 1933?

deflation

Which of the following is not a factor that helped lead to the financial crisis of 2007-​2009?

deposit insurance for commercial banks

Which of the following is the largest liability of a typical​ bank?

deposits

In a speech in September​ 1975, then Fed chairman Arthur Burns said the​ following: ​"There is no longer a meaningful​ trade-off between unemployment and inflation. In the current​ environment, a rapidly rising level of consumer prices will not lead to the creation of new jobs...Highly expansionary monetary and fiscal policies​ might, for a short​ time, provide some additional thrust to economic activity. But inflation would inevitably​ accelerate- a development that would create even more difficult economic problems than we have encountered over the past​ year." ​Source: Arthur F.​ Burns, "The Real Issues of Inflation and​ Unemployment," in Federal Reserve Bank of New​ York, Federal Reserve Readings on Inflation​, February 1979. ​Burns's views in this speech are______ the views at the Fed in the late 1960s.

different than

A significant reduction in the inflation rate is called

disinflation.

In order for deflation to take place in​ 2018, the economy_____ also have to be experiencing a recession.

does

During the 2012 presidential election​ campaign, Texas Governor Rick Perry criticized the actions of Fed Chair Ben Bernanke. Perry argued​ that: ​"Printing more money to play politics at this particular time in American history is almost. . . treasonous in my​ opinion." An article in the Wall Street Journal commented that despite​ Perry's remarks,​ ". . . Bernanke is willing to embrace the political independence embedded in his role to do what Fed officials think the economy​ needs." ​Source: Sudeep​ Reddy, "Rick​ Perry's Attack on Bernanke Highlights Political Risks Facing the​ Fed," Wall Street Journal​, August​ 16, 2011. The​ "political independence" embedded in the role of Fed chair

enables the Fed to pursue policies independent of the administration in power.

The Fed expects that controlling that one interest rate would allow it to meet its goals for inflation and unemployment because lower​ short-term interest rates

encourage lending and stimulate economic activity.

Congress passed legislation to create the Federal Reserve System in 1913 in order to

end the instability created by bank panics by acting as a lender of last resort.

Whenever banks gain reserves and make new​ loans, the money supply​ ___________; and whenever banks lose​ reserves, and reduce their​ loans, the money supply​ __________.

expands; contracts

In​ 1995, some economists argued that the natural rate of unemployment was 6 percent. Then Fed chairman Alan Greenspan was convinced that the natural rate was actually about 5 percent. If Greenspan had accepted the view that the natural rate was 6 percent and the target inflation rate would remain the​ same, monetary policy during the late 1990s might have been more_____ than it was.

expansionary

What actions can the government take to bring real GDP to its potential level in​ 2017? In order to bring real GDP to its potential level in​ 2017, the government can engage in____fiscal policy by either ____ government spending or ___ taxes

expansionary increasing decreasing

The​ Fed's strategy of increasing the money supply and lowering interest rates in order to increase real GDP is called

expansionary monetary policy.

Robert Shiller asked a sample of the general public and a sample of economists the following​ question: ​"Do you agree that preventing high inflation is an important national​ priority, as important as preventing drug abuse or preventing the deterioration in the quality of our​ schools?" ​Fifty-two percent of the general​ public, but only 18 percent of​ economists, fully agreed. The general public believes that inflation is a bigger problem than economists do because the general public believes that real wages

fall until a full inflation correction takes place

General Juan​ Peron, the former dictator of​ Argentina, once said of the labor market in his​ country, ​"Prices have gone up the​ elevator, and wages have had to use the​ stairs." ​Source: Robert J.​ Shiller, "Why Do People Dislike​ Inflation?" in Christina D. Romer and David H.​ Romer, eds., Reducing​ Inflation: Motivation and Strategy​, ​ Chicago: University of Chicago​ Press, 1997. In this​ situation, real wages in Argentina were ___ Unemployment was likely to have been relatively ____

falling low

A simplified tax code would reduce economic efficiency by increasing the number of decisions households and firms make solely to reduce their tax payments.

false

Decreasing the tax rate decreases the value of the government purchases multiplier.

false

During​ 2005, the FOMC was concerned that the inflation rate would begin to accelerate due to the continued boom in the housing​ market, so the Fed started decreasing the target for the federal funds rate.

false

Even though the core PCE is a better measure of the inflation rate than is the​ CPI, the CPI is still more widely used because the core PCE includes energy and food​ prices, which do not affect the cost of living of a typical consumer.

false

For the Fed to succeed in reducing the severity of business​ cycles, it must act precisely when a recession or an acceleration of inflation can be seen in the economic data.

false

If the Fed decides to carry out an expansionary monetary policy because it believes aggregate demand will not increase enough to keep the economy at potential​ GDP, the inflation rate will most likely be lower than it would have been without the policy.

false

Monetary policy should be designed to​ rarely, if​ ever, influence​ investors' expectations of future interest rates.

false

The higher the tax​ rate, the larger the multiplier effect.

false

An article in the New York Times in 1993 stated the following about Fed Chairman Alan​ Greenspan's decision to no longer announce targets for the​ money: ​"Since the late​ 1970's, the Federal Reserve has made many of its most important decisions by setting a specific target for growth in the money supply ... and often adjusted interest rates to meet​ them." ​Source: Steven​ Greenhouse, "Fed Abandons Policy Tied to Money​ Supply," New York Times​, July​ 23, 1993. If the Fed would no longer have a specific target for the money​ supply, it would be targeting the

federal funds rate.

An article in the Wall Street Journal notes that before the financial crisis of 2007minus−​2009, the Fed​ "managed just one​ short-term interest rate and expected that to be enough to meet its goals for inflation and​ unemployment" ​Source: Jon​ Hilsenrath, "Easy-Money Era a Long Game for​ Fed," March​ 17, 2013 The​ short-term interest rate the article is referring to is the

federal funds rate.

The interest rate that banks charge each other for overnight loans is called the

federal funds rate.

To affect economic variables such as real GDP or the price​ level, the monetary policy target the Federal Reserve has generally focused on is the

federal funds rate.

By raising the discount​ rate, the Fed leads banks to make​ _________ loans to households and​ firms, which will​ _________ checking account deposits and the money supply.

fewer; decrease

Former president Ronald Reagan once stated that inflation​ "has one cause and one cause​ alone: government spending more than government takes​ in." ​Source: Edward​ Nelson, "Budget Deficits and Interest​ Rates," Monetary Trends​, Federal Reserve Bank of St.​ Louis, March 2004. The statement is correct in that such expansionary _______ policy is likely to stimulate aggregate_______which can cause inflation.

fiscal demand

As a result of this​ policy, the unemployment rate will be____ the natural rate of 5 percent and the inflation rate will be edging ____ slowly

greater than down

In terms of the​ economy, "just as the party gets​ going" refers to a situation in which real GDP_______ potential​ GDP, which will result in_____ the inflation rate.

greater than increase

Due to the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009​ (the stimulus​ package), from 2009 through​ 2011, the federal budget deficit was

greater than 8 percent of GDP but fell to 4 percent of GDP in 2013.

An article in the Wall Street Journal referred to the chair of the Fed as​ "the nation's top economic​ position." ​Source: Jon​ Hilsenrath, "Summers Hedges His Doubts on​ Fed's Bond​ Buying," Wall Street Journal​, July​ 31, 2013. This statement is true because the Chairman of the Fed

has the ability to influence interest rates for the​ world's top reserve currency.

This would mean that for any given rate of​ unemployment, the associated inflation rate would be____​, and for any given inflation​ rate, the associated rate of unemployment would be ____

higher higher

If Congress and the president are successful in keeping real GDP at its potential level in​ 2017, state whether each of the following will be​ higher, lower, or the same as it would have been if they had taken no​ action: Real GDP will be Potential real GDP will be The inflation rate will be The unemployment rate will be

higher the same higher lower

One risk of trying to reduce unemployment with loose monetary policy is

higher inflation.

What does Feldstein mean by a​ "behavioral response" to tax​ cuts? The behavioral response will be that people in

higher tax brackets will experience an increase in taxable income and thus will work more.

Slow growth in aggregate demand leads to

higher unemployment and lower inflation.

Very high rates of inflation are called

hyperinflation.

​Workers, firms,​ banks, and investors in financial markets care about the future rate of inflation because

if actual inflation turns out to be different from the expected​ inflation, real​ wages, profits, and interest will be different from their expected values.

Ben Bernanke believes that the credibility of the​ Fed's policy announcements is particularly important because

if monetary policy is to be​ effective, workers,​ firms, and investors in stock and bond markets have to view the​ Fed's announcements as credible.

Such views are rare today because

in the long run there is no tradeoff between inflation and unemployment.

There is a strong link between changes in the money supply and inflation

in the long run.

Savings account​ balances, small-denomination time​ deposits, and noninstitutional money market fund shares are

included only in M2.

In the context of what was happening in the economy in​ 1929, President Hoover was ______in saying​ that, in​ 1932, nothing was more necessary than balancing the federal​ government's budget.

incorrect

Therefore, the statement above is

incorrect

"The Fed has an easy job. Say it wants to increase real GDP by​ $200 billion. All it has to do is increase the money supply by that​ amount." The statement is ______ because an increase in the money supply_______affect real GDP directly.

incorrectly does not

As a​ result, when compared to Y1​, real GDP would

increase

If the Federal Reserve purchases ​$110 million worth of U.S. Treasury bills from the​ public, the money supply will

increase

The Reserve Bank of India might be afraid that additional interest rate cuts would cause inflation to increase because it would

increase aggregate demand sufficiently to increase the price level

Compared to P1​, the price level would

increase if aggregate demand increased more than​ long-run aggregate supply.

How might heavy public debts lead to crowding​ out? Heavy public debt will

increase interest rates and crowd out the interest sensitive spending such as​ investment, consumption and net exports and will decrease aggregate output.

Writing in the Wall Street Journal​, Martin​ Feldstein, an economist at Harvard​ University, argues​ that: ​"behavioral responses" of taxpayers to the cuts in marginal tax rates enacted in 1986 resulted in​ "an enormous rise in the taxes​ paid, particularly by those who experienced the greatest reductions in marginal tax​ rates." ​Source: Martin​ Feldstein, "The Tax Reform Evidence from​ 1986," Wall Street Journal​, October​ 24, 2011. Cuts in marginal tax rates will

increase marginal​ net-of-tax income, increase the supply of labor and increase total taxes as people work longer hours.

Between the beginning of 2009 and the end of​ 2010, real GDP​ ________, while employment​ ________.

increased by 4.0​ percent; declined by 3.3 million

b. In terms of its effect on the​ long-run growth rate of real​ GDP, it is likely to matter more if the additional government spending involves

increased spending on highways and bridges.

If the federal​ government's policy is​ successful, what is the effect on the following macroeconomic​ indicators? Actual real GDP Potential real GDP Price level Unemployment

increases does not change increases decreases

If the​ Fed's policy is​ successful, what is the effect on the following​ indicators? Actual real​ GDP: Potential real​ GDP: Price​ level: ​Unemployment:

increases does not change increases decreases

Over​ time, potential GDP​ ________, which is shown by the​ ________ curve shifting to the right.

increases; long-run aggregate supply

In terms of Phillips curve​ analysis, Poole's claim that​ "it might take a very long time before the​ (output gap) would be able to offset​ what's going on with inflation​ expectations" implies that

inflation expectations would adjust slowly so that there is a prolonged​ trade-off between unemployment and inflation.

When the central bank commits to conducting policy in a manner that achieves the goal of holding inflation to a publicly announced​ level, it is using

inflation targeting.

If the Fed is too slow to react to a recession and applies an expansionary monetary policy only after the economy begins to​ recover, then

inflation will be higher than if the Fed had not acted.

Some economists argue that because increases in government spending crowd out private​ spending, increased government spending will reduce the​ long-run growth rate of real GDP. a. This is most likely to happen if the private spending being crowded out is

investment spending

Quantitative easing may have led​ investors, banks, and pension funds to engage in excessive risk taking because

investors would seek out alternative investments with higher returns and higher risks.

The cyclically adjusted budget deficit

is measured as if the economy were at potential real GDP.

The​ real-world money multiplier

is smaller than the simple deposit multiplier because banks keep excess reserves and households hold excess cash.

The prime rate

is the basis of the interest rate on many other types of loans

The federal funds rate

is the rate that banks charge each other for​ short-term loans of excess reserves.

A countercyclical policy is one that

is used to attempt to stabilize the economy.

The Fed uses policy targets of interest rate​ and/or money supply because

it can affect the interest rate and the money supply directly and these in turn can affect​ unemployment, GDP​ growth, and the price level.

On January​ 1, 2002, Germany officially adopted the euro as its​ currency, and the deutsche mark stopped being legal tender. According to an article in the Wall Street Journal​, even 10 years later many Germans continued using the deutsche​ mark, and many stores in Germany continued to accept it. ​Source: Vanessa​ Fuhrmans, "Who Needs the Euro When You Can Pay with Deutsche​ Marks?" Wall Street Journal​, July​ 18, 2012. It is possible for people to continue to use a currency when the government that issued it has replaced it with another currency because

it is still accepted as legal tender for transactions.

In late​ 2012, the U.S. Treasury sold the last of the stock it purchased in the insurance company AIG. The Treasury earned a profit on the​ $22.7 billion it had invested in AIG in 2008. An article in Wall Street Journal noted​ that: ​"This step in​ AIG's turnaround, which essentially closes the book on one of the most controversial bailouts of the financial​ crisis, seemed nearly unattainable in​ 2008, when the​ insurer's imminent collapse sent shockwaves through the global​ economy." . ​Source: Jeffrey Sparshott and Erik​ Holm, "End of a​ Bailout: U.S. Sells Last AIG​ Shares," New York Times​, December​ 11, 2012. The federal government bailed out AIG because

it was the largest insurance company in the nation and the government feared the repercussions of a failure of AIG.

The government bailout was controversial because

it was​ expensive, and other companies suffered through bankruptcy and failure.

If a tax cut has​ supply-side effects, then

it will affect both aggregate demand and aggregate supply.

Keynes appears unconcerned if government spending is wasteful because

it will still lead to an increase in production and employment.

If the economy moves into​ recession, monetarists argue that the Fed should

keep the money supply growing at a constant rate.

A negative supply​ shock, such as the OPEC oil price increases of the early​ 1970s, can be illustrated by a shift to the​ ______________ of the​ short-run aggregate supply curve and a shift​ _________________ of the​ short-run Phillips curve.

left; up

When the Federal Reserve provides liquidity to banks by lending to​ them, it is acting as a

lender of last resort

The federal​ government's day-to-day activities include running federal agencies like the Environmental Protection​ Agency, the​ FBI, the National Park​ Service, and the Immigration and Customs Enforcement. Spending on these types of activities make up

less than 10 percent of federal government expenditures.

As a result of crowding out in the short​ run, the effect on real GDP of an increase in government spending is often

less than the increase in government spending.

A movement from point A to point C could be caused by

long run effects of contractionary monetary policy.

The article also notes that after the financial​ crisis, "the Fed is working through a broader spectrum of interest​ rates." The reference to​ "a broader spectrum of interest​ rates" means that the Fed began to focus on

longer term Treasury rates and mortgage rates.

Why is the Fed sometimes said to have a​ "dual mandate"? The Fed is said to have​ a" dual​ mandate" because

maintaining price stability and high employment are the two most important goals of the Fed that are explicitly mentioned in the Employment Act of 1946.

The Federal Reserve may try to lower the federal funds rate to

make people more willing to borrow

According to Peter​ Heather, a historian at​ King's College​ London, during the Roman​ Empire, the German tribes east of the Rhine River produced no coins of their own but used Roman coins​ instead: ​"Although no coinage was produced in​ Germania, Roman coins were in plentiful circulation and could easily have provided a medium of exchange​ (already in the first​ century, Tacitus tells​ us, Germani of the Rhine region were using​ good-quality Roman silver coins for this​ purpose)." ​Source: Peter​ Heather, The Fall of the Roman​ Empire: A New History of Rome and the Barbarians​, New​ York:Oxford University​ Press, 2006, p. 89. When sellers are willing to accept money in exchange for goods and​ services, money is acting as a

medium of exchange.

Milton Friedman would have liked the Fed to follow a monetary rule where the

money supply is increased every year by a percentage rate equal to the​ long-run growth rate of real GDP.

What is fiat​ money?

money that is authorized by a central bank and that does not have to be exchanged for gold or some other commodity money

According to the multiplier effect​, an initial decrease in government purchases decreases real GDP by______the initial decrease in government purchases.

more than

The multiplier effect implies​ that, for a​ $100 increase in some autonomous component of aggregate​ demand, the total increase in aggregate demand will be

more than $100

The multiplier effect implies​ that, for a​ $100 increase in some autonomous component of aggregate​ demand, the total increase in aggregate demand will be

more than​ $100

​"Real GDP is currently​ $17.7 trillion, and potential real GDP is​ $17.4 trillion. If Congress and the president would decrease government purchases by​ $300 billion or increase taxes by​ $300 billion, the economy could be brought to equilibrium at potential​ GDP." If government purchases were to decrease by​ $300 billion or if taxes were increased by​ $300 billion, the equilibrium level of real GDP would decrease by

more than​ $300 billion.

The financial firms of the shadow banking system were

more vulnerable than commercial banks to bank runs because they were more highly leveraged than commercial banks.

Problems of credit availability would affect a homebuilder such as Hovnanian Enterprises because

most potential homeowners need mortgages to buy homes.

In The General Theory of​ Employment, Interest, and Money​, John Maynard Keynes wrote​ this: ​"If the Treasury were to fill old bottles with​ banknotes, bury them at suitable depths in disused coal mines which are then filled up to the surface with town​ rubbish, and leave it to private enterprise...to dig the notes up again... there need be no more unemployment​ and, with the help of the​ repercussions, the real income of the community...would probably become a good deal greater than it​ is." In this​ statement, Keynes is discussing the important macroeconomic effect called the ___ effect

multiplier

Which of the following is not a correct comparison between an expansionary monetary policy in the basic aggregate demand and aggregate supply model and in the dynamic aggregate demand and aggregate supply​ model?

n the dynamic​ model, expansionary policy would be used when demand does not grow​ sufficiently; in the basic​ model, expansionary policy would be used when demand falls. The dynamic model assumes that potential GDP is constantly growing while the basic model assumes that it is static. If the economy is below full​ employment, expansionary monetary policy will cause an increase in the price level in both models All of the above are correct statements about the two models.

According to the quantity theory of​ money, if velocity does not​ change, when the money supply of a country​ increases, what will​ occur?

nominal GDP will increase

Briefly explain whether each of the following is an example of​ (1) a discretionary fiscal​ policy, (2) an automatic​ stabilizer, or​ (3) not a fiscal policy. The federal government increases spending on rebuilding the New Jersey shore following a hurricane. This is an example of

not a fiscal policy.

The Federal Reserve sells Treasury securities. This is an example of

not a fiscal policy.

The federal government changes the required gasoline mileage for new cars. This is an example of

not a fiscal policy.

Even though the federal government earned a profit on its investment in​ AIG, economists and policymakers who opposed the bailout were

not necessarily​ wrong, because it was an expensive and risky solution.

Defense spending is increased. This is

not part of fiscal policy

Families are allowed to deduct all their expenses for daycare from their federal income taxes. This is

not part of fiscal policy

The Federal Reserve lowers the target for the federal funds rate. This is

not part of fiscal policy

Which one of the following is not a reason why businesses accept paper currency knowing​ that, unlike a gold​ coin, the paper the currency is printed on is worth very​ little? Paper currency is a good medium of exchange because it is

not valuable

Economists and policymakers might disagree over the best rule to guide monetary policy because

of differing views about the significance of inflation and unemployment.

What is​ "labor market​ slack"? The degree of slack in the economy is measured by the difference

of the unemployment rate from its equilibrium level.

Economists use the term fiscal policy to refer to changes in taxing and spending policies

only by the federal government.

An article in BusinessWeek in 2013 reported that Fed Chairman Ben Bernanke testified to Congress​ that: ​"If we see continued improvement and we have confidence that that is going to be​ sustained, then we couldlong dash—in the next few meetingslong dash—we could take a step down in our pace of​ purchases." According to the​ article, Bernanke also told Congress that​ "'premature tightening' could​ 'carry a substantial risk of slowing or ending the economic​ recovery.'" ​Source: Nick​ Summers, "Confusion about the Fed Slowing Its​ $85 Billion in Monthly Bond Buying Is Roiling the​ Markets," Bloomberg BusinessWeek​, June​ 10-16, 2013. The purchases Fed Chairman Bernanke is referring to are

open market purchases of government securities.

​(i) part of an expansionary fiscal​ policy, ​(ii) part of a contractionary fiscal​ policy, or ​(iii) not part of fiscal policy. a. The corporate income tax rate is increased. This is

part of a contractionary fiscal policy

The individual income tax rate is decreased. This is

part of an expansionary fiscal policy

Money serves as a standard of deferred payment when

payments agreed to today but made in the future are in terms of money.

When the article refers to​ "credit availability," it means the ability of

people to obtain credit.

Difficulty in estimating the​ "long-run stock of capital and​ labour" creates difficulty in estimating the value of potential GDP in real time because

potential GDP is determined by the availability of​ resources, especially capital and labor.

Given that the Phillips curve is derived from the aggregate demand and aggregate supply​ model, why use the Phillips​ curve? The answer is that while the aggregate demand and aggregate supply model shows the_____​, the Phillips curve explicitly shows the _____ the aggregate demand and aggregate supply model explicitly shows changes in the_____​, while the Phillips curve explicitly shows the ______

price level inflation rate level of real GDP unemployment rate

Money serves as a unit of account when

prices of goods and services are stated in terms of money.

A baseball fan with a Mike Trout baseball card wants to trade it for a Miguel Cabrera baseball​ card, but everyone the fan knows who has a Cabrera card​ doesn't want a Trout card. Economists characterize this problem as a failure of the

principle of a double coincidence of wants.

An article in the Economist described the difference between the rate of inflation in Zimbabwe before and after the government abandoned its own currency and made the U.S. dollar its official currency in​ 2009: ​Zimbabwe's dollar had been too liberally​ printed: a swollen stock of local banknotes was chasing a diminished supply of goods. Now the American banknotes the economy relies on have to be​ begged, borrowed or earned. Even​ so, the monetary system works surprisingly well. A scarcity of greenbacks keeps inflation in the low single digits. ​Source: "In Dollars They​ Trust," Economist​, April​ 27, 2013. ​Zimbabwe's recent​ hyper-inflation can be explained by what​ theory?

quantity theory of money

Robert Lucas​ said: ​"In practice, it is much more painful to put a modern economy through a deflation than the monetary theory we have would lead us to expect. I take this to mean that we have​ 'price stickiness."' ​Source: Paul A. Samuelson and William A.​ Barnett, eds., Inside the​ Economist's Mind: Conversations with Eminent Economists​, ​Malden, MA: Blackwell​ Publishing, 2007, p. 63. When Lucas made the comment about​ "the monetary theory we​ have," he meant the

rational expectations theory.

This chapter argues that if the price level​ increases, over​ time, the average wage should increase by the same amount. This is true because workers and firms are most concerned with the___ wage

real

Models that use​ factors, such as technology​ shocks, to explain fluctuations in real GDP instead of changes in the money supply are called

real business cycle models.

The sequester could create a headwind for the economic recovery because government spending cuts resulting from the sequester could

reduce aggregate demand.

An article in the Wall Street Journal in​ mid-2013 on Parker Hannifin​ noted: ​"The company's revenue has been falling in recent quarters amid softer international business​ conditions...." ​Source: Billy​ Crosby, "Parker Hannifin​ 4th-Quarter Net Falls on Weaker​ Volumes," Wall Street Journal​, August​ 6, 2013. A large international firm like Parker Hannifan might pay more attention to the Federal Reserve raising or lowering interest rates than a local restaurant because it

relies on international sales which are impacted by the value of the dollar for a portion of its revenue.

Economists during the early 1960s thought of the Phillips curve as a​ "policy menu" because they thought that the Phillips curve

represented a structural relationship in the economy that would not change as a result of policy changes.

An article on Bloomberg.com reported in 2012 that the​ People's Bank of China​ "cut the amount of cash that banks must set aside as reserves for the third time in six​ months, pumping money into the financial system to support lending after data showed a slowdown in growth is​ deepening." ​Source: "China Lowers​ Banks' Reserve Requirements to Support​ Growth," Bloomberg.com, May​ 12, 2012. When the​ People's Bank of China​ "cut the amount of cash that banks must set aside as​ reserves," the monetary policy tool they used was a change in the

required reserve ratio.

Suppose that the Federal Reserve makes a​ $10 million discount loan to First National Bank​ (FNB) by increasing​ FNB's account at the Fed. Complete the following​ T-account to show the impact of this transaction. First National Bank Assets Liabilities

reserves $10 million discount loan $10 million

Due to the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009long —the stimulus package long —the effect on federal government

revenue and expenditures was highest in 2010 but both effects declined in 2011.

According to Milton​ Friedman, differences between the actual and expected inflation rates could lead the actual unemployment rate to

rise above or fall below the natural rate.

The unemployment rate

rose from​ 6% to​ 10% during the period of the Volcker disinflation.

The process of​ ________ involves creating a secondary market in which loans that have been bundled together can be bought and sold in financial markets.

securitization

The recessions accompanied by a financial crisis are more severe than recessions that do not involve bank crises because

severe financial crises collapse asset​ markets, lower real housing prices and cause a significant fall in GDP and employment.

If unemployment continues to be above the natural​ rate, the​ short-run Phillips curve will

shift downward as inflationary expectations adjust downward.

As the public starts expecting a higher inflation​ rate, the​ short-run Phillips curve will

shift up and to the right

An increase in interest rates affects aggregate demand by

shifting the aggregate demand curve to the​ left, reducing real GDP and lowering the price level.

Consider the​ long-run Phillips curve and the​ short-run Phillips curve in the graph at right. A movement from point A to point B could be caused by

short run effects of contractionary monetary policy.

is considered the most relevant interest rate when conducting monetary policy.

short-term nominal interest rate

The formula for the simple deposit multiplier is

simple deposit multiplier=1/RR

Suppose that the tax increase only affected aggregate demand. Compared to the​ above, the effect on real GDP would be___ and the effect on the price level would be____

smaller larger

The multiplier effect implies that if government wants to cause an increase in aggregate demand of​ $500 million, it can do so by increasing government spending by an amount

smaller than​ $500 million

In macroeconomics courses in the 1960s and early​ 1970s, some economists argued that one of the U.S. political parties was willing to have higher unemployment in order to achieve lower inflation and that the other major political party was willing to have higher inflation in order to achieve lower unemployment. Such views of the​ trade-off between inflation and unemployment might have existed in the 1960s because the Phillips curve was widely viewed as

stable

A former Federal Reserve official argued that at the​ Fed, ​"the objectives of price stability and low​ long-term interest rates are essentially the same​ objective." ​Source:William Poole,​ "Understanding the​ Fed," Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Review​, Vol.​ 89,No. 1,​ January/February 2007, p. 4. This is true because

stable prices make it easier to plan for the​ future, so expectations can be​ stable, which makes it less costly to make loans.

In a discussion of monetary policy in the United​ Kingdom, an article in the Economist​ magazine, quoted a publication of the British Institute for Economic Affairs as arguing​ that: ​"To try to use monetary policy to reduce unemployment when inflation is already above target is playing with fire and could lead us down the road that we followed in the​ 1970s." ​Source: "Mixed​ Reaction," Economist​, August​ 7, 2013. When the author refers to​ "the road that we followed in the​ 1970s," he means the period when there was

stagflation

The table below contains real data of the number of farms F in thousands during year x. x 1999 2001 2003 2005 F 95 94 90 89 Identify the line graph on the right that accurately displays the data.

straight with slight down

Policy that is specifically designed to affect aggregate supply and increase incentives to​ work, save, and start a​ business, by reducing the tax wedge is called

supply-side economics.

In February​ 2013, the Congressional Budget Office​ (CBO) forecast that the federal budget deficit for fiscal year 2013 would be approximately​ $850 billion. In May​ 2013, the CBO revised down its forecast of the budget deficit to​ $642 billion. The CBO stated that a major reason for the downward revision was​ "factors related mainly to the strengthening​ economy." ​Source: Susan​ Davis, "CBO Drops 2013 Deficit Estimate to​ $642 Billion,"​ usatoday.com, May​ 15, 2013. a. A​ "strengthening economy" could lead to a downward revision of the projected budget deficit because as GDP​ increases,

tax revenues increase and government spending​ decreases, lowering the deficit.

There may be some truth in the​ columnist's argument, but an economist might argue that

taxpayers in one year should not have to pay for a project that will benefit other taxpayers well into the future.

An article in the Wall Street Journal discussed the views of William​ Poole, who was then the president of the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. According to the​ article, Poole argued that the expected inflation rate and the output gap affected the current inflation rate. The article quoted Poole as stating that it could take a long time before the output gap would​ "offset what's going on with inflation​ expectations." ​Source: Greg​ Ip, "Fed Policy Maker Warns of Rising​ Inflation," Wall Street Journal​, June​ 6, 2006. a. Consider the​ short-run and​ long-run Phillips curves diagram to the right. In saying that​ "both inflation expectations and the output gap affect the current inflation​ rate," Poole meant all of the following except

that increases in inflation expectations shift the​ long-run Phillips curve down along a​ downward-sloping long-run Phillips curve.

Do all economists agree with​ Lucas's main conclusions about the effectiveness of monetary​ policy? Briefly explain. Many economists have remained skeptical of all the​ following, except

that there is a​ short-run trade-off between unemployment and inflation.

In Congressional​ testimony, Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke​ said: ​"Another significant factor influencing​ medium-term trends in inflation is the​ public's expectations of inflation. These expectations have an important bearing on whether transitory influences on​ prices, such as changes in energy​ costs, become embedded in wage and price decisions and so leave a lasting imprint on the rate of​ inflation." ​Source: "Testimony of Chairman Ben S. Bernanke before the Joint Economic​ Committee,U.S.Congress," March​ 28, 2007. When Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke said that the​ public's expectations of inflation could​ "become embedded in wage and price​ decisions," he meant

that​ workers, firms,​ consumers, and the government will all take the inflation rate into account when making decisions.

Congress broadened the​ Fed's responsibility since

the 1930s as a result of the Great Depression.

In​ 2013, Japan's government debt was approaching 250 percent of​ GDP, more than twice as high as in the United States. An article in the Economist noted that​ "the sheer size of the debt weighs ever more​ heavily." ​Source: "Don't Mention the​ Debt," Economist​, May​ 4, 2013. Government debt weighs heavily on

the Japanese economy because of the taxes required to service the debt.

From an understanding of the multiplier​ process, explain why an increase in the tax rate would decrease the size of the government purchases multiplier. The value of the government purchases multiplier would decrease because in the formula for the multiplier

the MPC is multiplied by​ (1 minus− ​t).

From an understanding of the multiplier​ process, explain why an increase in the tax rate would decrease the size of the government purchases multiplier. The value of the government purchases multiplier would decrease because in the formula for the multiplier

the MPC is multiplied by​ (1 − ​t).

From an understanding of the multiplier​ process, explain why an increase in the tax rate would decrease the size of the government purchases multiplier. The value of the government purchases multiplier would decrease because in the formula for the multiplier ​Similarly, explain why a decrease in the marginal propensity to import would increase the size of the government purchases multiplier. The value of the government purchases multiplier would decrease because in the formula for the multiplier the denominator is

the MPC is multiplied by​ (1− ​t). 1-[MPC *(1-t)-MPI]

​If, in the long​ run, real GDP returns to its potential​ level, then in the long​ run,

the Phillips curve is vertical.

The event that may have led him to conclude that it is more painful to reduce the inflation rate than theory would predict was

the Volcker disinflation.

When the Federal Reserve sells Treasury securities in the open​ market,

the buyers of these securities pay for them with checks and bank reserves fall.

In​ addition, budget deficits can cause inflation if

the central bank buys the bonds used to finance the deficits.

Which of the following events was an important cause of the 2007dash-2009 ​recession?

the collapse of a housing bubble

Crowding out refers to

the decline in private expenditures that result from an increase in government purchases.

​"20 or 30 years​ ago, local financial institutions were the only option for some borrowers.​ Today, borrowers have access to national​ (and even​ international) sources of mortgage​ finance." ​Source: Daniel J.McDonald and Daniel L.​ Thornton, "A Primer on the Mortgage Market and Mortgage​ Finance," Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Review​, ​January/February 2008. What caused this change in the sources of mortgage​ finance? What would be the likely consequence of this change for the interest rates borrowers have to pay on​ mortgages? The primary reason for this change in the sources of mortgage finance was​ _____; the consequence of this change was also​ _____ in mortgage rates.

the development of a secondary mortgage​ market; a decrease

A newspaper article in the fall of 2007 reported stated​ that: ​"The luxury-home builder Hovnanian Enterprises reported its fourth consecutive quarterly loss on​ Thursday, citing continuing problems of credit availability and high​ inventory." ​Source: "New Loss for Home​ Builder," Associated​ Press, September​ 7, 2007. Hovnanian was suffering losses because

the economy was slowing down and about to head into a severe recession.

Quantitative easing policy hurts pension funds because

the eventual rise of interest rates when QE ends will lower the value of pension​ funds' fixed income portfolios.

A double coincidence of wants refers to

the fact that for a barter trade to take place between two​ people, each person must want what the other one has.

When we say that the Federal Reserve has lowered the interest​ rate, we mean that it has lowered its target for

the federal funds rate

Which of the following accurately defines the government purchases multiplier and the tax​ multiplier?

the government purchases multiplier= delta in equilibrium real GDP/delta in government purchases tax multiplier delta in equilibrium real GDP/ delta in taxes

If workers and firms have rational expectations and wages and prices adjust​ quickly, then if the Fed announces a credible expansionary monetary​ policy,

the inflation rate will​ increase, but the unemployment rate will be unchanged.

The federal funds rate is

the interest rate that banks charge each other for overnight loans.

A spokesperson for the California state agency in charge of the project mentioned that the Caldecott tunnel project would have a​ "ripple effect" on employment. The ripple effect meant that

the job creation would spread to other industries and eventually to the whole economy due to the consumption of the construction workers.

​Cross-country evidence supports that the more independent a​ country's central​ bank,

the lower its inflation rate.

We saw that in calculating the stimulus​ package's effect on real​ GDP, economists in the Obama administration estimated that the government purchases multiplier has a value of 1.57. John F.​ Cogan, Tobias​ Cwik, John B.​ Taylor, and Volker​ Wieland, in a research paper written in early​ 2009, argue that the value is only 0.61. ​Source: John F.​ Cogan, Tobias​ Cwik, John B.​ Taylor, and Volker​ Wieland, "New Keynesian versus Old Keynesian Government Spending​ Multipliers," National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper No.​ 14782, March 2009. a. The government purchases multiplier can have a value greater than zero and less than 1 if

the marginal propensity to consume is negative.

If the price level​ decreases,

the money demand curve shifts to the left.

If real GDP​ increases,

the money demand curve shifts to the right.

Which of these variables are the main monetary policy targets of the​ Fed?

the money supply and the interest rate

If the FOMC orders the trading desk to sell Treasury​ securities,

the money supply curve will shift to the​ left, and the equilibrium interest rate will rise.

Economists believe that the smaller the tax wedge for any economic​ activity, such as​ working, saving,​ investing, or starting a​ business,

the more of that economic activity that will occur

As the tax rate​ increases,

the multiplier effect decreases.

The economic concept that part of each additional dollar earned will be​ spent, and that this spending will provide additional income of which part will again be​ spent, is known as

the multiplier principle

The central bank of a country controls the money​ supply, which equals the currency held by

the public plus their checking acount balances.

Suppose that the inflation rate is increasing each year for a number of​ years, then

the rational expectations hypothesis is likely to give more accurate forecasts because if workers or firms have rational​ expectations, then they will use all the available information to forecast future inflation.

An article in a publication of the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco described the change in the natural rate of unemployment in​ 2011: Recent labor markets​ developments, including mismatches in the skills of workers and​ jobs, extended unemployment​ benefits, and very high rates of​ long-term joblessness, may be impeding the return to​ "normal" unemployment rates of around​ 5%. An examination of alternative measures of labor market conditions suggests that the​ "normal" unemployment rate may have risen as much as 1.7 percentage points to about​ 6.7%, although much of this increase is likely to prove temporary. ​Source: Justin Weidner and John C.​ Williams, "What Is the New Normal Unemployment​ Rate?" FRBSF Economic Letter​, February​ 14, 2011. The natural rate of unemployment has increased because of all the​ following, except

the recent downturn in the labor market.

The Fed gave up targeting the money supply because

the relationship between monetary aggregates and other economic variables was becoming unreliable.

The Phillips curve exhibits

the relationship between the unemployment and the inflation rates.

Which of the following refers to the minimum fraction of deposits banks that are required by law to keep as​ reserves?

the required reserve ratio

Notice that the graph only shows the shifts in aggregate demand​ (AD) and​ long-run aggregate supply​ (LRAS); for purposes of this exercise we ignore​ short-run aggregate supply. Now suppose that there is an increase in marginal tax rates on individual income that affects both aggregate demand and​ long-run aggregate supply. Compared to the dynamic changes shown in the​ graph, the result of the increase in the marginal tax rate will be that

the rightward shift in aggregate demand will be smaller and the rightward shift in​ long-run aggregate supply will be smaller.

On the other​ hand, if Greenspan had accepted the view and wanted to target a lower inflation​ rate, monetary policy during the late 1990s might have been ____

the same as it was

When the Federal Reserve purchases Treasury securities in the open​ market,

the sellers of such securities deposit the funds in their banks and bank reserves increase.

We saw in the chapter opener that during​ 2013, Congress and President Obama were unable to reach an agreement to avoid the​ sequester, which involved a series of automatic cuts in federal government purchases. In testifying before​ Congress, then Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke said that the sequester​ "could create a significant headwind for the economic​ recovery." ​Source: Binyamin​ Appelbaum, 'Austerity Kills Government Jobs as Cuts to Budgets​ Loom," New York Times​, February​ 26, 2013. When Bernanke said​ "headwind," he meant that

the sequester could slow down the economic recovery

It would seem that both households and businesses would benefit if the federal income tax were simpler and tax forms were easier to fill out. ​However, tax laws have become increasingly complicated because

the tax laws are used to encourage certain activities and discourage others.

The national debt is best measured as

the total value of U.S. Treasury securities outstanding.

The Caldecott tunnel in northern California and similar construction projects elsewhere in the country would be expected to help the economy in the short​ run, because

the use of discretionary fiscal policy would create a multiplied increase in real GDP and employment.

Robert Lucas and Thomas Sargent argued that

there might not be a​ trade-off between unemployment and inflation in the short​ run, and the​ short-run Phillips curve would be vertical.

An article on how the Zimbabwean economy had recovered after the end of the hyperinflation notes the following fact as being​ important: "Bank deposits increased by​ 31% last​ year, to​ $4.4 billion." ​Source: "In Dollars They​ Trust," Economist​, April​ 27, 2013. Bank deposits are important to the Zimbabwean economy because

these funds enable banks to make loans.

How can investment banks be subject to liquidity​ problems? Investment banks can be subject to liquidity problems because

they often borrow short​ term, sometimes as short as​ overnight, and invest the funds in​ longer-term investments.

Support for a monetary rule of the kind advocated by Friedman declined since 1980 because

the​ Fed's performance since 1980 has been excellent even without a formal inflation target.

What is​ "Operation Twist"? ​"Operation Twist" refers to

the​ Fed's program to purchase​ $400 billion in​ long-term Treasury securities while selling an equal amount of​ shorter-term Treasury securities.

The simple deposit multiplier equals

the​ inverse, or​ reciprocal, of the required reserve ratio. the ratio of the amount of deposits created by banks to the amount of new reserves. the formula used to calculate the total increase in checking account deposits from an increase in bank reserves. All of the above.

Milton Friedman argued that the Phillips curve did not represent a permanent​ trade-off between unemployment and​ inflation, since

the​ long-run Phillips curve is​ vertical, there is no​ trade-off between unemployment and inflation in the long run.

In​ 2012, the ratio of imports to GDP was 14 percent in Japan and 83 percent in Belgium. On the basis of this​ information, you can conclude that

the​ open-economy multiplier in Belgium would be less than the the​ open-economy multiplier in Japan.

The Chinese government has refused to print currency in denominations higher than the​ 100-renminbi note, which is the equivalent of about​ $16. The United States prints​ $100 bills and all other countries print currency in denominations that are at least that high. The Chinese government might be reluctant to print currency in high denominations

to discourage corruption.

The quantity theory of money is better able

to explain the inflation rate in the long run.

The goal of expansionary fiscal policy is

to increase aggregate demand.

When Congress established the Federal Reserve in​ 1913, its main responsibility was

to make discount loans to banks suffering from large withdrawals by depositors.

Congress initially decided to make the Fed independent of the rest of the federal government

to prevent an incumbent administration from exploiting Fed policy to remain in power. to avoid the inflation that might arise if the Fed buys government bonds that were floated for​ debt-financing.

Which of the following are categories of federal government​ expenditures?

transfer payments grants to state and local governments interest on the national debt All of the above.

The largest and​ fastest-growing category of federal expenditures is

transfer payments.

Central banks try to maintain price stability. This is typically assumed to refer to inflation. ​ However, if prices are​ falling, this is undesirable as well because deflation also impacts price stability.

true

Countries with a higher marginal propensity to import ​(MPI​) will have smaller multipliers than countries with a lower marginal propensity to import.

true

During the German hyperinflation of the​ 1920s, many households and firms in Germany were hurt​ economically; however, people with debt actually benefited some from the hyperinflation.

true

Few economists believe the federal government should attempt to balance its budget every year.

true

If some of the Roman coins had been taken to​ Germania, then the coins could have been a medium of exchange in Germania if people began to consider it safe and would have accepted it for payments. If coins could have been easily used to purchase goods and services in other​ areas, the coins would also have some intrinsic value.

true

It would be possible to decide whether these factors or a bubble was the cause of rising housing prices by looking at the number of new home units sold. If the number of new home units sold rose noticeably over​ time, then the evidence supports the bubble argument.

true

Stabilizing asset prices should not be added to the list of the​ Fed's policy goals because they are more specific and deal mainly with individuals and firms. Each of these carry risk associated with them and the Fed should not be in the business of trying to make profit for individuals.

true

The actual change in real GDP resulting from an increase in government purchases or a cut in taxes will be less than the simple multiplier effect indicates.

true

The balanced budget multiplier is always equal to 1.

true

Two ​government-sponsored enterprises that stand between investors and banks that grant mortgages are the Federal National Mortgage Association and the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation.

true

We can say that loans are funded by deposits because deposits give banks financial​ capital, which can be loaned out so banks can make a profit.

true

Friedman defined the​ "natural rate of​ unemployment" as the

unemployment rate that exists when the economy produces potential GDP.

In testifying before​ Congress, Alan Greenspan​ remarked, ​"The challenge of monetary policy is to interpret data on the economy and financial markets with an eye to anticipating future inflationary forces and to countering them by taking action in​ advance." ​Source: Nicoletta Batini and Andrew G.​ Haldane, "Forward-Looking Rules for Monetary​ Policy," in John B.​ Taylor, ed., Monetary Policy Rules​, ​Chicago: University of Chicago​ Press, 1999, p. 157. Why should the Fed take action in anticipation of​ inflation? Why not just wait until the increase in the inflation rate has​ occurred? The answer is that the Fed does not want a higher inflation rate to persist​ because, if it​ does, the​ short-run Phillips curve may shift

up

If the Fed believes the inflation rate is about to​ increase, it should

use a contractionary monetary policy to increase the interest rate and shift AD to the left.

If workers and firms have rational​ expectations, they will

use all available information when forming their expectations of future​ inflation; thus, the actual inflation rate will be equal to the expected inflation rate.

If the Fed believes the economy is about to fall into​ recession, it should

use an expansionary monetary policy to lower the interest rate and shift AD to the right.

If the Fed wants to move from a point on the​ short-run Phillips curve representing high unemployment and low inflation to a point representing lower unemployment and higher​ inflation, then it should

use expansionary monetary policy.

According to an article in the Economist​ magazine, Senator Charles Schumer of New York claimed that Bitcoin is​ "just what drug dealers have been waiting​ for." ​Source: "Bits and​ Bob," Economist​, June​ 13, 2013. Drug dealers might find using a virtual currency like Bitcoin to be appealing because it can be

used to make anonymous transactions.

Velocity is defined as

v=(P*Y)/M

​Additionally, the federal funds rate is

very important for the​ Fed's monetary policy because the Fed uses the federal funds rate as a monetary policy target since it can control the rate through open market operations.

He concluded that the U.S. economy apparently had​ "price stickiness," because

wages and prices declined very slowly during the disinflation process.

Therefore, during the​ 1970s, there____ a​ trade-off between unemployment and inflation.

was not

they____to think of the Phillips curve as a​ "policy menu."

were not correct

Since​ 2008, the Fed has used forward guidance as a monetary policy tool. Forward guidance refers to central banks telling the public

what future monetary policy will be in order to shape expectations today.

Governments sometimes allow hyperinflation to occur because

when governments want to spend more than they collect in​ taxes, central banks increase the money supply at a rate higher than GDP​ growth, often resulting in hyperinflation.

The federal funds rate is the interest rate charged

when one bank lends money to another bank

A serious inconsistency exists between a vertical​ long-run aggregate supply curve and a​ downward-sloping long-run Phillips curve because

when the​ long-run aggregate supply curve is vertical at potential real​ GDP, the​ long-run Phillips curve is vertical at the natural rate of unemployment.

c. Inflation expectations are slow to respond to the output gap because

workers and firms may not have rational expectations when predicting the future inflation rate and​ wage-price stickiness exists.

Consider the graph on the​ right, where both the​ short-run and​ long-run Phillips curves are vertical. An expansionary monetary policy will increase the inflation rate continuously but will have no effect on the unemployment rate because of all the following except

workers and firms who have adaptive expectations will not consider the​ Fed's policy before forming their expectations about inflation.

Most economists in 1968_____ have agreed with him because they ___

would not believed in the stable trade-off relation manifested in the Phillips curve.

What is the disadvantage of holding​ money?

​Money, in the form of currency or checking account​ deposits, earns either no interest or a very low rate of interest.

What is meant by​ supply-side economics?

​Supply-side economics refers to the use of taxes to increase incentives to​ work, save,​ invest, and start a business in order to increase​ long-run aggregate supply.

Is it possible for Congress and the president to carry out an expansionary fiscal policy if the money supply does not​ increase?

​Yes, because fiscal policy and monetary policy are separate things.

In​ 2009, Congress and the president enacted​ "cash for​ clunkers" legislation that paid people buying new cars up to​ $4,500 if they traded in an​ older, low​ gas-mileage car. ​Source: Justin​ Lahart, Trade-In Program Tunes Up Economic​ Engine," Wall Street Journal​, August​ 4, 2009. Was this piece of legislation an example of fiscal​ policy?

​Yes, because the primary goal of the spending program was to stimulate the national economy.

Does government spending ever reduce private​ spending?

​Yes, due to crowding out.

As the interest rate​ increases,

​consumption, investment, and net exports​ decrease; aggregate demand decreases.

A​ "premature tightening" of the​ "pace of​ purchases" would slow down the economic recovery because this action would be

​contractionary, reducing lending and economic activity.

An attempt to reduce inflation requires​ _____________ fiscal​ policy, which causes real GDP to​ _________ and the price level to​ __________.

​contractionary; fall; fall

As the price of a single good​ rises, the quantity demanded of that good tends to​ _______________. As overall prices​ (the price​ level) rise, the quantity demanded of output tends to​ _________________.

​decrease, decreas

There is a different​ short-run Phillips curve for every level of the​ ___________ inflation rate. The inflation rate at which the​ short-run Phillips curve intersects the​ long-run Phillips curve equals the​ ___________ inflation rate.

​expected; expected

If expected inflation is higher than actual​ inflation, actual real wages in the economy will turn out to be​ _________ than expected real​ wages; consequently, firms will hire​ _________ workers than they had planned.

​higher; fewer

According to the​ crowding-out effect, if the federal government increases​ spending, the demand for money and the equilibrium interest rate will​ ___________, which will cause​ consumption, investment, and net exports to​ ___________.

​increase; decrease

Budget deficits automatically​ __________ during recessions and​ __________ during expansions.

​increase; decrease

With an expansionary monetary​ policy, investment,​ consumption, and net exports all​ ________, which results in the aggregate demand curve shifting to the​ ________, increasing real GDP and the price level.

​increase; right

If the unemployment rate is below the natural​ rate, the inflation rate tends to​ ___________, and​ eventually, the​ short-run Phillips curve will shift​ _______.

​increase; up

In an opinion column in the Wall Street​ Journal, Martin Feldstein of Harvard University argued with respect to quantitative easing​ that, "low interest rates are generating excessive​ risk-taking by banks and other financial​ investors." He also warned that the risks could have serious negative effects on the value of pension funds. ​Source: Martin​ Feldstein, "The Fed Should Start to Taper​ Now," Wall Street Journal​, July​ 1, 2013. Under quantitative easing​ policy, the Fed purchased

​long-term Treasury securities and​ mortgage-backed securities to reduce​ long-term interest rates.

When interest rates on Treasury bills and other financial assets are​ low, the opportunity cost of holding money is​ _________, so the quantity of money demanded will be​ _________.

​low; high

In​ 2013, John Taylor​ wrote: ​"I realize that there are differences of opinion about what is the best rule to guide policy and that some at the Fed​ (including Janet​ Yellen) now prefer a rule with a higher coefficient​ [on the output​ gap]." ​Source: John​ Taylor, "Cross Checking​ 'Checking in on the Taylor​ Rule'," www.economicsone.com, July​ 16, 2013. If the Taylor rule was changed to have a higher coefficient on the output​ gap, then during a recession the federal funds rate would be

​lower, because more weight would be given to the output gap.

After Fed Chairman Paul Volcker began fighting inflation in​ 1979, workers and firms eventually​ ____________ their expectations of future​ inflation, and the​ short-run Phillips curve shifted​ ___________.

​lowered; down

As interest rates​ decline, stocks become a​ __________ attractive investment relative to​ bonds, which causes the demand for stocks and their prices to​ __________.

​more; rise

Expansionary fiscal policy has a​ ________ multiplier effect on equilibrium real​ GDP, and contractionary fiscal policy has a​ ________ multiplier effect on equilibrium real GDP.

​positive; negative

Suppose that when the Fed decreases the money​ supply, households and firms initially hold less money than they want​ to, relative to other financial assets. As a​ result, households and firms will​ _________ Treasury bills and other financial​ assets, thereby​ _________ their​ prices, and​ _________ their interest rates.

​sell; decreasing; increasing

When the Fed conducts monetary​ policy, the most relevant interest rate is the

​short-term nominal interest rate.

Policy that is specifically designed to affect aggregate supply and increase incentives to​ work, save, and start a​ business, by reducing the tax wedge is called

​supply-side economics.

Since World War​ II, the federal​ government's share of total government expenditures has been between

​two-thirds and​ three-quarters.

About​ ________ of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act stimulus package took the form of increases in government​ expenditures, and about​ ________ took the form of tax cuts.

​two-thirds; one-third


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