Econ Final
According to OECD data, the infant mortality rate in the US:
... has been decreasing and reached 5.8 in 2017, a higher rate than the infant mortality rate in other similar countries.
Compared to other developed countries, the US ... (select ALL that are TRUE)?
... has lower life expectancy. ... spends more per capital on medical care.
An estimated 1.2 million people in the United States had HIV at the end of 2018. How many of those people are estimated to not know they have HIV?
1 in 7
Which of the following rankings describe the gender pay gap by race/ethnicity, with 1 being the highest gender pay gap and 4 the lowest gender pay gap?
1-Asians, 2-Whites, 3-Hispanics, 4-Blacks
Which of the following rankings describe the labor force participation rates among women older than 20 years old, (with 1 being the highest and 4 the lowest)?
1-Blacks, 2-Hispanics, 3-Asians, 4-Whites
Which of the following rankings describe the labor force participation rates among men older than 20 years old, (with 1 being the highest and 4 the lowest)?
1-Hispanics, 2-Asians, 3-Whites, 4-Blacks
Which of the following rankings describe the labor force participation rates among teenagers between the age of 16 and 19 (with 1 being the highest and 4 the lowest)?
1-Whites, 2-Hispanics, 3-Blacks, 4-Asianscheck
What is the approximate share of the U.S. GDP attributable to IP-intensive industries?
1/3
According to Rehavi and Starr (2013)'s study, black offenders receive sentences that are on average ...?
10% longer than comparable white offenders arrested for the same crimes.
For which of the following age group is the foreign-born labor force participation higher than the native-born labor force participation (select all that apply)?
16 and older, 24 and older, older than 54
When did the proportion of foreign-born within the U.S. population reached its lowest point?
1970's
Black female and male incarceration rates peaked in?
1999
Teen pregnancy rates are
2 to 3 times higher among Hispanics and Blacks than among Whites.
What percentage of the public believed illegal drugs was the most important problem facing the U.S. in 1985?
2%
As of 2018, how many people were incarcerated in the U.S.?
2.3 million
The results from a 2012 study by Cawley and Meyerhoefer (2012) suggest that health care spending due to obesity makes up about...?
20.6 percent of national health care expenditures.
At the current rates at which the share of patents that list at least one women inventor is increasing, when will we reach parity with men (i.e. reach a share of 50%)?
2092
According to the Institute for Women's Policy Research (IWPR), what was the share of patents that listed at least one women inventor in 2019?
21.9%
For which of the following age group is the native-born labor force participation higher than the foreign-born labor force participation (select all that apply)?
24 to 45-year-old
In 2018, what percentage of all arrests were of black civilians compared to the percentage of blacks in the total U.S. population?
27% of all arrests were of black civilians while blacks make up about 13% of the total U.S. population.
Excessive alcohol use is responsible for approximately how many deaths per year?
40,000 deaths every year.
As of 2016, African Americans were incarcerated at ...?
5.2 times the rate of whites
Binge drinking is ...
50% higher among whites than blacks.
What percentage of the public believed illegal drugs was the most important problem facing the U.S. in 1989 (a few years after the Anti-Drug Abuse Act)?
62%
As of 2018, how many people were incarcerated in the U.S. for every 100,000 residents?
655
According to Curry and Klumpp's theoretical model, jury (or judge) decisions are less likely to be biased/prejudiced based on observable characteristics (wealth, social status, race, etc.) when...?
A fine is used as a punishment.
The first women inventor to receive a patent received it...
A full century before women in the U.S. had the right to vote
Which of the following statements about the equal pay act of 1963 and the subsequent Title VII of the Civil Right Act is INCORRECT?
A study from 2006 looking at state equal-pay laws showed that those laws increased the relative employment of women.
IP intensive industries directly and indirectly support how much of all employment in the U.S.?
About 30%
Which of the following characteristics/behaviors are known to affect the likeliness of getting HIV (select ALL that apply)?
Age Gender Hemophiliacs Transfusion recipients of blood Drug use Sexual orientation Race/ethnicity Location (urban vs. rural) Education and income level
Which of the following are measurable factors (i.e. easy to measure) that can explain part of the gender pay gap we observe on average?
Age, Experience, Education, Occupation, Hours worked per week or month
For which of the following sub-groups (select all that apply) do native-born individuals earn more than foreign-born individuals?
All, Men, Women, Hispanics
Which of the following group had the lowest labor force participation rate in 2018?
American Indian and Alaska Native
Which of the following group has the highest level of unemployment?
American Indian and Alaska Native
Asthma, diagnosed diabetes, periodontitis, and tuberculosis are ALL more prevalent (select ALL that apply)...
Among Hispanics than among Whites. Among Blacks than among Whites.
Smoking rates are twice as high ...
Among white teenagers as black teenagers.
Which of the following group has the lowest level of unemployment?
Asian
Which of the following is FALSE about unemployment rate by gender?
Asian men have lower unemployment rate than Asian women
According to the recent economic literature (Tonry and Melewski, 2008; Baumer, 2013), how much of racial disparities in imprisonment CAN be explained by arrest patterns?
Between 34% and 61%
When comparing the unemployment rate among the general population with the rate among transgender people only, which of the following race/ethnicity has the highest unemployment gap?
Black
In recent years, the incarceration rate of...?
Black women declined faster than the incarceration rate of Black men.
Which of the following subgroups is the likeliest to contract AIDS/HIV?
Black/African American Women, Heterosexual Sexual Contact
Which of the following subgroups is the likeliest to contract AIDS/HIV?
Black/African American, Male-to-Male Sexual Contact
Among the 4 largest race/ethnic groups, the gender gap in patent application is the smallest for:
Blacks
Infant mortality rates are the highest for which of the following group?
Blacks
Which of the following racial/ethnic groups is the likeliest to contract AIDS/HIV?
Blacks
Which two groups experienced longer periods of unemployment?
Blacks and Asians
The prevalence of asthma is higher for (select ALL that apply) ...
Blacks than for Whites Hispanics than for Whites Children than for Adults
Neal and Rick (2014) found that the vast majority of the prison population growth observed between 1985 and 2005 resulted from
Changes in sentencing policies.
Which of the following pre-market characteristics can affect wage but is NOT influenced by racial discrimination in society?
Competitive attitude
Which of the following recent economic research - suggesting that geography, and particularly urban segregation, plays a role in racial disparities in health - is partially INCORRECT?
Concentrated urban poverty has been linked to poorer mental health and poorer physical health (Moving to Opportunity program; Kling et al. 2007).
Which of the following evidence about racial differences in health care access and use if FALSE?
Conditional on seeking treatment, we do not observe racial differences in quantity and quality of the treatment received (Peterson et al., 1997).
Blacks are more likely than Whites or Hispanics to die from (select ALL that apply)...
Coronary heart disease Stroke Homicides
Which of the following is not an actual type of innovation?
Creative innovation
Racial disparities in policing outcomes may reflect... (select ALL that apply)?
Crime rates disparities across neighborhoods "Taste-based racial discrimination" Policies with unequal impacts on minorities
The first African American inventor to receive a patent received it...
Decades before the abolition of slavery
In the last decade, the annual number of new HIV/AIDS diagnoses in the US has been...
Decreasing
The gender gap in the number of women inventors who remain active by patenting again within five years is
Decreasing
Which of the following statement is FALSE about the income patent gap?
Differences in ability (measured by 3rd grade test-scores) explain a significant portion of the income patent gap.
Ethnic diverse countries are more likely to:
Disagree internally on how to provide public education.
Whites are more likely than Blacks or Hispanics to die from (select ALL that apply)...
Drug-induced causes Suicide
Which of the following statements about the relationship between ethnic diversity and government is FALSE?
Ethnic diverse countries are less likely to have market distortions due to uncoordinated and/or corrupted officials.
Ethnic diversity is an index that represents the probability that two randomly selected people belong to the same ethnic group.
False
HIV is largely a rural disease.
False
The majority, that is about 64 percent of the overall U.S. pay gap, cannot be explained, while 36 percent of the overall pay gap can be explained by the observable factors that were added in this model.
False
Research on fertility shows that (select ALL that are TRUE):
Fertility and female labor force participation variation by country can be explained by differences in cultural norms and beliefs. Higher level of fertility increases future human capital.
Which of the following statement about the regional trends of racial disparity in imprisonment is FALSE?
For women, states with the largest racial disparities in 2016 were mostly located in the Northeast.
Which of the following group has participation rates that show more variation across race and ethnicity groups?
Foreign-born
Which of the following group observes a wider labor force participation gender gap?
Foreign-born
Individuals from which of the following groups are the least likely to be in the labor force?
Foreign-born women
The labor participation gap is wider between:
Foreign-born women with children and Native-born women with children
Which of the following statements about the relationship between ethnic diversity and ethnic polarization is FALSE?
Higher values of ethnic diversity are accompanied with increasing ethnic polarization for high levels of ethnic diversity.
Which of the following statement about unemployment rates for people with disabilities is FALSE?
Hispanics with a disability have a higher rate of unemployment than blacks with a disability.
Which of the following is FALSE about the gender pay gap in 2018?
In 2018, women between the ages of 25 and 34 working full-time earned 89 cents for every dollar a man in the same age group earned.
Apart from the potential effect of government programs, what are the main alternative explanations that could explain why the Black/White earnings gap has shrunk since the 1960's (select all that apply)?
Increase in educational attainment of blacks, Increase in school quality for blacks, Large reduction in labor force participation of blacks were mostly low-skilled workers
The estimated lifetime healthcare costs of treating AIDS/HIV patient has...
Increased over time.
What are the economic benefits of closing gender, race, and income gaps in innovation for society (select ALL that apply)?
It would increase economic GDP per capita It would increase the number of start-ups It would generate new jobs It would increase social mobility
Discretionary sentencing may lead to racially biased outcomes because...(select ALL that apply)?
Judges use observable characteristics such as social status to distinguish among offenders. Judges may use the offenders' background and living environment to determine their prison terms. Racial minorities are more likely to have lower education level, social status, and wealth, and thus experience discrimination that are not directly linked to their race or ethnicity but are indirectly linked to it.
Ethnic diversity is associated with:
More talented or educated people choosing rent-seeking occupations.
Total annual spending on antiretroviral drugs has ...
More than doubled since 2010, reaching $22.5 billion in 2018.
Which of the following statements about labor market discrimination against blacks is FALSE?
Most studies find that pre-market differences explain the entire black/white wage gap that we observe.
Which of the following group had the highest labor force participation rate in 2018?
Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander
Which of the following statements about management, professional, and related occupations, the highest paying major occupational category, is true?
Native-born Hispanics are significantly more likely to work in this high pay occupation compared to foreign-born Hispanics
Which of the following group has observe an increase in participation rates in recent years?
Native-born Hispanics,
Given (i.e. controlling for) educational attainment, who earns more?
Native-born individuals
Which US region has the highest rate of people living with HIV?
Northeast
Nationally, the foreign labor-force population made up about 17.4% of the total labor force in 2019. In which of the following region(s) (select all that apply) was the foreign-born share of the labor force higher than the 17.4% national share?
Northeast, West
Which of the following ways to measure innovation is an output measure?
Number of patents granted
Which of the following statements about O'Neill's results on labor market discrimination against women is FALSE?
O'Neill's results showed that differences in labor market occupations explained the largest part of the observed gender gap in earnings
Which of the following factors is the most significant factor contributing to the pay gap?
Occupation/industry
Which of the following study results describing the relationship between gender and experience level is INCORRECT?
One study of those who graduated with a Master of Business Administration (MBA) degree from the same highly ranked business school, found that women earned more than men immediately after graduation, but after 15 years, they earned 40 percent less (Bertrand, Golding, Katz, 2010).
Which of the following pre-market characteristics can affect wage but is NOT influenced by gender discrimination in society?
Parents' socioeconomic status
Which of the following statements about labor market policies related to the integration of immigrants is FALSE?
Policies that segment labor markets (restrict some occupations) increase wage assimilation.
Which of the following does NOT explain why political instability/civil war will hinder economic growth?
Political instability and civil war will attract individuals with low level of education.
The U.S. patent system drives innovation by (select all that apply):
Promising exclusive rights for one's innovation which provides inventors the incentive to expend resources to research and development. Facilitating the commercialization aspect of innovation via the ability to buy and sell IP rights.
Which of the following ways to measure innovation is an input measure?
R&D spending per GDP
Stratification theories attribute most of the racial disparities in imprisonment to ...?
Racial discrimination throughout the justice system.
Racial disparities at each stage of the justice system: the evidence
Racial disparities found at each stage are typically insignificant, but their combined effect is found to be significant
Normative theories attribute most of the racial disparities in imprisonment to ...?
Racial disparities in crimes.
Which of the following causal link is FALSE?
Researchers have found evidence that health affect race and ethnicity.
Which US region has the highest number of people living with HIV?
South
The political climate of the 60s and 70s led to a string of policies aimed at stopping the boom in crime rates, those policies include ... (select all that apply)?
The Comprehensive Crime Control Act The Anti-Drug Abuse Act The Sentencing Reform Act The Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act (1994 Crime Bill)
Which country has the highest incarceration rate in the world?
The United States
What is the main example used to illustrate why the Anti-Drug Abuse Act was so controversial for being racially discriminatory?
The act instructed a minimum sentence of five years without parole for possessing 5 grams of crack cocaine (which is mostly used by blacks) while giving the same punishment for holding 500 grams of powder cocaine (which is mostly used by whites).
Which of the following statements about racial disparities in incarceration rates - as measured by the black-white incarceration rate ratio - is TRUE (select ALL that apply)?
The fall in racial disparity since 1995 has been substantially larger for women than for men.
Which of the following about life expectancy at birth in the US is FALSE?
The gap between male and female life expectancy has been increasing over time.
Which of the following statement about reported health disparities by race and ethnicity is FALSE?
The gap in reported health between Blacks and Hispanics decreases as individuals age.
Which of the following conclusions from Anderson and Huang (2019)'s and Lubotsky (2000)'s studies is FALSE?
The immigrants pay gap usually decreases much slower for highly educated immigrants than for lower-educated immigrants.
Which of the following is FALSE about the Index of dissimilarity measure?
The index of dissimilarity has lowered over time which means that more occupational segregation exists now compared to the 1970's.
Innovation is defined as:
The invention and commercialization of a new product or process.
The gender gap in patents is bigger when looking at:
The number of patent applications by gender
Which of the following statement about reported health disparities by education and income is FALSE?
The relationship between education and self-reported health becomes more pronounce (steeper curve) with age until age sixty-four and then flattens among the elderly.
Which of the following is TRUE about the unemployment rate gap between the general population and the transgender population?
The transgender population's unemployment rate is double the general population's rate
Which of the following statement about police officer prejudice/bias is FALSE?
There is strong empirical evidence of racial animus effect in vehicle searches.
Ethnic polarization measures the cultural distance between each pair of ethnic groups within a country using observable variables like income.
True
Male incarceration rate is much higher than female incarceration rate.
True
Most studies analyze earnings rather than total compensation, which would be preferable to estimate the true disparities, because data on the value of employee benefits are not generally available by demographic group.
True
What are the two main factors influencing out-of-pocket costs for HIV patients (select the TWO that apply)?
Type of insurance coverage. Type of drugs prescribed (generic vs. brand-name).
Which of the following groups make up more than 10% of scientists and engineers in the U.S. (select ALL that apply)?
White men, White women, Asian men,
Among the 4 largest race/ethnic groups, the gender gap in patent application is the largest for:
Whites
Foreign born are on average less educated than natives. For which of the following groups (select all that apply) do we observe that foreign-born have higher level of education than natives?
Whites, Blacks
Which of the following is FALSE about occupations and gender?
Women also earn more within an occupation.
Generally speaking, why are women so much less likely to hold commercialized patents (select ALL that apply)?
Women are under-represented in engineering jobs. Women hold a smaller share of doctorates. Women are less likely to find/have mentors, especially women mentors. Corporate culture and academic culture are still filled with sexist stereotypes. Women's networks are more restricted and are thus less likely to find ways to commercialize their inventions.
According to Garant and Munroe (2012), why are women so much less likely to hold commercialized patents? (select ALL that apply)
Women hold a smaller share of mechanical and electrical engineering degrees among all holders of science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) degrees. Women are under-represented in engineering jobs, particularly the patent-intensive electrical and mechanical engineering fields, and in other jobs that involve research and development or design. Women hold a smaller share of doctorates.
Obesity is disproportionately more prevalent ...?
among Black and Hispanic women, with rates reaching 53 and 44 percent, respectively.
Research shows that ethnic diversity lead to civil unrest when (select ALL that apply):
ethnic diversity is measured in terms of polarization, as ethnic polarized societies have been shown to be more prone to dysfunctional politics. ethnic politics (i.e. ethnic hatred to mobilize support for one group over others) is used, which is more likely to occur in ethnically polarized societies. the groups that come to power create government policies that expropriate (or kill) the ethnic losers, restrict their freedom to organize opposition, and limit the rights of ethnic groups outside the ruling group to consume public goods.
Dismantling Jim Crow laws and implementing federal affirmative action programs
generated a dramatic episode of black economic progress in the South between 1965 and 1975
What are the two most popular metrics used at the country level to measure health?
mortality measures and morbidity measures.
A hiring process which arbitrarily restricts women from particular positions and keeps them in positions in which they are overqualified is an example of
occupational discrimination.
Ethnic diversity in a country promote international trade because ... (select ALL that apply)
of the existence of transnational ethnic, cultural, or linguistic networks. it is associated with more diverse skills among the labor force. at the firm-level, ethnic diversity has been shown to increase the probability to export.
Which age group is the most affected by HIV?
people aged 13 to 24
Racial bias may manifest itself through (select ALL that apply)
police officers judges juries district attorneys
In general, African Americans receive inferior public education compared to Whites. This is an example of
pre-market discrimination.
The number of tuberculosis cases come in majority from...
the foreign-born community.