Ed Psych ALL QUIZ Q's

Which of the following statements best reflects the essence of Kohlberg's conventional morality? a. "Don't run that stop sign; it's against the law." b. "Don't run that stop sign; you might dent the car." c. "Don't run that stop sign; we agreed that it might hurt somebody." d. "Don't run that stop sign; we might get a ticket."

a. "Don't run that stop sign; it's against the law."

In terms of classroom performance, lower-SES children are often at a disadvantage when compared with middle-class children because they a. All of these. b. have a lower level of need for achievement. c. do not value academic achievement as highly. d. live in overcrowded homes and stressful neighborhoods

a. All of these.

Which of the following instructional methods has proven to be effective in multicultural education programs? a. All of these. b. Peer tutoring. c. Cooperative learning. d. Mastery learning

a. All of these.

Mrs. Wakefield believes that Antonio, one of her ethnic minority students, is capable of no better than "C" level work. If she communicates this expectation to Antonio, even in subtle ways, Antonio's reaction is likely to be which of the following? a. Antonio's work will be largely consistent with Mrs. Wakefield's expectations. b. The quality of Antonio's work is likely to be very inconsistent, ranging from "A" and "B" levels one week to "D" and "C" levels the next. c. There won't be any noticeable reaction, since a teacher's expectations do not have a strong influence on a student's work. d. Antonio is likely to be so angry with Mrs. Wakefield, he will do "B" and "A" level work just to prove her wrong.

a. Antonio's work will be largely consistent with Mrs. Wakefield's expectations

What is required to carry out the first step in problem solving, which is realizing that a problem exists? a. Being dissatisfied with the current status of a situation. b. Gathering relevant information. c. A clearly stated problem. d. Studying worked examples.

a. Being dissatisfied with the current status of a situation.

Which of the following is not a characteristic of the scientific method, as outlined in the text? a. Beliefs b. Control c. Sampling d. Objectivity

a. Beliefs

Which of the following statements best describes research findings on the effects of cooperative learning? a. Cooperative learning increases motivation, achievement, and social interaction. b. Cooperative learning increases achievement and makes classrooms easier to manage. c. Cooperative learning increases motivation, but not achievement or social interaction. d. Cooperative learning increases motivation and achievement, but not social interaction.

a. Cooperative learning increases motivation, achievement, and social interaction.

Which of the following statements describes the primary difference between educational goals and objectives? a. Educational goals are broad statements whereas objectives focus on specific observable behaviors. b. Educational goals refer to achievement in elementary schools while objectives refer to achievement in junior and senior high school. c. Educational goal is a term that was used in the early 1950's and has since been replaced with the term "educational objective." d. Educational goals refer to the outcomes that students want whereas objectives refer to the outcomes that teachers want.

a. Educational goals are broad statements whereas objectives focus on specific observable behaviors.

Creating visual images that represent the ideas from a section of text is an example of which of the following processes? a. Elaborative rehearsal b. Maintenance rehearsal c. Recognition d. Attention

a. Elaborative rehearsal

Which of the following statements would Howard Gardner most likely agree with? a. Even if you have a high intelligence in a particular domain, you may fail or struggle with some tasks within that domain b. Each subject needs to be taught 8 different ways so that students can develop all 8 intelligences equally. c. A child with a high intelligence in one domain is destined to experience success in that domain as an adult. d. An individual who has a high level of intelligence in one domain probably has a high level of intelligence in all of the domains.

a. Even if you have a high intelligence in a particular domain, you may fail or struggle with some tasks within that domain

Which of the following statements accurately reflect research findings on computer use by males and females? a. Females are more anxious than males about using computers. b. Females are less likely than boys to use computers at school and at home. c. Males are less likely than females to use computers at school and at home d. Males are more anxious than females about using computers.

a. Females are more anxious than males about using computers.

A teacher who checks a student's progress on math homework every 5 minutes is using a ________ schedule of reinforcement. a. Fixed interval b. Variable ratio c. Variable interval d. Fixed ratio

a. Fixed Interval

In what way is Robert Sternberg's theory of intelligence a break from traditional theories? a. It includes practical ability as an aspect of intelligence. b. It includes personality as an aspect of intelligence. c. It includes emotion as an aspect of intelligence. d. It includes musical ability as an aspect of intelligence.

a. It includes practical ability as an aspect of intelligence.

If you are concerned with maintaining the proper degree of control and management over your adolescent students, which of the following is the best approach? a. Make and communicate a specific system of clear rules and procedures. b. Allow the students to determine all classroom rules democratically. c. Distribute a set of general guidelines for classroom behavior. d. Don't worry about passing out rules to students or posting them; they wish to be treated as adults and need to be told about rules only once.

a. Make and communicate a specific system of clear rules and procedures.

At the beginning of each new topic, Ms. Foley provides her students with a concept map that indicates the important ideas they will be learning and how those ideas relate to one another. This technique is most consistent with which psychological principle? a. Organization b. Reinforcement c. Fostering multiple viewpoints d. Self-actualization

a. Organization

"Complete these problems, and you can go out to recess." This is an example of a. Premack principle. b. generalization. c. time out. d. extinction.

a. Premack principle

Which of the following factors would students who have experienced a great deal of academic success for a long period of time likely cite to explain current successes and failures? a. Success is due to ability and effort, failure to lack of effort. b. Success is due to good luck, failure to lack of ability. c. Success is due to persistence, failure to bad luck. d. Success is due to good luck, failure to bad luck.

a. Success is due to ability and effort, failure to lack of effort.

Multicultural educators believe which of the following with regard to cultural pluralism? a. They believe in all of these statements. b. Individuals should be able to fully participate in a society without feeling as if they need to give up their cultural identity. c. Each culture within a society should respect all other cultures. d. A society should support all the cultures that make it up.

a. They believe in all of these statements.

Ms. Bridge teaches in a rural community that is composed of people with similar backgrounds. She would like her 5th grade students to become more familiar with how students from different cultural backgrounds and social classes live their lives. What advice would you give Ms. Bridge regarding this goal? a. This is an important goal that is best pursued by using such technology tools as e-mail exchanges and web-based programs. b. This is an important goal that is best pursued by arranging field trips to ethnically and socially diverse communities. c. Don't pursue this goal because it not important and will reduce the amount of instruction devoted to such subjects as reading, math, and science. d. Don't pursue this goal because students will find it boring.

a. This is an important goal that is best pursued by using such technology tools as e-mail exchanges and web-based programs.

After becoming proficient at chess, Karl decides to learn how to play poker. Which type of transfer is most likely to occur in this situation? a. Zero transfer. b. Negative transfer. c. Positive transfer. d. Low-road transfer.

a. Zero transfer.

When a child adapts to a new experience by adjusting his/her own schemes, he/she is demonstrating a. accommodation. b. egocentrism. c. assimilation. d. formal operational stage thinking.

a. accommodation.

A teacher who uses the constructivist concept of scaffolded instruction would do which of the following? a. All of these. b. Explain how a math problem should be solved. c. Demonstrate how self-questioning can be used to monitor one's reading comprehension. d. Provide corrective feedback immediately after a response.

a. all of these

If you wanted students to learn how to construct a meaningful knowledge base, which of the following instructional activities would be most appropriate? a. All of these activities. b. Present learning tasks and problems in realistic contexts. c. Teach students self-regulated learning skills. d. Expose students to different perspectives about an issue or problem.

a. all of these activities

If you were describing cooperative learning to a colleague, which of the following features would you include in your description? a. All of these elements b. Students in a group must accept that they have to help one another meet whatever the demands are of a particular task. c. Each group should have a goal that can be achieved only if all members of the group learn the knowledge and skills of a particular lesson. d. Each group of students should reflect different backgrounds and capabilities.

a. all of these elements

Gender differences in achievement and cognition appear to be due to a. both biological and social factors. b. biological factors (for example, brain structure). c. social factors (for example, socialization). d. neither biological nor social factors.

a. both biological and social factors.

The ability to recognize that certain properties of an object remain intact even if the object changes in appearance is know as a. conservation. b. accommodation. c. egocentrism. d. perceptual centration.

a. conservation.

Piaget argued that the primary form of moral thinking for children under the age of ten is the morality of a. constraint. b. resolve. c. cooperation. d. restriction.

a. constraint.

To enhance both low-road transfer and high-road transfer, a teacher would a. do all of these. b. teach students how to formulate general rules and strategies from one task and apply them to similar tasks. c. give students many opportunities to practice using newly learned ideas and skills on different types of problems. d. help students recall relevant, previously learned information.

a. do all these

If you must criticize a student, you should a. do it privately, and then suggest appropriate behavior. b. do it publicly so that others get the message as well. c. make sure the criticism is severe enough to prevent recurrence. d. follow the criticism with a restitution assignment.

a. do it privately, and then suggest appropriate behavior.

Dual coding theory holds that information is more likely to be recalled if it is a. encoded both verbally and visually. b. stored in both short-term and long-term memory. c. read or recited aloud at least twice. d. learned with a study partner.

a. encoded both verbally and visually.

Ms. Broom ignores Sam who frequently yells out in class. Within a week, Sam is no longer yelling out. This is an example of a. extinction. b. punishment. c. time-out. d. negative reinforcement.

a. extinction.

Instead of telling students that they have to read the next chapter in their history book for tomorrow's class, Mr. Lopez assigns about 1/3 of the chapter for each of the next three days. Mr. Lopez does this because a. he knows that distributed practice produces more learning than massed practice. b. he knows that students who like their teacher learn more, so giving them easy homework assignments is a way to get them to like him. c. he teaches the low ability class and his students are not capable of reading and retaining that much information in one day. d. this is a way to make the material more meaningful.

a. he knows that distributed practice produces more learning than massed practice.

If you take into account Kounin's observations on class management, you are most likely to keep a class alert and involved if you ask a question and then call on students a. in random order. b. in alphabetical order. c. according to the seating arrangement. d. who are eager to participate.

a. in random order.

A limitation of nonscientific observations of behavior is that they a. lead one to make inappropriate generalizations. b. are not likely to provide meaningful information about student behavior. c. limit one to a single theoretical perspective. d. can only be carried out by a trained psychologist.

a. lead one to make inappropriate generalizations.

Teachers who constantly think about the effectiveness of their previous, current, and future teaching are a. likely to become more effective teachers in the future. b. likely to become so plagued by doubts that they become less effective teachers. c. too obsessed with the small details of teaching to be effective. d. just as effective as teachers who do not reflect on their teaching efforts.

a. likely to become more effective teachers in the future.

The purpose of maintenance rehearsal is to a. maintain information in short-term memory until you are ready to use it. b. transfer information from short-term memory to long-term memory. c. maintain information in the sensory register until you are ready to use it. d. transfer information from long-term memory to short-term memory

a. maintain information in short-term memory until you are ready to use it.

A child who has just moved from the Piagetian stage of preoperational thought to the concrete operational stage has recently achieved the ability to a. mentally reverse actions. b. make friends with peers of either gender. c. deal with hypotheses. d. engage in egocentric thinking.

a. mentally reverse actions.

Self-efficacy primarily affects motivation by having an impact on an individual's choice of learning goals, attributions, and a. outcome expectations. b. judgments of one's teachers. c. educational values. d. choice of friends.

a. outcome expectations.

According to social cognitive theory, attitudes are part of the ________ component of the triadic reciprocal causation model. a. personal characteristics b. behavioral patterns c. environmental factors d. social attributes

a. personal characteristics

Five psychologists, all of whom read research journals, may reach different conclusions about the nature of human learning because a. psychologists don't always agree on the meaning of research findings. b. some psychologists are more reflective than others. c. psychologists are trained to be argumentative. d. psychologists are sometimes more interested in promoting their own reputation than the truth.

a. psychologists don't always agree on the meaning of research findings

When 14-year-old Ramone says, "I enjoy playing football because I'm good at it," he is providing information regarding his a. self-concept. b. self-efficacy. c. self-description. d. self-esteem.

a. self-concept.

Children learn facts and other information from informal everyday activities. Vygotsky referred to the information learned through this process as a. scientific concepts. b. emergent learning. c. spontaneous concepts. d. theoretical learning.

a. spontaneous concepts.

If you wanted to design a school setting that would foster a strong sense of academic self-concept among its students, you would a. stress teaching techniques aimed at increasing self-regulated learning. b. encourage students to feel good about themselves. c. increase the amount of competition among students. d. consistently tell students how happy you were to have them in your class.

a. stress teaching techniques aimed at increasing self-regulated learning.

All of the following factors have been shown to affect self-efficacy EXCEPT a. year in school. b. past performance. c. emotional reactions d. verbal persuasion

a. year in school.

Which of the following teacher statements would most likely allow students to better understand the need for classroom rules and encourage them to behave appropriately? a. "Don't run in the hall because it isn't well-mannered behavior." b. "Don't run in the hall because you may get hurt or hurt someone else." c. "Don't run in the hall because it is against the rules." d. "Don't run in the hall because you will get a demerit if you do."

b. "Don't run in the hall because you may get hurt or hurt someone else."

How long does information generally stay in the sensory register? a. Forever b. 1 to 3 seconds c. 60 seconds d. 20 to 30 seconds

b. 1 to 3 seconds

Which of the following is not a condition necessary for mastery learning? a. Giving students however much time they need to learn a lesson. b. A highly experienced teacher. c. A student who understands a teacher's explanations. d. A student who is motivated to learn despite occasional difficulties.

b. A highly experienced teacher.

Which of the following statements represents the most accurate summary of the research on character education programs? a. Telling students what they should or should not do results in students who exhibit more desirable moral behaviors. b. A student's social environment is at least as important as the content of a character education program in producing changes in moral behavior. c. Teaching students how to resolve hypothetical moral dilemmas results in students who exhibit more desirable moral behaviors. d. Requiring students to read stories that illustrate traditional moral values results in students who exhibit more desirable moral behaviors.

b. A student's social environment is at least as important as the content of a character education program in producing changes in moral behavior.

Mr. Henry requires his chemistry students to use the information provided during lecture to complete a lab assignment. Mr. Henry is testing for which level of Bloom's taxonomy? a. Comprehension b. Application c. Evaluation d. Synthesis

b. Application

Richard attends the Mardi Gras festival in New Orleans for the first time. Unaccustomed to singing and dancing in public streets, he nevertheless joins the thousands of people who are participating. This incident best illustrates which of the following observational learning effects? a. True observational learning. b. Facilitation c. Disinhibition. d. Inhibition.

b. Facilitation.

Giving a student a sticker for every 10 questions he answers correctly is an example of a ________ schedule of reinforcement. a. Variable ratio b. Fixed ratio c. Fixed interval d. Variable interval

b. Fixed ratio

Which of the following is an illustration of intrinsic motivation? a. Jeffrey mows his neighbor's lawn so that he can earn enough money to buy a new bike. b. Gilbert runs 2 miles each day after school because he enjoys the feeling of well-being that he experiences. c. Kayla studies hard for her biology tests so that she won't get into trouble with her parents. d. Samantha spends $200 on new clothes to impress her friends.

b. Gilbert runs 2 miles each day after school because he enjoys the feeling of well-being that he experiences.

How do boys and girls differ when it comes to bullying other students? a. They don't. b. Girls are more likely to use verbal rather than physical means to bully others. c. Girls are more likely to use physical rather than verbal means to bully others. d. Boys engage in verbal bullying as much as they do physical bullying.

b. Girls are more likely to use verbal rather than physical means to bully others.

Which of the following statements would an information-processing/social cognitive theorist most likely endorse? a. Avoid teaching students how to encode information for storage in long-term memory because it interferes with the more powerful and meaningful encodings that students create on their own. b. Learning is a gradual process that incorporates prior knowledge. c. Teachers don't need to worry about presenting information in an organized format because students will do that for themselves anyway. d. Students like the challenge and perform best when they are asked to learn a large amount of information in a short period of time.

b. Learning is a gradual process that incorporates prior knowledge.

Which of the following types of transfer lead to the automatic application of a learned skill? a. General transfer b. Low-road transfer c. High-road transfer d. Negative transfer

b. Low-road transfer

Which of the following best states the difference between Mager-style and Gronlund-style objectives? a. Mager-style objectives do not include observable behaviors while Gronlund-style objectives do. b. Mager-style objectives are more specific than Gronlund-style objectives. c. Mager-style objectives are used in math and science while Gronlund-style objectives are used in all other disciplines. d. Mager-style objectives take less time to write than Gronlund-style objectives.

b. Mager-style objectives are more specific than Gronlund-style objectives.

If you are teaching high school, which of the following should you not consider in an effort to manage the behavior of your students? a. Allow students to participate in rule setting so that they will be invested in classroom procedures. b. Make sure rules are clearly spelled out to everyone so that there is no ambiguity in regard to appropriate classroom behavior. c. Don't be too strident about following procedures, since students of this age wish to be treated as adults. d. Have a specific system of procedures, one from which there is little deviation, so not much time is wasted.

b. Make sure rules are clearly spelled out to everyone so that there is no ambiguity in regard to appropriate classroom behavior.

A man stopped kissing his wife on arriving home each day. Soon after, his wife greeted him with an angry look. As a result, the husband resumed kissing his wife each day when he returned home. Which of the following has occurred? a. Generalization b. Negative reinforcement c. Shaping d. Extinction

b. Negative reinforcement

Research has shown that time-out works best with which type of child? a. One who daydreams. b. One who is aggressive. c. One who procrastinates. d. None of these.

b. One who is aggressive.

A teacher who is trying to enhance memory through elaborative rehearsal should place greatest stress on which of the following techniques? a. Providing frequent, brief reviews and quizzes b. Organizing and discussing the meaning of what is being covered. c. Calling on students frequently to repeat what was learned during a class period d. Speaking slowly and deliberately, emphasizing clarity in presentations.

b. Organizinig and discussing the meaning of what is being covered.

Which of the following practices is an effective teacher most likely to engage in? a. Not constructing a lesson plan for the first day because initial teacher-student interactions should be informal and relaxed. b. Planning how to handle classroom routines and behavior problems before meeting the class. c. Not providing a list of basic classroom rules because these are discussed thoroughly early in the year. d. Allowing students to work separately on self-chosen activities.

b. Planning how to handle classroom routines and behavior problems before meeting the class.

Which of the following situations best illustrates the social cognitive view of motivation? a. Arranging students in small groups for problem solving. b. Praising students whose behavior may be imitated by classmates. c. Presenting to students unique and challenging ideas that are discrepant with their current beliefs. d. Encouraging positive interpersonal relations among students

b. Praising students whose behavior may be imitated by classmates.

Which of the following accurately lists Piaget's stages in chronological order? a. Concrete operational, sensorimotor, formal operational, preoperational b. Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational c. Preoperational. Sensorimotor, formal operational, concrete operational d. Formal operational, preoperational, concrete operational, sensorimotor

b. Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational

Which of the following best articulates this chapter's stance on the nature of teaching? a. It is pointless to prepare lesson plans since classroom teaching is so unpredictable. b. Teaching entails both unpredictable aspects as well as situations that can be addressed ahead of time. c. Given the right amount and type of information, teachers will be prepared for anything that might arise. d. An effective teacher is one who has mastered the details of his or her subject matter.

b. Teaching entails both unpredictable aspects as well as situations that can be addressed ahead of time.

As an educational psychologist, which of the following would you be most interested in studying? a. The level of education attained by school superintendents. b. The classroom behavior of teachers and students. c. The levels of extracurricular involvement among students. d. The personality characteristics of parents.

b. The classroom behavior of teachers and students.

What does it mean to say that a person is ethnocentric? a. The person avoids being identified with his or her culture. b. The person believes that his or her culture is superior to other cultures. c. The person resents other cultures. d. The person subscribes to a particular ethnic identity.

b. The person believes that his or her culture is superior to other cultures.

Margot gets so involved in her reading and homework assignments that she is often unaware of how much time has gone by since she sat down to work. This situation can best be characterized as a. absentmindedness. b. a flow state. c. a fantasy state. d. compensation for perceived low self-efficacy.

b. a flow state.

A fourth-grade teacher argues that one of her low-achieving students should repeat the grade next year because the last student who repeated fourth grade performed significantly better in fifth and sixth grades. This teacher's argument illustrates a. sound professional judgment. b. a nonscientific explanation of human behavior. c. a scientific approach to teaching. d. a characteristic of the artistic aspect of teaching.

b. a nonscientific explanation of human behavior.

Generalizing from Diana Baumrind's research on parenting styles, which style of interaction would likely allow students to regulate their own behavior most effectively? a. permissive b. authoritative c. authoritarian d. laissez-faire

b. authoritative

A formal agreement where a teacher and a student determine a mutually-agreed on behavior and a mutually-agreed on reinforcement is an example of a a. time-out. b. contingency contract. c. token economy. d. response cost.

b. contingency contract.

Engaging in a behavior that is usually disapproved of because we observe a model doing the same thing without being punished is an example of a. inhibition b. disinhibition. c. true observational learning. d. facilitation

b. disinhibition.

Sometimes it will be necessary to criticize students. If you follow suggestions offered in the text, you will a. do it promptly, even if you must interrupt a lesson. b. do it privately, and then say something encouraging. c. explain why the behavior is unacceptable and ask for an apology. d. first permit the student to explain, and then give your criticism.

b. do it privately, and then say something encouraging.

Carol Gilligan's primary criticism of the theories put forth by Erikson and Kohlberg is that their theories a. do not take ethnic differences into consideration. b. do not recognize that the development of females differs from that of males. c. are no longer relevant to children growing up in the 21st century. d. are based solely on laboratory experiments and cannot be applied to everyday life.

b. do not recognize that the development of females differs from that of males.

A teacher who realizes that students attend to only what they have schemata for should a. provide students with a list of learning objectives. b. explain how knowledge of a subject relates to everyday life. c. distribute a course outline on the first day of class. d. systematically reinforce students for exhibiting good attending behaviors.

b. explain how knowledge of a subject relates to everyday life.

Robert Sternberg's theory of learning styles is modeled after a. different instructional styles. b. forms and functions of civil government. c. different forms of thinking. d. military ranks.

b. forms and functions of civil government.

A student who has just been praised for learning that the plural of goose is geese says that he saw a train that had three cabeese. Behavioral theorists would classify this as an example of a. reinforcement. b. generalization. c. discrimination. d. extinction.

b. generalization.

Insight into one's learning processes seems to a. decrease with age. b. increase with age. c. change very little over the life span d. be unrelated to academic performance.

b. increase with age.

Of the following, the teacher who is most likely to attract students' attention is the one who a. distributes an outline of a lecture. b. lectures on the Civil War dressed as Abraham Lincoln. c. encourages students to ask questions during a lecture. d. lectures on a topic of current importance.

b. lectures on the Civil War dressed as Abraham Lincoln.

Ms. Swindell, during a lecture on the importance of proper hygiene, notices that Phil and Todd (the class clowns) are quietly plotting a scheme in the back of the room. The other students are not aware of the scheming, and Ms. Swindell smoothly continues with the lecture. Upon completion, she calls the boys aside and, as the class works on another project, explains why their behavior is unacceptable. This example illustrates the use of a. overlapping. b. momentum in class activities. c. the ripple effect. d. an I-message.

b. momentum in class activities.

Cognitive constructivism is the construction of knowledge through a. negotiated meaning. b. one's personal, individual experiences. c. interactions with one's culture. d. shared understandings with others.

b. one's personal, individual experiences.

A period of time during adolescence that includes adventure, exploration, and a delay of commitment is known as a(n) a. integrity vs. despair crisis. b. psychosocial moratorium. c. epigenetic principle. d. foreclosure identity status.

b. psychosocial moratorium.

How capable one feels to handle particular kinds of tasks is called a. self-concern. b. self-efficacy. c. self-regulation. d. self-reinforcement.

b. self-efficacy.

A teacher who reinforces a child every time he correctly finishes a step in his long-division problem until he finishes the problem is demonstrating a. discrimination. b. shaping. c. spontaneous recovery. d. extinction.

b. shaping.

Direct instruction includes all of the following EXCEPT a. extensive use of positive reinforcement. b. student-directed instruction. c. keeping students on task. d. a focus on learning basic knowledge and skills.

b. student-directed instruction.

To help her better understand the content of her reading assignment, Darlene creates concept maps of each chapter. Darlene can be said to be behaving a. cautiously. b. tactically. c. in all of these ways. d. strategically

b. tactically.

Mr. West has just launched into a well-planned lecture about the causes of the American Revolution, but most of the students appear uninterested. Undaunted, Mr. West cuts the lecture short and switches to a video on the same topic. These actions best reflect a. an unfortunate inability to stick to a lesson plan. b. the art of teaching. c. a reflective teacher. d. the science of teaching.

b. the art of teaching.

To help him remember the ideas of a speech he will give in class, Mason creates a visual image of each idea and then imagines placing each idea in room in his house. The techniques Mason is using is a. an acronym mnemonic. b. the method of loci. c. the keyword method. d. an acrostic mnemonic.

b. the method of loci.

According to the humanistic view, your motivation for studying educational psychology should stem primarily from a. a desire to discover relationships and resolve conflicts between divergent sets of ideas. b. your need to become a competent and effective teacher. c. rewards available to you in the form of high grades, social approval, and the promise of a good job. d. your perception of educational psychology as a humanistic field of study.

b. your need to become a competent and effective teacher.

Which of the following teaching situations is likely to produce the highest level of positive transfer? a. An auto shop instructor requires students to learn a list of safety rules before working on equipment. b. A second-grade teacher confers with other second-grade teachers in her district to coordinate learning objectives. c. A business education teacher arranges the classroom as an office and uses machines and practices common to most offices. d. A physical education instructor teaches the principles of movement in a two-week unit before allowing sports activities.

c. A business education teacher arranges the classroom as an office and uses machines and practices common to most offices.

Which of the following is the best example of gender bias? a. A male student with a learning disability is given extra time to complete exams and homework assignments. b. A female student who has a history of disrupting class with wisecracks is reprimanded by the teacher for making a joke about a serious subject. c. A female student who is uncomfortable with small animals is told by the teacher that she does not have to clean out the hamster's cage. d. A male student who sometimes does not complete his part of a group project is not invited to a group study session by the other members of the group.

c. A female student who is uncomfortable with small animals is told by the teacher that she does not have to clean out the hamster's cage.

A student is able to describe the structure and workings of monarchies, dictatorships, and democracies. Which level of Bloom's taxonomy is this student illustrating? a. Evaluation b. Knowledge c. Analysis d. Comprehension

c. Analysis

What mechanism helps transfer information from the sensory register to short-term memory? a. Rehearsal b. Organization c. Attention d. Chunking

c. Attention

In which of the following is a student demonstrating a favorable attitude toward a subject? a. Jennifer approaches the physics teacher to discuss personal problems after school. b. Camille tells a friend that she should take science next year from the teacher that Camille currently has. c. Bernie spends his allowance money to voluntarily attend a lecture by a famous historian. d. Scott says that he enjoys his English class.

c. Bernie spends his allowance money to voluntarily attend a lecture by a famous historian.

If you take into account Kounin's observations on class management, you are most likely to keep a class alert and involved if you a. always call on a good student first, then ask a question. b. ask one pupil to answer several questions in succession. c. call on several students, in unpredictable order and in quick succession. d. call on students while moving systematically around the room.

c. Call on several students, in unpredictable order and in quick succession

According to Carol Gilligan, "loss of voice" refers to situations in which a. Males limit their participation in discussions so that others have an opportunity to talk b. Females dominate discussions to the point where others begin to tune them out. c. Females either do not talk or only say what they think others want them to say. d. Both males and females make an inappropriate statement and decide to limit their involvement in future discussions.

c. Females either do not talk or only say what they think others want them to say.

A person who has a reputation for getting along well with others and who is good at solving people problems is most likely to have which of the following learning styles? a. Impulsive b. Field-independent c. Field-dependent d. Reflective

c. Field-dependent

According to Christine Bennett, which of the following would NOT be considered an aspect of ethnicity that could lead to misunderstandings between students and teachers? a. Nonverbal communication b. Social values c. Personal interests d. Verbal communication

c. Personal interests

The behavioral approach to motivation has been criticized for which of the following reasons? a. Behavior changes produced by this approach are likely to be temporary. b. Whatever intrinsic motivation students may have for a subject is likely to be undermined. c. The behavioral approach has been criticized for all of these reasons. d. Students may develop a materialistic attitude toward learning.

c. The behavioral approach has been criticized for all of these reasons

Mrs. Benson, a ninth-grade teacher, has designed a social studies unit on the conquest and relocation of several Native American tribes during the 1800s. She plans to explore this issue from the perspectives of the U.S. government, the average U.S. citizen, and the average Native American tribal member. This description comes closest to which of the following approaches to multicultural education? a. Social Action b. Additive c. Transformative d. Contributions

c. Transformative

How should you respond to a teacher who says that her experience in working with students is more valuable than research as a source of ideas for classroom instruction? a. You should agree with her because teaching is an art. b. You should agree with her because experienced teachers generally know what they're talking about. c. You should disagree with her because one's personal experiences are unsystematic observations that often lead to faulty practices. d. You should disagree with her because researchers are highly trained and always produce accurate and useful findings.

c. You should disagree with her because one's personal experiences are unsystematic observations that often lead to faulty practices.

To say that a teacher plays the role of artistic scholar means that the teacher a. integrates the fine arts with language arts and science. b. uses unorthodox methods when necessary to achieve an instructional objective. c. can switch from a research-based lesson to an improvised lesson. d. conducts research in her classroom with the same passion as a painter.

c. can switch from a research-based lesson to an improvised lesson.

An instructional approach which incorporates the accomplishments of ethnic minorities only if their views are consistent with mainstream American culture is known as a(n) a. social action approach. b. transformative approach. c. contributions approach. d. ethnic approach.

c. contributions approach.

To discourage students from waiting until the last minute to study for exams, teachers should schedule exams at a. different intervals and announce when each exam will be given. b. regular intervals and not announce when each exam will be given. c. different intervals and not announce when each exam will be given. d. regular intervals and announce when each exam will be given.

c. different intervals and not announce when each exam will be give.

The triadic reciprocal causation model describes behavior as resulting from the interaction of personal characteristics, behavioral patterns, and a. emotions. b. self-efficacy. c. environmental factors. d. self-evaluation.

c. environmental factors.

Cooperative learning is particularly well suited to the goals of multicultural education programs because it a. teaches students to follow the teacher's directions. b. makes each student responsible for his or her own work c. helps students learn how to get along better with one another. d. helps students acquire better learning skills.

c. helps students learn how to get along better with one another.

Self- and peer-questioning is an effective learning tactic because it a. makes memorization of material easier. b. helps students evaluate what parts of their strategy work and what parts don't work. c. helps students understand and relate new information to what they already know. d. forces students to think about the validity of their learning goals.

c. helps students understand and relate new information to what they already know.

One impediment to the process of problem framing is inert knowledge. Inert knowledge refers to a. isolated fragments of knowledge. b. knowledge that was never well learned and thus is easily forgotten c. knowledge that can be recalled and supplied only under narrow circumstances. d. knowledge that is inaccurate.

c. knowledge that can be recalled and supplied only under narrow circumstances.

Placing a student who disrupts the classroom to get attention in the hallway is an example of a. shaping. b. negative reinforcement. c. time-out. d. discrimination.

c. time-out.

Cameron believes that her performance in school depends largely on intellectual skills that she can refine and use more effectively over time. Her classmate, Yolanda, believes that her performance is a function of an innate ability that cannot change. Cameron is likely to have ________ goals, whereas Yolanda is likely to have ________ goals. a. entity, incremental b. performance, mastery c. mastery, performance d. incremental, entity

c. mastery, performance

With respect to practice, teachers who use direct instruction a. allow students to decide when and how much to practice. b. schedule a few long and intense practice sessions. c. move from highly structured practice sessions to independent practice sessions. d. virtually ignore it.

c. move from highly structured practice sessions to independent practice sessions.

The constructivist view of learning holds that meaningful learning occurs when a. teachers construct advance organizers. b. people construct concrete representations of reality. c. people make their own interpretations of ideas and experiences. d. teachers construct a logical sequence of lessons.

c. people make their own interpretations of ideas and experiences.

Effective teachers usually a. make the first day of school a no-work day. b. don't find it necessary to provide a list of classroom rules. c. plan how to handle classroom routines and behavior problems. d. let students work separately on self-chosen activities.

c. plan how to handle classroom routines and behavior problems.

According to Vygotsky, forms of communication such as speech, writing, and gestures that are passed from member to member of a culture are called a. scaffolds. b. zones of proximal development. c. psychological tools. d. psychosocial facilitators.

c. psychological tools.

In general, intelligence tests are best at predicting a. overall life satisfaction. b. future occupational success. c. school success. d. all of these.

c. school success.

A colleague who has for many years used lecture as his primary teaching tool reads several articles that point out its shortcomings and recommend better alternatives. Exasperated, he claims this is proof that teachers should ignore educational research and rely instead on the tried-and-true. You reply that a. the best teachers are those who stick with what they know. b. the best teachers are those who know when to ignore research and when to follow it. c. scientific research is designed to add to and modify previous insights about learning, development, and teaching. d. scientific research often contradicts or qualifies current teaching practices because researchers conduct unrealistic experiments.

c. scientific research is designed to add to and modify previous insights about learning, development, and teaching.

Shelly states that she can run a mile in under five minutes even though she hasn't tried it before. This statement provides us with information about Shelly's a. self-esteem. b. self-concept. c. self-efficacy. d. self-description.

c. self-efficacy.

At the beginning of the school year, Randall and his classmates were told by the teacher that if they finished an in-class assignment early, they were to read quietly until everyone else in class was finished. A few weeks later, Randall finishes a math assignment before several others and opens his reading book. Randall's behavior can be said to be a. self-confident. b. self-abosrbed. c. self-regulated. d. self-centered.

c. self-regulated.

Will's high school basketball team has made the state playoffs for the first time in 20 years. Will, who could best be described as a casual fan of the team, finds himself engaged in animated discussions with his classmates about how successful the team is likely to be in the tournament. Will's interest in the team's playoff prospects could best be described as a. personal. b. phony. c. situational. d. sports-related.

c. situational.

If you wanted to increase the probability of a particular behavior, such as completing an assignment within a time limit, being repeated you would a. tell students how disappointed in them you will be if they do not complete their assignment on time. b. threaten to increase the number and size of their future assignments. c. tell students how pleased you are after they have completed one of your assignments on time. d. say nothing to them.

c. tell students how pleased you are after they have completed one of your assignments on time.

Kindergarten and first-grade children are typically very inefficient learners because a. they are not motivated to learn the kinds of things taught in school. b. they are physically active. c. they have little metacognitive knowledge. d. all of these choices contribute to young children being inefficient learners.

c. they have little metacognitive knowledge.

Self regulation is a. how capable one feels to handle a particular task. b. being reinforced by viewing someone else engaged in a desired behavior receive reinforcement. c. using thoughts, feelings, and actions in various settings to attain one's goals. d. the extent to which individuals reach their potential in the classroom.

c. using thoughts, feelings, and actions in various settings to attain one's goals.

Which of the following best reflects a self-efficacy statement? a. "I'm about twenty pounds overweight for my age and height." b. "My academic skills are about average." c. "I have a lot of friends because I'm a thoughtful and considerate person." d. "I have little doubt that I will win the upcoming golf tournament."

d. "I have little doubt that I will win the upcoming golf tournament."

If you follow Kounin's recommendations for handling disruptive behavior, you would say to misbehaving students, a. "If that behavior doesn't stop, I'll have to make an example of you." b. "If you two don't cut that out, I'll send you to the principal." c. "I'm beginning to get concerned about the behavior of some people." d. "Pedro and Daniel, horseplay around chemistry equipment is dangerous. Get back to work on that experiment."

d. "Pedro and Daniel, horseplay around chemistry equipment is dangerous. Get back to work on that experiment."

According to Erikson's theory, parents who put pressure on children in the early preschool years (ages 2 and 3) to accomplish tasks according to the parents' standards may produce which of the following problems for the child? a. A child who feels superior to his peers. b. A child who has difficulty making friends. c. A child who looks to model the behavior of older children, which leads to a sense of role confusion. d. A child who is unsure about his or her capabilities.

d. A child who is unsure about his or her capabilities.

In which of the following examples is a teacher helping students improve memory through the use of a mnemonic device? a. A biology teacher first presents a written outline of a lecture, then fills in details orally. b. An English teacher stresses note-taking, paraphrasing, recitation, and review. c. A history teacher has students learn the name and ordinal position of each U.S. president by memorizing ten each week. d. A music teacher has students learn the lines of the staff—EGBDF—with the phrase "Every good boy does fine."

d. A music teacher has students learn the lines of the staff—EGBDF—with the phrase "Every good boy does fine."

In which of the following situations is a teacher demonstrating skill at handling what Kounin calls overlapping? a. A teacher deals with students of different ages on a playground by taking their various ages into account. b. A teacher gives the class a free period and uses the time to help several students who have fallen behind. c. A teacher notices that two students are sleeping, stops the lesson, wakes the students, and then begins again. d. A teacher working with one group of students turns momentarily to tell another group to get busy, and then quickly redirects his attention to the first group.

d. A teacher working with one group of students turns momentarily to tell another group to get busy, and then quickly redirects his attention to the first group.

If, as psychologists claim, long-term memory is a permanent storehouse, which of the following statements is the most likely explanation for why we forget things? a. We didn't learn the information sufficiently well to begin with. b. The information we are trying to learn is too different from anything we currently know. c. The information we are trying to learn is too similar to information we already know. d. All of these are possible explanations of forgetting.

d. All of these are possible explanations of forgetting

Research on gender differences in cognition and achievement shows that a. Girls earn higher scores on tests of mathematical reasoning and visual-spatial skills while boys earn higher scores on tests of memory and language. b. they no longer exist. c. Boys earn higher grades than girls. d. Boys earn higher scores on tests of visual-spatial skills and college entrance while girls earn higher scores on tests of memory and language.

d. Boys earn higher scores on tests of visual-spatial skills and college entrance while girls earn higher scores on tests of memory and language.

Which of the following statements best reflects the last 30 years of research findings on the effect of computer-based instruction (CBI)? a. CBI is no better than conventional classroom instruction at raising achievement levels. b. Only high-achieving students benefit from CBI. c. CBI has proven to be a more effective form of instruction than conventional classroom instruction for all grade levels. d. CBI is best used with certain types of students, with certain materials, and for certain types of outcomes.

d. CBI is best used with certain types of students, with certain materials, and for certain types of outcomes.

If you were impressed by Kounin's recommendations for handling class disruptions, which of the following procedures would you follow? a. Call attention to class rules and the penalties for misbehavior. b. Publicly criticize the troublemakers in order to influence the behavior of others. c. Ignore the troublemakers and if the behavior does not stop, punish them. d. Call the troublemakers by name and remind them of what they should be doing.

d. Call the troublemakers by name and remind them of what they should be doing.

Which of the following best characterizes a learning strategy? a. Taking notes from a lecture and then rewriting them. b. Developing an acronym for the main points of a textbook chapter. c. Underlining the main and subordinate points in a textbook chapter. d. Developing a plan for passing the tests in a history course.

d. Developing a plan for passing the tests in a history course.

Which of the following is an accurate statement about the use of bullying by boys versus girls? a. Boys engage in more bullying than girls. b. Boys and girls engage in about the same amount of bullying. c. Girls engage in very little bullying, relying instead on the use name-calling, insults, and rumors. d. Girls engage in more bullying than boys.

d. Girls engage in more bullying than boys.

Which of the following instructional objectives would be preferred by Robert Mager? a. The student will write a five-page essay on one aspect of the Civil War within one week. b. The student will draw a map of one South American nation, indicating all major cities. c. The student will complete three short papers on assigned topics by the end of the report period. d. Given a book's title and author, the student will be able to locate the book in the school library within ten minutes.

d. Given a book's title and author, the student will be able to locate the book in the school library within ten minutes.

Which of the following techniques best illustrates the behavioral learning view of motivation? a. Presenting a provocative topic for discussion. b. Allowing students to choose the topic of their next lesson. c. Taking students on frequent field trips. d. Giving students the opportunity to engage in an activity of their choice once they have completed an assignment.

d. Giving students the opportunity to engage in an activity of their choice once they have completed an assignment.

David Wechsler's view on intelligence is different from the traditional view in what important respect? a. He believes that intelligence is composed of seven or eight broad factors. b. He believes that intelligence is comprised of many small specific factors. c. He believes that the quality of one's thinking defines intelligence. d. He believes that intelligence is the ability of individuals to use a variety of capabilities to adapt to their environment.

d. He believes that intelligence is the ability of individuals to use a variety of capabilities to adapt to their environment.

A college professor tells the students in her clinical psychology class that they are to review the records of a group of people who have been hospitalized for various emotional disorders and decide which patients are sufficiently recovered to be discharged. This is an example of what type of problem? a. Issue b. Well-structured c. Positive transfer d. Ill-structured

d. Ill-structured

Which of the following stages represents a crisis that is expected to first emerge during the elementary school years? a. Intimacy vs. Isolation b. Initiative vs. Guilt c. Trust vs. Mistrust d. Industry vs. Inferiority

d. Industry vs. Inferiority

Mr. April was so impressed with Nancy's report on the effects of acid rain that he graded it A+ and posted it on the classroom bulletin board. Mr. April's action best illustrates which of the following operant conditioning principles? a. Negative reinforcement b. Discrimination c. Positive reinforcement d. Insufficient information to determine

d. Insufficent information to determine.

Students with which of the following learning styles are most likely to prefer unstructured, project-based assignments? a. Executive b. Field-dependent c. Judicial d. Legislative

d. Legislative

In his high school physics class, Mr. Alvarez is relating the properties subatomic particles (neutrons, electrons, and protons) to the behavior of teens in a social group. From an information processing perspective, which of the following goals is Mr. Alvarez trying to accomplish? a. Help students encode this information into long-term memory. b. Give students retrieval cues that will help them recall the information later. c. Produce meaningful learning. d. Mr. Alvarez is trying to accomplish all of these goals.

d. Mr. Alvarez is trying to accomplish all of these goals.

Which of the following teachers is using a discovery learning approach? a. Mr. Toland gives his students daily grammar worksheets so they can practice what he taught. b. Mr. Schwartz models the problem solving skills that he wants his students to use. c. Ms. Santana plays the role of a character from history for her history students. d. Ms. Lee frequently requires students to figure out how certain science concepts do or do not relate to one another.

d. Ms. Lee frequently requires students to figure out how certain science concepts do or do not relate to one another.

Which of the following teachers seems most aware of the importance of momentum in class activities? a. Mr. Chong asks all students in the class to go to the board, one by one. b. Ms Cleary schedules a test just after recess. c. Ms. Omori follows a standard pattern of class activities. d. Ms. Oldham waits until a lesson is finished before commenting on a minor bit of misbehavior.

d. Ms. Oldham waits until a lesson is finished before commenting on a minor bit of misbehavior.

Abraham Maslow's view of development and education is best expressed by which of the following statements? a. Most plants respond well to cutting back and grow better when pruned regularly. b. Plants grow through identifiable stages and emerge as mature only after a fixed sequence of growth. c. Plants grow toward light, and we can shape their growth best by manipulating the light source. d. Plants usually grow best in a natural and hands-off environment.

d. Plants usually grow best in a natural and hands-off environment.

When students struggle with a difficult question or task, teachers may help by providing hints or asking leading questions. According to Vygotsky, these actions are examples of which of the following techniques? a. Assimilation b. Adaptation c. Conservation d. Scaffolding

d. Scaffolding

Which of the following statements most accurately captures the research findings on the causes of school violence? a. School violence is associated with high levels of testosterone in boys. b. School violence is associated with academic failure in boys. c. School violence is associated with faulty interpersonal problem solving skills. d. School violence is associated with all of the above.

d. School violence is associated with all of the above.

Which of the following is a strength of scientific observation? a. Scientific observation requires little time or effort. b. Scientific observation always produces valid results. c. Scientific observation is the only way to gather meaningful information about a given student. d. Scientific observation limits the influence of personal biases in understanding the dynamics of human behavior.

d. Scientific observation limits the influence of personal biases in understanding the dynamics of human behavior.

According to Abraham Maslow, which of the following is considered a growth need? a. Esteem b. Safety c. Belongingness and love d. Self-actualization

d. Self-actualization

Which of the following instructional techniques would a teacher most likely use who wanted to capitalize on the learning preferences of students of color? a. Lecture and recitation. b. Working individually on computers. c. Lots of drill on basic subjects. d. Small-group learning

d. Small-group learning

Which of the following best represents the difference between moral realism and moral relativism in children's thinking? a. The moral realist considers intention, whereas the moral relativist considers the magnitude of damage. b. The moral realist can generalize, whereas the moral relativist needs specific rules. c. The moral realist is flexible, whereas the moral relativist is rigid. d. The moral realist takes rules literally, whereas the moral relativist interprets rules.

d. The moral realist takes rules literally, whereas the moral relativist interprets rules.

A group of teachers is discussing the issue of school safety. At one time or another, all of the following statements are made, only one of which is true. Which one? a. Violence in public schools peaked in the late 1990s and has remained at that level ever since. b. Criminal incidents occur frequently in most American public schools. c. Violence is more likely to occur in high schools than in middle or elementary schools. d. Violence in public schools has decreased in recent years.

d. Violence in public schools has decreased in recent years.

Which of the following statements accurately describes the incidence of violence in American public schools? a. Violence in public schools reached epidemic proportions during the late 1990s. b. Criminal incidents occur frequently in most American public schools. c. Violence is more likely to occur in high schools than in middle or elementary schools. d. Violence in public schools has decreased in recent years.

d. Violence in public schools has decreased in recent years.

The concept of culture refers to a. the types of books one reads. b. the people with which one socializes. c. attending symphony concerts, operas, and plays. d. a behavior pattern that is unique to a particular group.

d. a behavior pattern that is unique to a particular group.

A learning style is best thought of as a. an attitude about learning. b. a highly stable ability to learn a particular subject. c. an ability to learn a particular subject that comes and goes over time. d. a preference for thinking about and organizing information in a particular way.

d. a preference for thinking about and organizing information in a particular way.

Gender bias can affect students' a. course selection. b. class participation. c. career choice. d. all of these.

d. all of these

If you wanted to convince a friend to learn as much as possible from the educational psychology course she was taking, which of the following arguments would you make? a. Teachers with professional training, which includes educational psychology courses, are more effective than teachers without such training. b. Teaching is a complex task because it involves all the topics typically covered in an educational psychology course. c. Educational psychology research provides useful ideas for classroom practice. d. All of these.

d. all of these

If you wanted to make a persuasive case that teaching should be scientifically based, which of the following arguments would you choose? a. Scientific research helps teachers avoid fads. b. There is more than enough research to support a scientific approach to teaching. c. Scientific research provides teachers with the tools that make artistic teaching possible. d. All of these

d. all of these

A limitation of intelligence tests is that they a. cannot measure intelligence directly. b. only measure a relatively small sample of intellectual capabilities. c. are not absolute measures of an unchangeable ability. d. are subject to all of these limitations.

d. are subject to all of these limitations

Students who are motivated more by the need to avoid failure than by the need to achieve success are more likely to choose a. only very difficult tasks. b. moderately difficult tasks. c. only very easy tasks. d. either very easy or very difficult tasks.

d. either very easy or very difficult tasks.

Hans Schmidt, an exchange student from Germany, prefers to work on homework assignments and prepare for exams by himself. On the other hand, Ramon Garcia, a recent immigrant from Mexico, prefers to work with a small group of other students on homework assignments and exam preparation. These differences in values most likely reflect differences in a. social class. b. personality. c. social skills d. ethnicity.

d. ethnicity.

A characteristic of educational research that complicates its application to the classroom is that most studies a. do not adhere to the scientific method. b. focus on too many variables at a time. c. focus on variables that are not of interest to teachers. d. focus on just a few variables at a time.

d. focus on just a few variables at a time.

From an information processing perspective, the main reason for using computer-based technology tools is to a. prepare students for an increasingly technological job market. b. help students overcome their anxieties about working in a computer-based environment. c. help students achieve a score of proficient or higher on state tests. d. help students master some of the skills involved in reading, writing, math, science, art, and music.

d. help students master some of the skills involved in reading, writing, math, science, art, and music.

Organization aids in the learning and recalling of information because it a. reduces the amount of information that has to be stored in long-term memory. b. provides the learner with retrieval cues. c. makes the information more meaningful. d. involves all of these reasons.

d. involves all of these reasons

One limitation of constructivism is that a. Students find constructivist-oriented lessons boring and irrelevant. b. it places few demands on the students and the teacher. c. the teacher controls too much of the learning that takes place. d. it tends to be more time consuming for teachers and students.

d. it tends to be more time consuming for teachers and students.

Having learned how to make repairs to his father's motorcycle engine, Cole quickly figures out how to make simple repairs to his fathers' car engine. This illustrates which type of transfer? a. far transfer. b. zero transfer. c. general transfer. d. near transfer.

d. near transfer.

Mr. Martinez praises Antwan in front of the rest of the class for answering 90% of the questions correctly on the last exam. Antwan then spends less time studying for the next exam. This is an example of a. extinction b. negative reinforcement. c. positive reinforcement. d. punishment.

d. punishment.

Memory-directed tactics include a. self-questioning and mnemonic devices. b. self-questioning and note-taking. c. rehearsal and note-taking. d. rehearsal and mnemonic devices.

d. rehearsal and mnemonic devices.

The primary focus of the humanistic approach to teaching is on a. Telling students that if they want your help they will have to follow the rules and regulations you have established for your classroom. b. creating a set of behavioral expectations that students know you expect them to follow. c. helping students use their prior knowledge to master objectives. d. students' inherent desire to learn.

d. students' inherent desire to learn.

A student's ability to frame a problem properly depends on a. the student's level of intelligence. b. the student's emotional state. c. the student's vocabulary level. d. the student's level of subject matter knowledge.

d. the student's level of subject matter knowledge.

The primary difference between a transition and a two-way bilingual education program is a. the students in a transition program use English only whereas in a two-way program they use only their native language(s). b. the students in a transition program are all slow learners whereas the students in a two-way program are average to above-average learners. c. the students in a transition program learn only how to speak English but in a two-way program they also learn how to read English. d. the students in a transition program are taught in their native language for the minimum amount of time possible, whereas students in a two-way program are taught both in their native and non-native languages for several years.

d. the students in a transition program are taught in their native language for the minimum amount of time possible, whereas students in a two-way program are taught both in their native and non-native languages for several years.

Identifying which car gets the best gas mileage is an example of a(n) a. transfer problem. b. issue. c. ill-structured problem. d. well-structured problem.

well-structured problem.