Ed Psych Test One Chapters 2,3,4

Describe the major physical characteristics of primary grade children that are mentioned in Chapter 3 and note the implications of these characteristics for primary grade teachers.

1) Children are extremely active. Implications: Teachers need to provide plenty of opportunity for their students to run, climb, and jump 2) Children become very tried very easily, from physical or mental activities. Implications: Teachers need to provide frequent rest periods and they need to schedule quiet activities after strenuous ones. 3) The children have large muscles, clumsy, and physically incapable of such skills as tying their shoes and buttoning. Implications: Teachers need to avoid small-motor activities. Such as pasting paper chains. Teachers should provide big brushes, crayons, and tools. 4) Children cannot focus their eyes on small objects because eye development is incomplete and eye-hand coordination is not perfect yet. Implications: Teachers need to minimize the necessity for children to look at small things. 5) Children tend to be confident in their skills, and do not estimate they could get hurt while playing. Implications: Teachers could make sure the students are playing safe games. 6) Children bones have not yet developed fully, so they bones are really fragile. Implications: If teachers are observing strenuous tests of strength, the teacher might decide to switch the game or rotate players. 3. Describe what the typical elementary school age child can and cannot do with respect to logical thinking and storing information in memory. Elementary school children are able to think logically but certain thinking is constrained and inconsistent. For example, upper elementary children are concrete operational stage thinkers. These children are able to understand and solve tasks. But the children are not able to grasp abstract ideas - such as sarcasm, metaphors, and allegory. On certain simple memory skills, elementary children perform as well as adolescents or adults. For example, tasks on recognizing previously learned information or vocabulary words, students do well. But on more complex memory skills, their performance is more limited. For example, sorting pictures into categories would be very difficult of the elementary students.

. Explain how the following concepts can help teachers advance student learning in the classroom and provide an example of an instructional application that relates to each term. accommodation

Accommodation is when a child is changing an existing scheme to incorporate the experience. An example is when a child sees a cat, but call it's a dog. So the teacher has to help the child make the child make a new scheme, where they learn that cats make a different noise than dogs.

What is an IQ score? Discuss the stability of IQ scores and describe the factors that affect score stability. Determine whether it is possible to raise an individual's IQ score and provide the rationale for your decision.

An IQ score is test that determines your success in the classroom. IQ scores can change and it is not set in stone. IQ scores can also vary from one test to another. The IQ score cannot be measured directly, but instead by a test. The test only measures how well you will do in a classroom. The test does not measure any contributions to academic and life success. Systematic instruction can increase intelligence test performance. The also other factors: increased levels of education, improved nutrition, smaller family size, and technological developments (meaning increased tv viewing, computer use, and video game use)

Compare and contrast the theories of Erik Erikson and Jean Piaget with reference to psychological issues discussed.

Based on Erikson's theory people are portrayed as playing an active role in their own psychological development through their attempts to understand, organize, and integrate their everyday experiences. Also the theory highlights the important role that cultural goals, aspirations, expectations, requirements, and opportunities play in personal growth. According to the book, Piaget had two basic tendencies: organization and adaption. Organization is the tendency to systematize and combine processes into coherent general systems. Adaption is the tendency to adjust to the environment.

. Explain how the following concepts can help teachers advance student learning in the classroom and provide an example of an instructional application that relates to each term. egocentrism

Egocentrism is when students find it difficult or impossible to take another person's view into perspective. An example: When a child is telling another student is telling a story, and another child interrupts because he wants to tell a story. The teacher can tell the students not to interrupt why another child is speaking and for them to give positive responses back.

. Explain how the following concepts can help teachers advance student learning in the classroom and provide an example of an instructional application that relates to each term. equilibration

Equilibration is when people are driven to organize their schemes to achieve the best possible adaption to their environment. An example, when teachers are teaching their students about different shapes and why certain ones are put in certain groups. The students starts to recognize the teacher's thinking and figures out the classification.

Compare and contrast the theories of Erik Erikson and Jean Piaget with reference to the attainability of the most advanced stage. Refer to Erikson 28 and 29 Piaget 38-40 Say based on text

Erikson has two psychological issues. The first is Epigenetic Principle, which is the idea that development will progress through a series of interrelated stages and that each stage has a critical period of development. The second is psychosocial crisis, which is personality development occurs as one successfully resolves a series of turning points - conflict between opposing psychological qualities. Also Erikson stated in a psychosocial crisis, a person must have a both a positive and negative qualities from a particular stage. But the positive must outweigh the negative. d. Children have to organize their knowledge by combine processes into groups or schemes, which becomes their basis for understanding and adapting new information. Kids adapt their new information by assimilating (interpreting an experience by fitting it into a scheme) and accommodating (changing your existing scheme into the experience). Students are determined to organize because of equilibration (organizing your scheme into a better understanding) and disequilibrium (new information added to your old scheme that is driven to be resolved).

Compare and contrast the theories of Erik Erikson and Jean Piaget with reference to section of the life span covered.

Erikson life span covered birth to death. Piaget life span is from infancy to late adolescent.

Using Diana Baumrind's authoritative, authoritarian, and permissive approaches to child rearing as a guide, describe how such teachers would behave and what the likely effect would be on their students. Authoritative Parents

For this group of students, teachers need to have high expectations for them, why also explaining each goal they have for their student.

. Explain how the following concepts can help teachers advance student learning in the classroom and provide an example of an instructional application that relates to each term. identity vs. role confusion

Identity is knowing what actually you want to do and have a plan for your future. Role confusion is having no clear conception of appropriate types of behavior. An example, is John knows he wants to be a teachers and works hard to succeed in his goal, but his friend Abby does not know what she wants to be when she grows up. Abby's teacher can work with her by asking her strengths and what she enjoys, and her figure out the path she can take to succeed

. Explain how the following concepts can help teachers advance student learning in the classroom and provide an example of an instructional application that relates to each term. industry vs. inferiority

Industry is when children are loved by their parents and encouraged, allowed to make and do things, and allowed to finish things while being praised. Inferiority is when a child a treated like they are bothersome. Haley's parents always was there for here and showed her constant encouragement but Andrew parents were the complete opposite never helped him with homework and always acted like he was not good enough. Haley and Andrew's teacher needs to encourage both students and allow them to express their opinion.

Compare and contrast Piaget's and Vygotsky's theories of cognitive development with respect to the influence of instruction

Piaget: believed that the ability of instruction to speed up cognitive development were decidedly cautious, if not wrong. Piaget also thought instruction was not worth the time, if a certain material was started too soon for the students. Piaget wanted his students to assimilate and accommodate new and different experiences as efficiently as possible. Vygotsky: believed there was a distinction between what a preschool child learns and what a school child learns. Young children learn through spontaneous concepts and schooling children learn through scientific concepts. Similarities: Both thought it was best for students to be involved in their active learning.

Discuss the similarities and differences between Sternberg's and Gardner's theories of intelligence. Include in your discussion the name of each theory and a brief description of its basic premises.

Similarities: • Assesses extra-scholastic intelligence - include behaviors. • Both are modern views of intelligence • Both think these results should be taken into consideration when designing instruction • Both agree that IQ should not be the sole measure of a child's worth. Differences: Gardner • Eight different intelligences • Teach to strengths but have basis in all areas • More inclusion of physical abilities and personality • Transfer to out of school settings • Strength in an area doesn't equal success/proficiency in all possible aspects of that area. • Observation in classroom Sternberg • Three categories of intelligence • Teach to improve all areas • Can be improved with instruction • More focus on mental abilities • More academic • Can be influenced by genetics

Using Diana Baumrind's authoritative, authoritarian, and permissive approaches to child rearing as a guide, describe how such teachers would behave and what the likely effect would be on their students Permissive Parents

Teachers need to have guidelines and barriers for these students and to show them they will not be able to get away with certain behaviors.

Compare and contrast the theories of Erik Erikson and Jean Piaget with reference to . the dynamic nature of the stages.

c. Erikson had eight stages of psychosocial development. 1) Trust vs. Mistrust (Birth - One) The parents are responsible for satisfying the infant's basic needs that will fosters truth, such as permitting the children to think of the world as safe and dependable. But, on the reverse side, children who whose care is inadequate and inconsistent will face the world with fear. 2) Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (Two - Three) Autonomy is a person willingness and ability to direct one's behavior. But in contrast, if parents and mentors are not patient and shame them, the children will face self-doubt in the future. 3) Initiative vs. Guilt (Four - Five) Initiative - is if students are giving freedom to explore and experiment, students are able to ask questions. If children are limited and made to feel like their questions don't matter, they will end up feeling guilty about asking questions. 4) Industry vs. Inferiority (Six - Eleven) For industry, children are encouraged to make and do things well, helped to preserve, allowed to finish tasks, and praised for trying, If the children's efforts are unsuccessful or if they are treated as bothersome, feelings of inferiority result. 5) Identity vs. Role Confusion (Twelve - Eighteen) The goal at this stage is development of the roles and skills that will prepare adolescents to take a meaningful place in adult society. Role confusion having no clear conception of appropriate types of behavior that others will react to favorably. 6) Intimacy vs. Isolation (Young Adulthood) During intimacy, the young adults establish close and committed intimate relationships with other people. Failure to intimacy will result into a sense of isolation. 7) Generativity vs. Stagnation (Middle Adulthood) Generativity is having and raising children, and having a positive effect on younger generation. Those unable or unwilling to establish and guide the next generation will become victims of stagnation and self-absorption. 8) Integrity vs. Despair (Old Age) Integrity is the acceptance of one's one and only life cycle as something that had to be and that, by necessity, permitted of no substitutions. In contrast is despair, the feeling that the life is short, and you cannot start another life c. Piaget had four stages of cognitive development. 1) Sensorimotor (Birth - Two) Develops schemes primarily through sense and motor activities. 2) Preoperational (Two - Seven) The ability to conserve and decenter, but unable to mentally reserve certain actions. 3) Concrete Operational (Seven - Eleven) Capable of certain operations but only can solve problems by simplifying from concrete experiences. Can only manipulate conditions if they have experienced it. 4) Formal Operational (Eleven and Older) Able to solve problems analytically, form questions and deal with concepts, and involve in psychological operations.

Current thinking among developmental psychologists and educators is that children in the middle school grades face intense psychological demands due to major physical, social, emotional, and cognitive changes, and that these changes call for a particular type of school environment. Describe the changes that middle school students typically experience and the type of educational environment that would best meet their needs.

Middle School Students Typically Experience . . . • Physical growth is rapid and uneven. - Growth Spurt: girls mature faster than boys - Pubertal Development - Concern and curiosity • Social Characteristics - the development of interpersonal reasoning leads to greater understanding of the feelings of others. - Interpersonal reasoning: understand the relationship between motives and behavior among a group of people. A person's actions do not always reflect a person's inner-feelings. - Students start want to confirm. • Emotional Characteristics - The view of "storm and stress" appears - Feelings of: confusion, anxiety, depression, mood swings, low self-confidence. Reasons: rapid changes in height, weight, increase hormone production, identity formation, increase academic responsibilities, and formal operational reasoning. - Egocentric thought, self-conscious, and self-centered • Cognitive Characteristics - Students need a classroom environment that is open, supportive, and intellectually stimulating. - Teachers impose most of the requirements but limit choices that have to be made by the students - Competition and social comparisons - Discussion and group works - Self-efficiency becomes an important influence on intellectual and social behavior.

Compare and contrast Piaget's and Vygotsky's theories of cognitive development with respect to the influence of ones culture

Piaget: Adaption and constructivism is fueled by cross-cultural research. A person cognitive development is based on their culture. Vygotsky: Cognitive development is often referred to as sociocultural. We put objects in taxonomic categories than in functional categories - abstract levels. What we do is the result of what cultural values and practices that we have been exposed to.

Compare and contrast Piaget's and Vygotsky's theories of cognitive development with respect to the influence of social interaction

Piaget: believed that students improve more in their cognitive development with peers rather than adults. Also Piaget believed that children are more likely to discuss their beliefs with another child rather than with an adult. Children also participate in cooperative learning. Vygotsky: believed that social interaction as the primary cause of cognitive development. Vygotsky also believed that children learn from people that are more advanced than them. Children also need mediation to advance in cognitive development. Similarities: Vygotsky and Piaget both believe a child needs to work with others to advance, but Piaget believes it is better to work with your peers and Vygotsky work with others that are more advanced.

Describe gender bias in the classroom and suggest a reason that it occurs. There are at least three ways that gender bias affects students. List and describe the three ways.

The differences in response to male and female students is when there is no sound educational reason for them are the essence of gender bias. May be due in part to gender-role stereotypes of teachers, school curricula may reward gender-stereotyped behavior, and begins as early as preschool. Affects students in course selection, career choice, and class participation. - Course Selection: For example, math and science courses have noticeable differences. More girls take algebra 2 and trigonometry than boys, more girls take biology and chemistry, whereas boys take physics and engineering. - Career Choice: More males choice fields that have to do with math and science, because of familiarity with and interests in the tools of science. Second is self-efficacy, because girls showed a significant decrease in their perception of science ability. Third is competence-related beliefs and expectations commutated by parents and teachers. - Class Participation: We adopt what society portrays as more appropriate and acceptable. "Loss of Voice" instead of saying what they really think, they say nothing or voice the opinions of others.

Using Diana Baumrind's authoritative, authoritarian, and permissive approaches to child rearing as a guide, describe how such teachers would behave and what the likely effect would be on their students. Authoritarian Parents

This group of students, need their teachers to show them warmth, while also allowing the student to express their point of view.

Students exhibit a variety of learning styles in every classroom. Is it possible for a teacher to address these differences during instruction and assessment of student achievement? Discuss the educational implications of learning style for teachers who set time aside for reflection.

Yes, using a diversity of instructional techniques and assessments make sense for multiple reasons. For example, students learning styles can change over time and certain situations. There are three types of learning styles: reflectivity and impulsivity, field-dependence and field-independence, and mental self-government styles. Also a variety of assessments expand students' own repertoire of learning styles. Also you can use a variety of technology to accommodate different learning styles in your classroom. Lastly, students can learn from a variety of instructional tasks. Reflecting helps enhance the meaning, also encourages insight and complex learning.