edapt: Week 3 Concepts: Metabolism

A ______________ is an organic molecule needed to form a holoenzyme.

A coenzyme is an organic molecule needed to form a holoenzyme.

A _________________mimics the shape of the substrate.

A competitive inhibitor mimics the shape of the substrate.

Which type of solution will result in water entering the cell?

A hypotonic solution will result in water entering the cell. The low concentration of solute in the solution will cause water to enter the high solute concentration in the cell.

A saprobe differs from a parasite in that

A saprobe differs from a parasite in that a saprobe derive nutrients from dead plants and animals, but a parasite derives nutrients from living plants and animals.

The term used to describe all of the chemical reactions within a cell is ______.

All chemical reactions in the cell is known as metabolic reactions and can be broken down into catabolic and anabolic reactions.

An organism that uses CO2 for its carbon needs and sunlight for its energy needs would be called a ______.

An organism that uses CO2 for its carbon needs and sunlight for its energy needs would be called a photoautotroph.

An organism with a temperature growth range of 45°C to 60°C would be called a(n) ______.

An organism with a temperature growth range of 45°C to 60°C would be called a(n) thermophile.

Bacteria living in a freshwater stream that are transferred to ocean water would

Bacteria living in a freshwater stream that are transferred to ocean water would become dehydrated due to the loss of water.

Which type of organism will acquire energy and Carbon via catabolism of organic compounds.

Chemoheterotrophs acquire energy and Carbon via catabolism of organic compounds.

Which phase of growth has limited nutrients and exponential death of cells?

Death phase: Limiting factors intensify and cells begin to die at an exponential rate. Curve dips downward

When glucose is broken down by glycolysis during bacterial fermentation, what is the usual net production of ATP?

During glycolysis, 4 ATP are produced but two are used for a net of TWO ATP.

The majority of ATP is formed during _________________

Electron Transport Chain.

The cell's metabolic reactions involve the participation of ______ that lower the activation energy needed for the initiation of a reaction.

Enzymes are the catalyst that lowers the activation energy and allows reactions to proceed quickly.

Your bacterium is growing on a type of medium called casein agar, which contains milk protein (casein). There is a clear zone around the growth area of the bacterium, showing that it is synthesizing the enzymes needed to catalyze the extracellular breakdown of casein. These enzymes are considered ______.

Exoenzymes are produced by a cell and then secreted into the environment where the exoenzymes can be used to break down food and other cells.

In the cell, energy released by electrons is often used to phosphorylate ______.

In the cell, energy released by electrons is often used to phosphorylate ADP.

The formation of citric acid from oxaloacetic acid and an acetyl group begins ______.

Kreb's cycle.

When enzyme action stops due to a buildup of end product that acts as a regulatory molecule, this control is called ______.

Many times, the end product of a metabolic pathway will noncompetitively inhibit an enzyme in that same pathway.

An organism that grows in lower pH conditions is called a ______.

Microorganisms prefer acidic (low pH) growth environment and are called acidophiles.

The reactions of fermentation function to produce _______ molecules for further use in glycolysis.

NAD+

The Kreb's cycle generates the most ___________.

NADH.

During anaerobic respiration a common final electron acceptor is _____.

NO3.

An organism that uses organic carbon for its carbon needs and sunlight for its energy needs would be called a ______.

Photoheterotrophs acquire energy from light and acquire nutrients via catabolism of organic compounds.

Which type of organism will acquire energy from light and acquire nutrients via catabolism of organic compounds.

Photoheterotrophs acquire energy from light and acquire nutrients via catabolism of organic compounds.

Microorganisms that have a requirement for growth below 15°C are called __________.

Psychrophiles have an optimum growth temperature below 15°C.

Organisms that live on dead animals and plants and digest food by secreting enzymes are called____.

Saprobes are some bacteria and fungi that have a rigid cell wall and cannot engulf large particles of food. They release enzymes into environment to digest food into smaller particles that can be transported into the cell.

The phase of the bacterial growth curve in which the rate of multiplication equals the rate of cell death is the ______.

Stationary growth phase: Population enters survival mode. Cells stop growing or grow slowly. Rate of growth equals rate of death.

The _____________structure of the enzyme dictates the binding site of the substrate.

The 3-dimensional structure of the enzyme dictates the binding site of the substrate.

The methanogens, producers of methane gas, require environments that

The methanogens, producers of methane gas, require environments that are anaerobic with hydrogen gas and CO2.

The phase of the bacterial growth curve that shows the maximum rate of cell division is the ______.

The phase of the bacterial growth curve that shows the maximum rate of cell division is the exponential phase.

During aerobic cellular respiration, the final electron acceptor is ______.

The term aerobic means to require oxygen so the final electron acceptor in aerobic cellular respiration is oxygen.

The term used to describe the reactions which break down larger macromolecules into simpler molecules within a cell is ______.

The term used to describe the reactions which break down larger macromolecules into simpler molecules within a cell is catabolism.

Enzymes can be regulated.

True enzymes are regulated to produce the correct amount of products

Enzymes lower the __________________.

activation energy.

The binding site for the substrate is the __________________.

active site.

The formation of peptide bonds between amino acids to build a polypeptide is an example of ______.

anabolism

The formation of peptide bonds between amino acids to build a polypeptide is an example of ______.

anabolism.

In bacterial cells, the electron transport system is located in the ______.

cell membrane.

Enzymes are often named based upon their biochemical reactions and often end with the suffix -ase. Oxidoreductases - involved in oxidation/reduction reactions Transferases - transfer functional groups Hydrolases - cleave bonds with the addition of water Lyases - add or remove groups without the addition of water Isomerase - change the isometric form Ligases - form bonds with the addition of ATP and water

cleaves bonds with addition of water - hydrolase transfers electrons - oxidoreductase changes isomeric form - isomerase transfers functional groups - transferase requires ATP and removal of water - ligase

A holoenzyme is a combination of a protein and one or more substances called ______.

cofactors.

Enzymes that function inside a cell are

endoenzymes are enzymes that are contained and function within the cell.

Enzymes that are retained and function inside of a cell are known as __________.

endoenzymes.

Binding of the substrate to the enzyme produces a/an _____________ complex.

enzyme-substrate

As the electron transport carriers shuttle electrons, they actively pump _____ into the outer membrane compartment, setting up a concentration gradient called the proton motive force.

hydrogen ions

A/an __________________ will slow down or stop enzyme activity.

inhibitor

When a molecule regulates the activity of an enzyme by binding to a site outside of the active site, it is known as a/an __________________.

non-competitive inhibitor.

Enzymes are composed of

proteins Most enzymes are composed of proteins.

Fermentation ______.

pyruvate is converted to organic acids. These organic acids accept the electron (H) from NADH to regenerate NAD+.

Increasing the amount of the enzyme will increase the ___________.

rate of the reaction.

Temperature, pH, concentration of reactants, and concentration of enzyme will all affect

the rate of enzyme activity.

Oxygen reacts with hydrogen to produce ______________in the electron transport chain.

water