EDCI final

distinguish between immigrant and language minority students

language minority students to refer to students who are learning English as a second or additional language. immigrant:

What does LEA stand for

local education agency

What does NAEP stand for

national assesment of educational process

what does NCLB stand for

no child left behind

what was proposition 227 california

only citizens can have access to public services

what is stereotype threat

people will change their behaviors to avoid receiving or fufiling a certain stereotype

distinguish racism from prejudice

prejudice: is, on the attitudes and beliefs of individuals about entire groups of people. These attitudes and beliefs are generally, but not always, negative. Racism: based on assumptions that one ethnic group, class, gender, or language is superior to all others.

what are the four types of bilingual education

structured english immersion transitional bilingual education developmental or maintenance bilingual education two way bilingual education

problems with the color blind approah

. This kind of thinking assumes that the only way to deal with differences is to pretend they don't exist. Yet the reluctance to discuss race can result in overlooking or denying issues of power that are embedded in race. not talking about racism will not make it go away .

four components of social justice education

1. It challenges, confronts, and disrupts misconceptions, untruths, and stereotypes that lead to structural inequality and discrimination based on race, social class, gender, and other social and human differences. This means that teachers with a social justice perspective consciously include topics that focus on inequality in the curriculum, and they encourage their students to work for equality and fairness both in and outside the classroom. 2.A social justice perspective means providing all students with the resources necessary to learn to their full potential. 3. . A third component of a social justice perspective is drawing on the talents and strengths that students bring to their education. This requires embracing critical pedagogy and a rejection of the deficit perspective that has characterized much of the education of marginalized students to a shift that views all students— not just those from privileged backgrounds—as having resources that can be a foundation for their learning. These resources include their languages, cultures, and experiences. 4. A fourth essential component of social justice is creating a learning environment that promotes critical thinking and supports agency for social change. Creating such environments can provide students with an apprenticeship in democracy, a vital part of preparing them for the future. Much more will be said throughout the text about how to create such a learning environment.

how many years does it take to become fluent in English

7

cultural incompatabilities or differences

Another explanation for school failure is that it is caused by cultural incompatibilities—that is, because school culture and home culture are often at odds, the result is a "cultural clash" that produces school failure. According to this explanation, it is necessary to consider the differing experiences, values, skills, expectations, and lifestyles children have when they enter school and how these differences, in being more or less consistent with the school environment, affect their achievement.

how does teh curriculum relate to educational inequality

Because curriculum defines what is deemed important for students to know, it also involves the knowledge, attitudes, and traditions valued in a particular society. Thus, curriculum is an inherently political matter.

how do disciplinary policies relate to educational inequality

Disciplinary policies can aggravate the alienation felt by some students, particularly students who are already marginalized in school. Students living in poverty and students of color are more likely to be suspended and to be victims of corporal punishment. This inequity is frequently related to poor communication among administrators, teachers, and students.

what does ELL stand for

English language learner

how does pedagogy relate to educational inequality

It prohibits discrimination against faculty, staff, and students, including racial segregation of students, and requires school districts to take action to overcome barriers to students' equal participation.

what aws the equal educational opportunities act of 1975

It prohibits discrimination against faculty, staff, and students, including racial segregation of students, and requires school districts to take action to overcome barriers to students' equal participation.

what are the ethics of care

Noddings postulates that whether and how teachers and schools care for students can make an immense difference in how students experience schooling.

resistance and the school to prison pipeline

Resistance theory, as articulated by scholars such as Henry Giroux, Jim Cummins, and Herbert Kohl, adds another layer to the explanation of school failure. 34 According to this theory, not learning what schools teach can be interpreted as a form of political resistance. Frederick Erickson maintains that, whereas cultural differences may cause some initial school failures and misunderstandings, it is only when they become entrenched over time that not-learning, a consistent pattern of refusing to learn, becomes the outcome of schooling. Resistance theory is helpful because it attempts to explain the complex relationship between disempowered communities and their schools.

out of school factors

Richard Rothstein's research asserts that, outside school, myriad factors related to social class and how families in some groups are stratified in society profoundly influence learning in school. He advocates three approaches to pursue if progress is to be made in narrowing the "achievement gap": (1) promoting school improvement efforts that raise the quality of instruction; (2) giving more attention to out-of-school hours by implementing early childhood, after-school, and summer programs; and (3) implementing policies that would provide appropriate health services and stable housing and narrow the growing income inequalities in our society.

what was Lau v. Nichols

Sued CA schools b/c chinease students were taught subjects in an unknown language (english)

economic and social reproduction

The argument that schools reproduce the economic and social relations of society and therefore tend to serve the interests of the dominant classes, articulated first during the 1970s by scholars such as Samuel Bowles, Herbert Gintis, and Joel Spring, placed schools squarely in a political context. According to this theory, the role of the schools was to keep the poor in their place by teaching them the proper attitudes and behaviors for becoming good workers and to keep the dominant classes in power by teaching their children the skills of management and control that would presumably prepare them to manage and control the working class.

what was horne versus flores

The suit charged that the state had violated the Equal Educational Opportunities Act (EEOA) by neglecting the education of ELL students. Subsequent rulings mandated increased funding for ELL students, but state education officials protested, claiming that the mandates were too rigid and were not keeping pace with changing policies, including No Child Left Behind (NCLB).

how does climate and physical structre relate to educational inequality

There is indeed a relationship between poor student achievement and the condition of school buildings. These conditions include poor lighting, inadequate ventilation, inadequate or too much heating, school safety, class size, and air quality.

in anyon's work, what are the four types of school

WORKING CLASS s following the steps of a procedure MIDDLE CLASS work is getting the right answer. If one accumulates enough right answers one gets a good grade AFFLUENT PROFESSIONAL SCHOOLS: work is creative activity carried out independently. The students are continually asked to express and apply ideas and concepts EXECUTIVE ELITE SCHOOLS: In the executive elite school, work is developing one's analytical intellecual powers. Children are continually asked to reason through a problem, to produce intellectual products that are both logically so

what was teh transitional bilingual education law in massachusetts

a student is taught subjects in their native language, along with some English

what are the seven basic characteristics of multi-cultural education

antiracist education basic education important for all students pervasive education for social justice a process critical pedagogy

what is teh transformation approach

changes teh sturcture of the curriculum, and encourages students to view concepts issues, themes and problems. A unit on thanksgiving might be based on the idea of cultural conflict. this type of instructioninvloves critical thinking and consideration of diversity as a basic premise

four approaches to multicultural education ranked from least involved to most involved

contributions additive transcormation social action

what is cultural deficit perspective and cultural capital

cultural deficit: comprised of two parts: (a) the attribution of an individual's achievement to cultural factors alone, without regard to individual characteristics; and, (b) the attribution of failure to a cultural group.; The theory that genetic or cultural inferiority is the cause of academic failure Cultural capital relates to this, because the more valuable your cultural capital is, the more likely you are to do well in school

how does rigid ability tracking and high stakes testing manifest racism in US public Education

ecocentric curriculum, unequal preparation, family/community differences

what does ESEA stand for

elementary and secondary education act

What does ENL stand for

english as a new language

what does ESL stand for

english as a second language

how does retention relate to educational inequality

gaps. Some practices are so integral to the schooling experience that they are hardly disputed even though there may be little evidence for their effectiveness. direction: Children who are retained actually learn less than they would have had they been promoted.

what is the critical race theory

great deal of theoretical work has been done on understanding the sociopolitical and structural foundations of racism. CRT include the following: first, that racism is part and parcel of our everyday lives and not an aberration; second, that it serves important material and psychological purposes, that is, that some people inevitably benefit from it; third, that race is a social construct, not a biological one; and, fourth, that people of color have a unique voice and unique experiences that can communicate the reality of people of color in a way that White people cannot. 3

cultural ecological theories

immigration minority "Acting White"

what is the additive aproach

includes content, themes, and perspectives to the curriculum, without changing its basic structure. this might include incorperating literature from or about different cultures, but without adapting th emainstream (core) curriculum examples: examining the native american perspective on thanksgiving

what is the approach of contribution

it incorperates select books, activities, holidays, heros and other special events from various cultures examples: talking about MLK during black history month

what is a GSA

it stands for gay straight alliance

what was phyler versus doe

talked about undocumented students and fought for the right for schools not to look into documentation of their students

how does standardized testing relate to educational inequality

that standardized tests have frequently been used as a basis for segregating and sorting students, principally those whose cultures and languages differ from the mainstream. The belief that tests should be used to replicate repressive and racist social theories and policies is not a historical relic. Unfortunately, contemporary examples of this kind of thinking exist. 16 Testing and tracking have often been symbiotically linked.

cultural capital

the accumulation of knowledge, behaviors and skills that one can tap into to demonstrate one's cultural competence, and thus one's social status or standing in society AKA what other cultures you have experienced

what was the bilingual education act

the first piece of legislation that recognized the needs of ELLs

define social capital

the networks of relationships among people who live and work in a particular society, enabling that society to function effectively. AKA who you know

define human capital

the skills, knowledge, and experience possessed by an individual or population, viewed in terms of their value or cost to an organization or country. AKA what you can do

what is the social action approach

this is the most involved. it builds on the transformational approach by including activities that strive for social change and justice. students not only study about differnt perspectives, but also act on those perspectives to work toward social justice. A unit with social action approach might include a service learning project, writing to elected officials or participating in a protest

what are the levels of support for multiculturalism

tolerance acceptance respect affermation/solidarity/critique

what was the Lau remedies

which served as the basis for determining whether school systems throughout the United States were in compliance with the Lau decision. This document provided guidance in identifying students with limited proficiency in English, assessing their language abilities, and providing appropriate programs. Bilingual programs became the common remedy in most school systems around the country.