EDF 475 ch 7, Chapter 7 EDF 475, EDF 475 ch 5, EDF 475 ch. 6, Chapter 5 EDF 475, Chapter 6 EDF 475
What are the solutions to some of these problems?
- More education and training for experienced and future teachers - adequate support services for teachers in inclusive classrooms
What was PL 94-142 and what is its current name?
- The education for all handicapped children act - it guaranteed equal educational opportunity for all children with disabilities. - In 1990 it changed to Individuals with disabilities education act (IDEA)
What changes in educational programs have resulted from Title IX?
- all activities of an educational institution receiving federal aid must follow Title IX - vocational education, athletic programs, textbooks, and the curriculum, testing, and college admission must follow TITLE IX
Why does NCLB mandate that children with special needs be tested along with general education students?
- inclusion is one reason - federal regulation indicate a fear that if these students are not included in the state testing programs then school administrators will attempt to raise their schools test scores by classifying more students as having disabilities.
What do the 1997 congressional amendments to IDEA say is the benefit of inclusion?
- it emphasized the importance of including children with disabilities in regular classes - the education can be more effective by having high expectations from children and ensuring their access in the general curriculum to the max extent possible
What is the benefit of this law?
- it is to provide an equal educational opportunity - promotes full inclusion
Why do teachers and parents object to inclusion?
- students are moved to regular ed classrooms without any support services, - experienced teachers have never received training in teaching students with disabilities or in teaching in an inclusive classroom. - school districts implementing inclusion do not provide adequate training for gen ed students.
What is Title IX and to what educational institutions does it apply?
-it eliminates the exclusion based on sex. - All educational institutions, from preschool to grad school
When the Mendez case was decided, what did the judge say about segregating Spanish speakers?
.") that the Spanish students are retarded in learning English by lack of exposure to its use by segregation. The court ruled segregation was illegal because it was not required by state law and because there was no valid educational justification for it.
What five items must it contain?
1. A statement at the present levels of educational performance of such child. 2. A statement of annual goals, including short and long term instructional objectives. 3. A statement of the specific educational services to be provided to such child, and the extent to which such child will be able to participate in regular educational programs. 4. The projected date for initiation and anticipated duration of such services. 5. Appropriate objective criteria and evaluation procedures and schedules for determining, on at least an annual basis, whether instructional objectives are being achieved.
Despite laws prohibiting intentional segregation, why do you think that re-segregation exist to a large extent today?
1. Recent court decisions outlawing race as a main factor in student assignment 2. Increased residential segregation 3. Increased role of private schools in contributing to segregation.
four characteristics of multicultural education
1. atmosphere where students feel safe to discuss sexism, racism, and discrimination 2. multicultural education should be a basic part of a student's general education 3. multiculturalism should be included in all aspects of the curriculum and in the general life of the school 4. schools should teach social justice
What were the two conflicting positions about whether or not Mexican-American children should go to school at all?
1. farmers did not want children of their Mexican laborers to go to school because then the children were not available to do farm work, just like Mexican families did not want to send their kids to school because that was a loss in the contribution to the family income; 2. public officials wanted Mexican children in schools in order to Americanize them
What is the connection between all-female education and high-ranking board members of Fortune 1000 companies, engineering and math doctorates, and Who's Who?
1/3 are graduates of single-gender education
What is the connection between all-female education and high-ranking board members of Fortune 1000 companies, engineering and math doctorates, and Who's Who?
1/3 are graduates. Women who went to an all female were more successful
When and why did the first Chinese immigrants come to California?
1850s; join the gold rush
When did Asian-American segregation end and why?
1921 when evidence was shown that Chinese students were scoring just as high as white students
What happened in Thind when an immigrant from India claimed to be eligible for citizenship?
1923 case, an immigrant from india applied for citizenship as a Caucasian. He was denied citizenship.
When was Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka?
1954
When was Brown? What did it establish?
1954; overturned the separate but equal ruling, established that segregated education is inherently unequal
What is the Civil Rights Act and when did it become law?
1964, It outlawed the discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.
What is the Civil Rights Act? When did it become law?
1964; outlawing of discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or nationality
How was the quota for each country's potential number of immigrants determined?
2-3% of the number of persons from the country living in the U.S.
What percent of National Merit finalists are male?
60%
What percent of National Merit finalists are male?
60% of males
What do you notice about the number of white public school teachers when compared to the number of white students?
83.1 percent are white compared to the 55.5 percent of the students that are white. The whiteness of the teaching force might ensure the domination of Eurocentric culture in public schools.
What does Spring say was "the single most important legislation" for Natives and what rights did it give them?
? The Indian self determination and educational assistance act that declared the policy of the leg was to provide financial assistance to local schools to develop programs to meet the special educational needs of native American students. Created a federal office of indian education. Gave tribes the power to contract with the federal gov to run their own education and health programs.
How were Native children treated in these non-reservation schools?
?) they lived in horrible conditions and fed very little and lived in overcrowded conditions that led to the spread of tb and trachoma. And supported by the labor of their own students.
What are counter-academic attitudes and behaviors?
Actions that are hostile toward the school and its rules
What subject is the new boys' club: Technology Where do girls tend to outperform boys?
Advanced english, art, and writing
What does the 14th Amendment of the Constitution guarantee?
All Persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the united states and of the state wherein they reside, No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the US. Nor shall any state deprive citizens of life, liberty, or property without the DUE PROCESS OF LAW. Nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of laws ( EQUAL PROTECTION OF LAWS)
What is the best argument for two-way programs?
All students can become bilingual
What is the ADA?
Americans with disabilities act. Bans all forms of discrimination against people who are disabled.
How does the project define tolerance?
As the capacity for or the practice of recognizing and respecting the beliefs or practices of others.
What is the difference between the Asian world view and the worldview of U.S. students? Give two specific examples.
Asian students have a holistic worldview; U.S. students see the world as made up of discrete categories of objects that could be define by a set of rules Ex: water life scene with a focal fish Ex: cow, chicken, and grass
Why did truancy officers not chase down white kids who cut school?
Because if they did they would have to for the Mexicans as well
What is grade inflation, and why are girls more likely to get it
Because of their passivity and their willingness to follow classroom rules
How is this different from benevolent helping?
Benevolent helping is similar to welfare while empowerment helps with self esteem and is more involved
The lowest?
Black and Hispanic students
In 2014, what did we see in terms of segregation in America's public schools?
Black and Latino students tend to be in schools with a substantial majority of poor children, while white and Asian students typically attend middle-class schools. Segregation is by far the most serious in the central cities of the largest metropolitan areas; the states of New York, Illinois, and California are the top three worst for isolating black students
In their classroom simulation, what examples of sexual bias do the Sadkers illustrate?
Boys receive more and better instruction
What jobs did they take next and why did they remain in the U.S.?
Building the transcontinental railroad at wages that were about one third less than they would have paid a white worker, they didn't have enough money to return to their homeland
How do we provide it to those who have traditionally been oppressed in this country?
By building self esteem and understanding.
At the end of the Mexican-American War in 1848, how much of Mexico became U.S. property?
California, Colorado, New Mexico, Nevada, Arizona, Utah, and Texas. They lost one half of their territory to the US.
Where did Mexican families send their children to school in order to get bilingual education?
Catholic schools or nonsectarian private schools
In the WWII years, how did Americans view both the Japanese and the Chinese?
China was a u.s ally while japan was an enemy. They depicted Japanese as treacherous sly cruel and war like and viewed the Chinese as hardworking brave religious intelligent and practical.
Which countries at the most collectivist?
China, Columbia, Indonesia, Pakistan, korea, Peru, Ghana, Nepal, Nigeria, Tanzania,
In the WWII years, how did Americans view both the Japanese and the Chinese?
Chinese- hardworking, brave, intelligent, religious Japanese- treacherous, sly, cruel, warlike
Why do some people favor single-gender education?
Claim that girls could receive the equal chance of an education denied to them in a co-ed classroom
What is meant by a Western society and a Confucian-based society?
Confucian: communities guided by an ethical system Western: knowledge is separate from experiences
Why did the Chinese end up becoming naturalized citizens during this time period?
Congress rescinded the Chinese Exclusion Law and granted Chinese immigrants the right to become naturalized citizens
What two things do new ethnocentric schools for dominated groups hope to achieve?
Cultural frames of reference of African Americans, native Americans, and Hispanics
(This section uses the term deculturalization. If you can't figure it out from context, please look it up. Same goes for Anglo-Saxon.)
Deculturalization by replacing what were considered non American cultures with an American culture and replacing the language of the home with English.
What do we mean by the culture of power?
Dominant culture
What do we mean by multiculturalism for social empowerment?
Empowerment is concerned with ethnic studies and raising consciousness.
What is ESL?
English as a second language
What is ELL?
English language learner
What is ESL?
English second language
Under the Immigration Act of 1924, what countries sent the most immigrants to the U.S.?
Europe, Italy Poland, germany
What is the cultural frame of reference that has dominated the traditional U.S. school system?
European American
What is a transnational population?
Families who move back in forth from their home country to another country.
What were the two conflicting positions about whether or not Mexican-American children should go to school at all?
Farmers did not want children of their Mexican laborers to go to school because school attendance meant that they were not available for farm work, many Mexican families were reluctant to send their children to school because of the loss of the children's contributions to the family income. Many public officials wanted Mexican children in school so they could be Americanized
When the issue of black English was raised, how did the court suggest schools handle language issues for African American children?
First, the school must develop a plan that would identify students who use black English at home or outside school Second, the school was to use that knowledge when teaching students how to read standard English
What two things have caused the U.S. population to become more diverse?
Globalization of the labor market and the immigration act of 1965
What techniques can we use to lessen gender bias in the classroom?
Have an observer code classroom interaction so that the teacher becomes aware of any possible bias. And a single gender education
Why did Pratt think the tribal way of life was detrimental?
He said it was socialistic and contrary to the values of civilization.
Who is Thomas McKenney and why do many Native Americans still speak ill of him?
He wanted to Americanize them and strip them. He passed the civilization fund act and took them away from their families
What do we notice about the kinds of schools that tend to have high concentrations of ELL students?
High levels of students receiving free and reduced lunches and poor performance on tests indicating families with low income.
Plessy
Homer Plessy was 1/8 African American and 7/8 white. The court considered him black. This court case allowed segregation of public schools.
What is cultural hybridization?
Hybridization involves the melding of cultural lenses of frames such that values and goals were focused on in one context are transposed to a new context. Bi-cultural is the exposure to more than one culture.
What is the difference between collectivist and individualist societies?
In collectivist societies people rely on their relationship to others to judge their own happiness, Chinese. Individualist societies behavior is primarily determined by personal attributes and feelings, people focus on their own individual freedom and personal goals, united states
What percentage of LEP students have a teacher who is trained in this area?
In the west there is 47.3 percent and in the Midwest 11.6
What is meant by inclusion and by full inclusion?
Inclusion refers to the integration of children with disabilities into regular classrooms, full inclusion: refers to the integration of all children with disabilities.
What does Spring say was "the single most important legislation" for Natives and what rights did it give them?
Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act; gave tribes the power to contract with the federal government to run their own education and health programs
What do we mean by Indo-European languages? By Asian/Pacific Islander languages?
Indo American is languages other than Spanish, and Asian pacific languages as nay native language spoken by Asians or pacific islanders.
The second most spoken?
Indo american
What was the purpose of the Civilization Act?
It authorized the president to employ capable persons of good moral character to instruct Native Americans
What was the purpose of the Civilization Act?
It authorized the president to employ capable persons of good moral character to instruct them in the mode of agricultural suited to their situation and for teaching their children in reading, writing, and arithmetic.
What is the best argument for maintenance programs?
It avoids the delaying of learning until students know English. Students can learn while they learn English.
What is problematic about gender-segregated schools, according to the Courts?
It doesn't help with sexist behavior and how men treat women, all boys were in violation of the brown decision
Most importantly: what did these shifting and unfair definitions and behaviors do to race relations in America?
It heightened tensions among different groups of Americans The law reduced the chances of evolving into a peaceful multicultural society.
What is the Teaching Tolerance Project and what is the story of its origin?
It is an antiracist education program that began after teenage skin heads attacked and beat to death an Ethiopian man on a street in Portland Oregon.
How much improvement in female enrollment in math classes has there been in recent years?
It is increasing to be more enrollment then boys
What is the big hint that NCLB prefers English acquisition to bilingual education?
It protects minority language
What did the McCarran-Walter Act reverse?
It reversed the laws in where the Japanese would get equality as where before they didn't
How was the Rough Rock Demonstration School different from Carlisle?
It was on a Navajo reservation and the parents got to control the education and participate in all aspects of their schooling. Kennedy admin gave them full citizenship
Why did Japanese immigrants come to the U.S. later than the Chinese; what were the first jobs taken by the Japanese immigrants?
Japanese came to the us on a later date because 1639 Japanese law forbade travel to foreign countries, Hawaiian planters were able to recruit Japanese workers in 1868 as contract laborers and the California silk industry
What three things were the permissible reasons for immigration in the 1965 act?
Joint family, brought skills and escape an oppressive government.
What was one big reason the U.S. denied citizenship to Asian immigrants?
Land ownership
What is LULAC
League of United Latin American Citizens
What is LULAC, and what other minority rights organization is it similar to?
League of united latin American citizens, the equivalent to the NAACP
What is LEP?
Limited English proficiency
What are the differences between maintenance, transitional, and two-way bilingual programs?
Maintenance- learning to speak, read, and write while maintain original language and learning English. Transitional- native tongue is used until student learns English, then its English only, Two way- both English and non English speaking students are included in program. Conduct the class in two languages.
How much more math and science do girls take in single gender as compared to what they take in co ed schools?
Men take 2 more years then female
What is NOW and what have been some of its major achievements?
National Organization for Women; the passage of Title IX
Which cultural minority was specifically excluded by the 1790 Naturalization Law?
Native Americans
Even though since 2001 the U.S. has pushed for the teaching of English rather than uphold minority languages, what two groups are the exceptions?
Native Americans and Puerto Ricans
Even though since 2001 the U.S. has pushed for the teaching of English rather than uphold minority languages, what two groups are the exceptions?
Native americans and Puerto Ricans.
Are you included in the census if you are from Central or South America and don't speak Spanish?
No
Does this mean that everything is now rosy for Mexican-American students in the nation's public schools?
No many demands for equality of educational opportunities have not been met
What do we mean by the Due Process Clause?
No one can be denied life, liberty or property without the process of law, we can't take away their immunities or privileges
Is it only the U.S. that is experiencing this trend?
No there are more nations
What was the Carlisle Indian School?
Non reservation boarding schools removing Indian children from their homes and tribal influences. Bad situations
What is NOW and what have been some of its major achievements?
Now is the National Organization for women. 1966, eliminating discriminatory quotas against women in college and professional school admissions, urging parents, counselors and teachers to encourage women to pursue higher education and professional education, eliminate discriminatory practices against women in the awarding of fellowships and loans, and investigation the problem of female school dropouts. -The passage of TITLE IX of the 1972 higher education act
Why does research say there is a gender gap on test scores?
On the sat males score 50 points higher on the math section than females
How is this a form of social control?
One is to deny the knowledge necessary to protect its political and economic rights and to economically advance in society the other is segregation
What is PARC? What was its contribution to the civil rights of children with handicaps?
Pennsylvania Association for Retarded Children; overwhelmed the court with evidence of the educability of children with disabilities; required that every child be allowed access to education
What is at the center of the differences between an individualist and a collectivist
Personal orientation to self and others
What is the Universal Covenant of Linguistic Human Rights?
Pg 181 stress of a bilingual if the students language is not the official natural language.
What forms of prejudice is the Anti-Bias Curriculum designed to reduce?
Prejudice among young children in regards to race, language, gender, and physical ability differences.
How does Spring define racism and to what does it refer?
Prejudice plus power, act of oppression of one racial group toward another.
What do we mean by bi-cultural?
Referred to as hybridity of cultures
What is a first generation immigrant?
Refers to adults and children who are born in another country and then emigrate to the united states.
What do we mean by low academic effort syndrome?
Refers to the lack of effort in doing schoolwork, which results from peer pressure, conflict and disillusionment
What is the cultural frame of reference?
Refers to the manner in which people interpret their perceptions of the world it is often formed by his or her family's historical experience.
What is the definition of a naturalized citizen?
Refers to those who are not born in the united states but receive citizenship after immigration by fulfilling whatever legal requirements exist.
As always, what can the federal government do to a state that supports bilingual education rather than English acquisition?
Refuse grants and federal aid
What does it say about the situation when there are only one or two students in a community who speak a certain language?
Rights can only be exercised if there is an amount
What are the criticisms of all-girl schools?
Sexist behavior. Male bashing and "hand holding"
Why does Delpit dislike education that focuses on native cultures?
She does not think that children should be directly told about the standards for acceptable speech and behavior for social mobility.
What are Ogbu's six ways that dominated cultures develop hostile feelings about school?
Some members of dominated culture groups believe they must act white to succeed in school, some students may fear that doing well in school will symbolize a rejection of their own culture, Peer pressure against acting white might result in students actually avoiding academic achievement, the feelings of hostility can result in conflicts, conflict with school personnel might heighten distrust, some might begin school disillusioned about their ability to achieve
What is the most spoken non-English language in American schools?
Spanish
What is the most spoken non-English language in American schools? The second?
Spanish; Indo-European
What option is available to states regarding standardized testing of students with special needs?
States are allowed to create alternative tests and standards for students with disabilities.
Who contributes to the writing of this plan?
Teachers, school administrators, and parents
What did the U.S. do to eliminate the speaking of Spanish?
Texas legislature passed a law requiring the teaching of English as a subject
Finally in 1970, what did a judge use the Brown case to establish?
That Mexican americans were segregated in the school system and they were an identifiable group because of their language, culture, religion, and Spanish surnames.
Notice the statement on 116: "The social life of a school often reflects the social world outside the school." What does this actually mean?
That the racial boundaries that continue to exist in high schools after integration reflect the racial barriers that continue into a larger society. The integration of a school system can help ensure the equality of an educational opportunity but it can not break down society's social barriers
What was the argument for segregating them?
That they segregated them to provide special instruction
What did the courts note about SAT scores and high school achievement for girls in 1989
The awarding of scholarships based on the Sat discriminates against females
What are the five negative stereotypes of the Asian American, and how was the term model minority used as a racist attack of African Americans and Hispanics?
The coolie- work at low wages and hardworking, the model minority- stereotyping the Asians, they are smart and model students. Whites love us because we aren't black.
When the issue of black English was raised, how did the court suggest schools handle language issues for African American children (this is a two-part answer)?
The court directed the school system to develop a plan that would identify children speaking black English and the language spoken as a home or community language second the school system directed to use that knowledge in teaching such students how to read standard english
What does Ogbu say is the result of being a member of a dominated culture?
The development of a basic distrust of the major institutions in American society.
What is the mother tongue?
The language one learned first
What do the Sadker studies say are the classroom occurrences that lead to this loss of self-esteem?
The modes of classroom interaction, the representation of women in textbooks and other educational material, and the discriminatory content of standardized tests
What is the cultural frame of reference that has dominated the traditional U.S. school system?
The reference of European Americans
What happened in Lau?
The ruling meant that all public school systems receiving any form of federal aid must ensure that children from non eng speaking backgrounds be given some form of special help in learning standard English so that they may have equal educational opportunity
Why is there a special push for bilingual education in Asian-American populations?
There is a growing population of Asian American and many drop out because they struggle with learning English.
Look at the table on page 131. What do you notice about changes in the numbers of public school students in each race/ethnic category between 2000 and 2010?
There is a rise in Hispanic school children along with Asian and two or more races
What is problematic about the terms Mongolian and Asian?
There is a wide ranging cultural and language differences
What do these two cases say to you about how the U.S. courts defined race in the 1920s?
There was much confusion over legal racial categories
How does Spring account for the presence of so many South American and African cultures on the collectivist list?
They are dominated by a European culture and indigenous cultures
What do we know about children and their reactions to race and gender differences?
They are influenced by bias of others.
What is the difference between Hispanic and Latino/a?
They are not only Spanish speaking, there are people from these regions who speak English, French, Portuguese, and indigenous languages
What did Nisbett discover about the Hong Kong Chinese?
They could be prompted to think according to a Confucian or western perspective, they are bi-cultural in their ways of seeing the world.
Why do some people favor single-gender education?
They could receive the equal chance of an education denied to them in a co ed classroom.
When Mexican-American kids DID go to public schools, what was it like for them?
They faced segregation and an education designed to rid them of their native language and customs
How do many Native American children view schools?
They feel a strong hostility because of the deculturalization programs they experienced in government operated boarding schools.
What do we notice about the educational backgrounds of immigrants?
They often struggled in school because of language problems. Working class and poor.
When immigrants experience hybridization, where do they retain their parental culture and where do they assume the host culture?
They retain their parental culture in their private lives and assume the host culture in their public lives.
Why were even Japanese-Americans born in the U.S. placed in holding camps during the war?
They said they couldn't tell a good Japanese from a bad one. Soo they put them all in the concentration camp
What did they notice about girls' self-esteem?
They suffer a greater decline than boys from elementary to high school.
Even though Delgado also ruled that segregating Mexican-American children was illegal, how did schools try to perpetuate segregation?
They tried tactics including manipulation of school district lines, choice plans, and different forms of second generation segregation.
How were they viewed by the 1790 Naturalization Law?
They were not eligible
How well were they paid and how well were they received in California?
They were paid 1/3 less and there was racial hostility.
To what extent does the educational level of immigrants parallel their social class?
To answer this, compare the educational level of the Chinese living in NYC's Chinatown and the Chinese living outside Chinatown.
Why did the Indian Peace Commission think it was so important to teach all Native peoples English?
To convert Indians to anglo American civilization and eliminate friction of language
Why did the Chinese end up become naturalized citizens during this time period?
To recruit for military but limited citizenship.
The most individualistic countries?
United States, Australia, Germany, Denmark, Finland, Norway, Italy, Austria, Hungary, South Africa.
Even though the Mexicans who lived in the conquered areas were supposed to get citizenship rights, what specific rights did they not get?
Voting rights and segregation in public schools and accommodations
What happens psychologically when we see ourselves as an oppressor of others?
We feel guilt and tend to create a negative self image
What things does Igoa say must be considered as immigrant children are brought into American schools?
Were the children schooled before they came to the country? Was their education fragmented? Are the children dependent on the teacher for learning? Do they have any independent learning skills? Did they learn English abroad? How much of their own language did they learn? What is the educational attainment of their parents?
What things does Igoa say must be considered as immigrant children are brought into American schools?
Were the children schooled or unschooled, if their education was fragmented, if the children are dependent on the teacher for learning, if they learn English abroad, and what is the educational attainment of their parents.
Which of these two philosophical approaches to seeing the world is likely to be practiced by white America?
Western
Under the Immigration Act of 1924, what countries sent the most immigrants to the U.S.?
Western European countries
western believes knowledge is separate from experiences, Confucian says everything relates?
Western Society
What is white guilt and how does it manifest in the classroom?
White students feel guilty when they learn about racial attitudes of the past.
What does Jones list as some prevalent racial attitudes held by white people?
Whites feel more negatively toward blacks than they do toward Hispanics, Asians, legal and illegal immigrants, whites perceive blacks as lazy, believe blacks are too demanding.
Who could not become a naturalized U.S. citizen before 1952?
Whites only were granted naturalized citizenship, immigrants particularly those from Asian countries were not allowed to receive citizenship rights.
How are textbooks sexist?
Women are not as represented as men are in textbooks
What is the language reason that many Asian-Americans enter physical science, math, engineering, and computing fields?
Written communication skills aren't as required with these Felds.
Ozawa What racial term was important in this case?
a Japanese immigrant applied for U.S. citizenship; did "white persons" refer to to skin color?; The Court rejected the idea of skin color, and denied Ozawa citizenship The Court recognized the term Caucasian to define white persons
What are counter academic attitudes and behaviors?
actions that are hostile toward the school and its rules
What is a first generation immigrant?
adults and children who are born in another country and then emigrate to the U.S.
Where do girls tend to outperform boys?
advanced English, art, and writing
What is the best argument for two-way programs?
all students can become bilingual
At the end of the Mexican-American War, how much of Mexico became U.S. property?
almost half of Mexico's total territory
Thind
an immigrant from India applied for citizenship; under the scientific rhetoric of the time, Thind was a Caucasian; suddenly the court decided to dismiss Caucasian as the definition of "white persons"; the court denied Thind citizenship declaring that "white persons" is to be interpreted based on the understanding of the common man
What is the Teaching Tolerance Project and what is the story of its origin?
anti-racism education program that started after teenagers attacked and beat to death an Ethiopian man on the street
In 2006-07, what percentage of public school students attended schools that actually meet the definition of segregation?
approximately 24% of students attended schools where at least 75% of their student population was drawn from minority groups
What is the difference between the Asian world view and the worldview of U.S. students?
asian world view is more holistic (Fish example) while Us students tend to see the world as made up of discrete categories of objects that could be defined by a set of rules. Asian world view- they see a great deal of the field such as background events, they are skilled in observing relationships between events. US- see the world in analytic, atomistic terms, they see objects as discrete and separate from their environments
What is grade inflation, and why are girls more likely to get it?
awarding of grades higher than what a students deserves; because of their passivity and willingness to follow classroom rules
What was one big reason the U.S. denied citizenship to Asian immigrants?
because citizenship was restricted to whites only
Why is ethnocentric education a cultural battle in the U.S.?
because it doesn't give an equal education
Why did the Indian Peace Commission think it was so important to teach all Native peoples English?
because language differences were a major source of continuing tension between whites and Indians
Why did truancy officers not chase down white kids who cut school?
because then they would also have to enforce attendance among the Mexicans
What did both males and females tell them would be different if they miraculously changed to the opposite gender?
boys expressed the horror at the idea and saw themselves becoming second class citizens, where females said they would be open to it because they would have more freedom and respect and have more opportunities in politics and sports.
What does Nieto say is the goal of multicultural education?
bridging the gap between the culture of the family and the culture of the school
How do we provide multiculturalism for social empowerment to those who have traditionally been oppressed in this country?
by building self-esteem and understanding
How was the quota for each country's potential number of immigrants determined?
by the percentage of the total us population in 1920 that was composed of each national group.
Where did Mexican families send their children to school in order to get bilingual education?
catholic schools or nonsectarian private schools.
What is the big hint that the NCLB prefers English acquisition to bilingual education?
changed the name of the Office of Bilingual Education to the Office of English Acquisition
One Drop Rule
classified anyone with an African American ancestor, no matter how distant, as African American
Which countries are the most collectivist? The most individualistic?
collectivist: China, Colombia, Indonesia, Pakistan, Korea, Peru, Ghana, Nepal, Nigeria, Tanzania individualistic: U.S., Australia, Denmark, Germany, Finland, Norway, Italy, Austria, Hungary, South Africa
What is the difference between collectivist and individualist societies?
collectivist: people rely on their relationship to others to judge their own happiness individualist: behavior is primarily determined by personal attributions and feelings
Lau
complaint that there was no special instruction for Chinese students learning standard English; the court did not offer a specific remedy but its ruling meant that all public schools receiving federal funds must ensure that special help be given to non-English-speaking students learning English
What did the shifting and unfair definitions of race do to race relations in America?
created tension among different groups of Americans
Why does Delpit dislike education that focuses on native cultures?
damages students by not preparing them for success in the broader society
How does Spring define racism and to what does it refer?
defined as prejudice plus power; refers to acts of oppression of one racial group toward another
What do we mean by dominant, dominated, and immigrant cultures?
dominant is the prevailing culture, dominated is the groups that were forcefully incorporated into the united states. And immigrant cultures refer to the first generation of groups who freely decided to come to the United States.
What do we mean by dominant, dominated, and immigrant cultures?
dominant- the prevailing culture dominated- groups that were forcefully incorporated into the U.S. immigrant- first generation of groups who freely decided to come to the U.S.
What is Title IX? To what educational institutions does it apply?
eliminates exclusion based on sex; applies to all institutions
What does the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment protect in state-regulated schools?
equal educational opportunity; minorities, non-English speaking students, & children with disabilities
After first refusing to educate Asian-American children, then what did San Francisco do?
established a segregated school for Asians
equality of educational opportunity
everyone has an equal chance to receive an education
How were Native children treated in these non-reservation schools?
exclusive use of English at these schools; flogging for punishment; jails with in the schools
How was the term model minority used as a racist attack on African Americans and Hispanics?
expressed a preference for Asians over African Americans and Hispanics
When Mexican-American kids did go to public schools, what was it like for them?
faced segregation and an education designed to rid them of their native language and customs.
What does due process of law mean?
fair treatment through the judicial system
What is a transnational family?
families which move back and forth between their host countries and their countries of origin
How do many Native American children view schools?
feel a strong hostility towards schools
What is white guilt and how does it manifest in the classroom?
feelings of guilt because of the history of racism; white students tend to resist learning about the racism
To which immigrants did the 1790 Naturalization Law offer citizenship?
free white men
What did the Sadkers notice about girls in public schools and educational discrimination?
girls are equal to or ahead of boys in academics during the early years, but by the end of high school girls fall behind
What did both males and females tell the Sadkers would be different if they miraculously changed to the opposite gender?
girls say it wouldn't be so bad and that it would open up opportunities to participate in sports and politics; boys say it would be horrible because they would be denied access to things they are used to
What two things have caused U.S. population to become more diverse?
globalization of the labor market & the Immigration Acts of 1965 and 1990
What techniques can we use to lessen gender bias in the classroom?
have an observer code classroom interactions so that the teacher becomes aware of bias; single-gender education
Why did Pratt think the tribal way of life was detrimental?
he said it was socialistic and contrary to the values of civilization
What is a shadow population?
illegal immigrant families who worry that sending their children to school will reveal their illegal status
When and why did the first Chinese immigrants come to California?
in the 1850s to join the gold rush
What do you notice about the changes in the numbers of foreign-born U.S. residents between 1980 and 2012?
increased rapidly
How does Spring account for the presence of so many South American and African cultures on the collectivist list?
indigenous cultures
What is an IEP?
individualized education plan
What do we know about children and their reactions to race and gender differences?
influenced by the bias of others
What modification to Title IX occurred in 2006?
it allows for spate facilities or classes as long as the gender that is not given the special class or school receives a "Substantially Equal" educational opportunity.
Why is ethnocentric education a cultural battle in the U.S.?
it attempts to give equal value to different cultural traditions; it means replacing the cultural frame of reference
To what extent does the educational level of immigrants parallel their social class?
it is a strong relationship
How much improvement in female enrollment in math classes has there been in recent years?
it is increasing to being higher than male enrollment
What is desegregation?
it is the process of ending the separation of two groups
Look up the term re-segregation and be able to define and apply it.
it is the renewal of segregation in a school system after a period of desegregation
What prior court decision did it overturn and what did it establish?
it overturned the separate but equal doctrine by arguing that segregated education was inherently unequal.
What do we mean by second-generation segregation?
it refers to forms of racial segregation that are a result of school practices such as tracking, ability grouping, and the misplacement of students in special education classes.
How was the Rough Rock Demonstration School different from Carlisle
it was on a reservation; the Native American parents had control over the education of their children; preserved the Native language and culture
What three things were the permissible reasons for immigration in the 1965 act?
joint family, brought skills, escape from an oppressive government
What were the first jobs taken by the Japanese immigrants?
laborers in the silk industry
What is low academic effort syndrome?
lack of trying in school, which results from peer pressure, conflict, and disillusionment
What do we mean by Indo-European languages?
languages other than Spanish (French, German, Portuguese, etc.)
What do we notice about the kinds of schools that tend to have high concentrations of ELL students?
large cities
What is LEP?
limited-English proficient
Why does research say there is a gender gap on test scores?
lowering self-esteem and content bias
What are the differences between maintenance, transitional, and two-way bilingual programs?
maintenance- keep the ability to speak, read, and write in student's language while learning English transitional- native language is used in class until student learns English, does not preserve native language two-way bilingual- both English-speaking and non-English-speaking students are involved, everyone is learning two languages
Even though Delgado also ruled that segregating Mexican-Americans was illegal, how did schools try to perpetuate segregation?
manipulation of school district lines, choice plans, and different forms of second-generation segregation
Why is there a special push for bilingual education in Asian-American populations?
many drop out because they struggle with learning English
What is the educational problem with the label model minority?
many educators would overlook the educational problems encountered by many Asian-American students
What do the Sadker studies say are the classroom occurances that lead to this loss of self-esteem?
modes of classroom interaction, representation of women in textbooks and other educational material, discriminatory content of standardized tests
What was the racial/ethnic description of the immigrants who were admitted during this period?
national origin
Which groups are most likely to identify their race as black or white?
native-born African Americans and whites
How do Dominicans and El Salvadorans self identify?
neither black nor white
Do all members of dominated groups exhibit these tendencies?
no
Is everything now rosy for Mexican-American students in public schools?
no
Is it only the U.S. experiencing this increase in immigration?
no
What two things do new ethnocentric schools for dominated groups hope to achieve?
overcome the resistance of schooling in some children of dominated cultures; preserve the cultural traditions of each dominated group
What did the U.S. do to eliminate the speaking of Spanish?
passed a law requiring the teaching of English as a subject, another law requiring English to be the language of instruction in school
What is at the center of the differences between an individualist and a collectivist?
personal orientation to self and others
What method does the U.S. Census Bureau currently use to identify citizens by race?
personal self-identification and a variety of categories
What is prejudice?
preconceived opinion that is not based on reason or actual experience
What is the Universal Covenant of Linguistic Human Rights?
protection of linguistic human rights as part of the protection of cultural rights
What do we mean by multiculturalism for social empowerment?
providing the intellectual tools for creating a just society
What forms of prejudice is the Anti-Bias Curriculum designed to reduce?
race, language, gender, physical ability
When immigrants experience hybridization, where do they retain their parental culture and where do they assume the host culture?
retain parent culture in private lives; take on host culture in public lives
Even though Mexicans who lived in the conquered areas were supposed to get citizenship rights, what rights did they not get?
right to vote, and access to equal education
How did the courts interpret equal protection in schools in Plessy in 1896?
separate but equal
What are the criticisms of all-girl schools?
sexist behavior
Who could not become a naturalized U.S. citizen before 1952?
since it was restricted to "white's only," many immigrants especially those from Asian countries
What did Nisbett discover about the Hong Kong Chinese?
since they have been influenced by British schools and Chinese culture, they could be prompted to think according to a Confucian or Western perspectives
How were the Chinese viewed by the 1790 Naturalization Law?
since they were not considered "white" they could not become citizens
What are Ogbu's six ways that dominated cultures develop hostile feelings about school?
some members of dominated groups believe they must act white to succeed in school; some students fear that doing well in school will symbolize a rejection of their own culture; peer pressure against acting white may result in students actually avoiding academics; hostile feelings towards schools can cause conflicts with administration; some students may begin their career with an false idea of an inability to achieve; conflicts with administration leads to rejection of school rules which leads to suspensions or expulsions
What is the best argument for maintenance programs?
students are better able to learn English if they know how to read and write in their native language
Prior to the 1970s, how were students with special needs treated in the schools?
students with special needs could participate equally in schools with other students only if they received some form of special help. Many of these students have been neglected because of the expense of special facilities and teachers. Many were forced to live in state institutions
What is ethnocentric education?
subjects being taught from the perspective of a particular culture
What subject is the new boys' club?
technology
What does the WEST VIRGINIA FEDERATION OF TEACHERS (Yeah, our folks) say about inclusion?
that a survey of 1121 teachers showing that 87% did not believe that inclusion helped general education students and 78 percent did not believe that inclusion helped students with disabilities
Finally, in 1970, what did a judge use the Brown case to establish?
that blacks and Mexican-Americans were segregated in public school system and that Mexican-Americans were an identifiable dominated group
In their classroom simulation, what examples of sexual bias do the Sadkers illustrate?
that boys receive more instruction
When the Mendez case was decided, what did the judge say about segregating Spanish speakers?
that evidence shows that Spanish-speaking children are struggling with English as a result of not being exposed to it because of segregation
When a state establishes a system of education, what must it ensure?
that it must provide it equally to all people in the state
When a state establishes a system of education, what must it ensure?
that it provides education equally to all people in the state
When Mexican families demanded they be permitted to transfer their children out of segregated schools, what excuse did the school board use to refuse this request?
that it was necessary for providing special instruction since they came from Spanish speaking homes
What does the 14th Amendment of the Constitution guarantee?
that states cannot take away any rights granted to an individual as a citizen of the United States
When did Native Americans finally begin to get control of their own schools?
the 1960s
What were the next jobs the Chinese took and why did they remain in the U.S.?
the Chinese immigrants did not have enough money to return home; they took low-wage jobs such as building the transcontinental railroad
What did the courts note about SAT scores and high school achievement for girls in 1989?
the awarding of scholarships based on SAT discriminates against females
How does the Teaching Tolerance Project define tolerance?
the capacity for or the practice of recognizing and respecting the beliefs or practices of others.
What are the five negative stereotypes of the Asian American?
the coolie, the deviant, the yellow peril, the model minority, and the gook
What does the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment protect in state-regulated schools?
the courts can protect the constitutional rights of students and teachers particularly in regard to freedom of speech and issues related to religion. The due process clause is invoked in cases that involve student suspensions and teacher firings. Cant dismiss a student or teacher without due process
Who does Delpit say determines the culture of the school?
the culture of the middle and upper classes
What does Ogbu say is the result of being a member of a dominated culture?
the development of a basic distrust of the major institutions in American society
What do we mean by the culture of power?
the dominant culture
Who is Thomas McKenney and why do many Native Americans still speak ill of him?
the first head of the Office of Indian Affairs; he spearheaded the initial attempt to destroy the cultures and languages of Native Americans
What was the Carlisle Indian School?
the first off-reservation boarding school for Indians
What is the mother tongue?
the language one learned first OR the language one identifies with/as a native speaker of; and/or the language one knows best
What is cultural frame of reference?
the manner in which people interpret their perceptions of the world
What is cultural hybridization?
the melding of cultural lenses, values, and goals
What does the text cite as "one of the most discriminatory acts against the children of Mexicans"?
the non-enforcement of compulsory school laws
What does your text cite as "one of the most discriminatory acts against the children of Mexicans"?
the nonenforcement of compulsory school laws acts. The school administration did not enforce school attendance on Mexican children but did on Anglo children.
What is a shadow population?
the parents worry that sending their child to school may alert authorities to their illegal status, they illegally immigrate to another country.
What is desegregation?
the process of ending the separation of two groups
What did the McCarran-Walter Act reverse?
the racial restrictions of the 1790 Naturalization Law
re-segregation
the renewal of segregation in a school system after a period of desegregation
What does the covenant say about the situation when there are only one or two students in a community who speak a certain language?
there must be a sufficient number of student speaking a language for instruction to be bilingual
Why did California not permit Chinese testimony when a Chinese immigrant was murdered by a white man?
there was a California law that permitted Native Americans from testifying and based on the theory that Native Americans were originally Asians, the Chief Justice argued that this ban on Native American testimony also applied to "the whole of the Mongolian race"
Why did the Japanese immigrants come to the U.S. later than the Chinese?
there was a Japanese law that banned travel to foreign countries
How were the Chinese immigrants received in California?
there was a lot of racial hostility
What is the reason that many Asian-Americans enter physical science, math, engineering, and computing fields?
these fields require less written communication
What is problematic about the terms Mongolian and Asian?
these terms tend to conceal the differences between countries and peoples, such as Korea, Japan, China, Cambodia, Indonesia, and India.
What did the Sadkers notice about girls in public schools and educational discrimination?
they are equal to or ahead of boys in most measures of academic achievement
What method does the U.S. Census Bureau currently use to identify citizens by race?
they are using personal self identification and a variety of categories
What did they notice about girls' self-esteem?
they suffer a greater decline than boys from elementary to high school
How did Title VI of the Civil Rights Act force schools to desegregate?
they withheld federal funds from institutions that practiced segregation
What is the definition of a naturalized citizen?
those who are not born in the U.S. but receive citizenship after immigration by fulfilling whatever legal requirements exist
What does Nieto say is the goal of multicultural education?
to bridge the gap from family to the school
How is this (see above question) a form of social control?
to deny a population education prevents them from being able to protect its political and economic rights
What do we mean by the term indigenous people?
tribal peoples in independent countries whose social, cultural, and economic status is regulated wholly or partially by their own customs and traditions
What modification to Title IX occurred in 2014?
updated to protect all students , regardless of sexual orientation or gender identity
What changes in educational programs have resulted from Title IX?
vocational education, athletic programs, textbooks, curriculum, testing, and college admissions must follow Title IX
What happens psychologically when we see ourselves as an oppressor of others?
we withdraw from discussion about the problem
How is multiculturalism for social empowerment different from benevolent helping?
welfare, family assistance, and other forms of benevolent helping keep people in a state of dependence while empowerment gives people the ability to break out of dependent states
What is meant by a Western society and a Confucian-based society?
western believes knowledge is separate from experiences, Confucian says everything relates
Who does she say has the most problem acknowledging their role in the culture of power?
white liberal educators
Which ethnic/racial groups have the highest public school graduation rates?
white students
What do you notice about the number of white public school teachers when compared to the number of white students?
white teachers- 83% white students- 55%
Under this definition, who in this country is more likely to be able to inflict racism, blacks or whites?
whites
Who is more likely to be able to inflict racism: blacks or whites?
whites
What does Jones list as some prevalent racial attitudes held by white people?
whites feel negatively toward blacks; whites perceive blacks as lazy, violent, and less intelligent; whites believe blacks are receiving more government assistance than they deserve; whites believe blacks are too demanding in their struggle for equal rights
What do we notice about the educational backgrounds of immigrants?
wide variety
What can the federal government do to a state that supports bilingual education rather than English acquisition?
withhold funds
How did Title VI force schools to desegregate?
withholding of federal funds from institutions that practiced racial segregation
How are textbooks sexist?
women are not represented as much as men
Explain Plessy v. Ferguson and the one drop rule.
• Allowed segregation of public schools, homer Plessy was 1/8th African American and 7/8th white. The case highlights the principal THAT RACE IS A SOCIAL AND LEGAL CONSTRUCTION. If a person had one drop of African American blood they were considered black.
To which immigrants did the 1790 Naturalization Law offer citizenship?
• Limited citizenship to immigrants who were free white persons.
Notably, which cultural minority was excluded by this law?
• Native Americans
Are all students given this chance?
• No
What do we mean by equality of educational opportunity?
• Refers to giving everyone an equal chance to receive an education.
Why did California not permit Chinese testimony when one of them was murdered by a white man?
• The chief justice ruled that the law barring the testimony of Native Americans applied to all "Asiatics". Since according to theory Native Americans were originally Asians who crossed over the Bering Straits. Therefore he ruled that the ban on court testimony from Native Americans applied to "the whole of the Mongolian race"
In Ozawa, the Courts rejected the idea of skin color and denied Ozawa citizenship on the basis of what racial term?
• They rejected skin color based on criterion, they recognized the term Caucasian.
