editing

Use numerals for precise ____, _____, ____, ____, points on a _____, and amounts of ______

- Ages, times, dates, scores, points on a scale, and amounts of money

This and these suggest ___-, that and those suggest ____

- Closeness, distance

linking verb

- Connects a subject to a quality of that subject. This quality is called a subject compliment or a predicate adjective

The difference in tenses are identified by _____________-. There are three main tenses, ___, ____, _____.

- their associated verb forms. Past, present, and future.

First Person Pronoun

I, we, our, us

Stats, in general, go to _____ decimal places

Two (1.00)

coordinating conjunction

a conjunction placed between words, phrases, clauses, or sentences of equal rank, e.g. and, but, or.

Simple sentence

has only one clause

i.e.

id est, meaning "that is."

cardinal numbers

two, 11

When you use a coordinating conjunction to join two interdependent clauses, you need to_________, so you don't create a run on sentence.

use a comma before it

Transition words

word or phrase that shows the relationship between paragraphs or sections of a text or speech

Colon uses:

- Add emphasis - Introduce single words or phrases - Introducing a list - Introducing an explanation or elaboration

Transitional words can be 4 things: ____, _____, _____, _____

- Additive, adversative, causal, and sequential

Nonrestrictive clause

- Adds extra info that is not essential to understanding the main point

Ways to avoid using gendered language

- Best: revise sentence with a plural subject: Ex: a child, he - the children, they - Use "he or she" - Singular "they" (some don't like it)

When you use a parenthetical citation after a quote, the punctuation mark should always _____

- Come after the citation (except with block quotes)

Don't use acronyms like i.e. and e.g. in ______. Instead put them inside parentheses followed by a _____, or _______

- Don't use acronyms like i.e. and e.g. in the main text. Instead put them inside parentheses followed by a comma, or write out in full words Ex: many species of primates (e.g. orangutans) are endangered Many species of primates, such as orangutans, are endangered

ordinal numbers

- Ex: second, 11th

Indirect clause

- Group of words that can stand as a full sentence own their own

Colons and capitalization: In APA: first words should be _______, in Chicago, first word is capitalized if _________________________.

- In APA: first words should be capitalizaed, in Chicago, first word is capitalized if only if there is more than one complete explanatory senentce following the colon.

Does an acronym need "the": general test: if an acronym is read ________, it needs "the", one that ____ don't

- Letter by letter, are pronounced

Effect/affect: Effect is used as a ___, and affect is sued as a ___

- Noun, verb - The effect was strong, the drug affected all the members

Dangling modifier

- Occur when the intended subject of the modifier is missing from the sentence and instead another subject appears in its place. Can result from passive voice. Dangling modifiers can make the text unclear and should be avoided.

Passive voice

- Occurs when the person that performs that action is not the grammatical subject of the sentence. Instead, the person or object that receives the action is placed before the verb

APA specific abbreviations

- Only abbreviate statistical terms (M) and units of measurement (Kg) if you are also using a number - Use periods if you are abbreviating a latin term (e.g.) or referring to something related to your references (such as ed. or p.)

In the UK and Aus, punctuation is ____ the quotes, unless ____

- Outside, unless part of the original sentence.

Expressing your opinion is appropriate in __________

- Personal statements, reflective, argumentative essays, and preface or acknowledgements of dissertation

How to introduce an acronym in a text (You must introduce)

- Put the acronym in parentheses after the full term. Thereafter, stick to using the acronym

Indefinite Pronouns

- Refer to non-specific places, people, or things (someone, other, anything, anyone, somewhere, every, none)

Restrictive Clause

- Restricts the meaning of a sentence, if removed the key point is changed

In US and Aus, collective nouns are treated as ___, where as in the UK they are treated as _____.

- Singular, plural ex: the team is going to win, the team are going to win

Three ways to fix comma splice:

- Split clauses into separate sentences, replace comma with semi colon, and if appropriate, a colon, or use a conjunction to create a connection between the clauses

Transitive verb

- Tells what the subject did to something else. This something else we call the direct object

Superlative

- Terms that indicate something is of the highest degree, such as "the best". Not recommended for academic writing, use sparingly

Antecedent of a pronoun

- The noun that the pronoun refers back to

In academic writing, the most commonly used tenses are the _______, the _____, and the _______

- The present simple, the past simple, and the present prefect

The perfect aspect is formed using ______while the continuous aspect is formed using the ______

- The verb "to have" , thw verb "to be".

compound subject

- Two or more subjects linked to one verb - can be either a singular or plural

Punctuating abbreviations: US and UK

- US: most title abbreviations take a period - UK: only take a period if abbreviation DOES NOT end in the last letter of the full word

Number rules APA: Percentages

- Use numerals and "%" (not "percent"). Exception: using a percentage to start a senetence, then you use full words

Exceptions to APA numbers rule:

- Use numerals for numbers 0 - 9 when followed by a precise unit of measurement - Use words for numbers used to start a sentence (with the exception of years) - Use words for common fractions and set expressions

Three ways to avoid using first person pronoun:

- Use third person: "The researcher" - Use a different object - Use passive voice

Inflated Phrases

- Using several words where just one would suffice

Phrasal verbs

- Verbs that combine two or more words to describe a specific action. Have to learn them as a singular unit the same way you do other words. Ex: goes - moves, goes out - ceases, goes out with - a date

Intransitive verbs

- Verbs that require nothing to follow them to make a complete sentence Ex: smaug sleeps

Who vs Whom

- Who is used in places he or she would be appropriate while whom is used in cases where him or her would be appropriate. In grammatical terms, who appears only ad a subject (the word doing the action) and whom appears only as an object (the word being acted on)

In the US, punctuations is _______ quotes, except when ______

- Within, except when emphasizing the writers sentence

APA style for Numbers: use words for __________ and numerals for ________. True for ordinal and cardinal numbers

- Words for numbers one through nine and numerals for numbers 10 onwards

Intensifier

- Words that create emphasis, such as "very". Not recommended for academic writing, too dramatic, use sparingly

prepositional phrases

- Words that show the relationship between elements in a sentence

Demonstratives

- Words that single out something in a specific context: this, that, these, and those

When do you use contractions

- You do not 😉

When a quote is introduced with a dialogue verb, such as "to say", "to argue", the verbs should be followed by _______and the quote _________.

- a comma and the quote should begin with a capital letter.

Tense communicates ________________.

- an events location to time

Dependent clause

- has a subject and a predicate, but does not express a complete thought. It has to be attached to an independent clause to form a sentence

Dependent clauses are often formed with ________

- subordinating conjunctions

Articles

Articles are words that define a noun as specific or unspecific. ... English has two types of articles: definite and indefinite.

ibid.

ibīdem, meaning "in the same place", commonly used in an endnote, footnote, bibliography citation, or scholarly reference to refer to the source cited in the preceding note or list item.

A sentence with a transitive verb can add to the mix an ______, the audience of the action or thing that receives the direct object

indirect object

Use "who" with ___ and "that" with ___

people, things

To avoid long-windedness or redundant phrasing, try replacing _____ with their one word equivalents when possible.

phrasal verbs

A verb becomes a phrasal verb with the addition of one or more ______

prepositions

Nonrestrictive clauses are always ________

set off with commas

___ marks a restrictive clause

"That"

___ marks a nonrestrictive clause (in us English) (in UK English, it can mark either)

"Which"

Indefinite article

"a/an"

Impersonal Pronoun

"one"

Definite article

"the"

Second Person Point of View/Tense

"you"

Subordinating conjunctions

- (Ex: when, after, since, while, although, if, unless, because, while, whereas)

The 7 coordinating conjunctions

- (FANBOYS) for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so

DO NOT use acronyms unless you will use them a minimum of _____

- 3 or 4 times (there are, however, some extremely common acronyms you don't have to introduce)

In English, each of the tenses can take ___ main aspects: __________________

- 4, simple, perfect, continuous (also known as progressive), and perfect continuous

Avoid redundant or casual qualifiers, such as:

- A couple, a lot of - Instead, use, a few, two/three, many, much, several

How to pluralize acronyms

- Add an s without adding an apostrophe

compound adjectives

A compound adjective is formed when two or more adjectives are joined together to modify the same noun. These terms should be hyphenated to avoid confusion or ambiguity. For example: Diana submitted a 6-page document. She adopted a two-year-old cat.

clause

A string of words with a subject and a predicate

Errors in Grammatical Coordination

In English grammar, coordination or parataxis is the joining of words, phrases, or clauses of the same type to give them equal emphasis and importance. The common conjunctions and, but, for, or, not, yet and so to join the elements of a coordinate construction.

Colons

In general, you can think of colons as saying "what comes next explains what came before"

uncountable nouns

In linguistics, a mass noun, uncountable noun, or non-count noun is a noun with the syntactic property that any quantity of it is treated as an undifferentiated unit, rather than as something with discrete elements. ex: you cant have two "rains"

Nested parentheses

Parentheses inside of other parentheses are called "nested" parentheses.

Scare quote

Scare quotes are quotation marks that writers place around a word or phrase to signal that they are using it in a non-standard, ironic, or otherwise special sense.

Faulty Parallelism

Sentence structure is parallel when a series of similar items all share the same grammatical structure—for example, all are nouns or verbs or phrases. Writers use parallelism to help readers see connections between ideas and to emphasize particular points. But it is easy to make mistakes when trying to use parallelism in your writing. Faulty parallelism occurs when items in a series do not have the same grammatical structure.

Always, never, perfect, best, worst are all _____

Superlatives

Continuous aspect

The continuous aspect focuses on the duration of an event. It expresses that the action was, is or will be in progress at a specific point in time or over a period of time.

Report stats that wont exceed 1.0 to ____ decimal places

Tree (.001)

Collective noun

a noun that denotes a group of individuals (e.g., assembly, family, crew ).

Prepositions

a word governing, and usually preceding, a noun or pronoun and expressing a relation to another word or element in the clause, as in "the man on the platform," "she arrived after dinner," "what did you do it for ?".

Qualifiers

a word or phrase, especially an adjective, used to attribute a quality to another word, especially a noun. Qualifiers of quantity: some, most, all, none, etc. Qualifiers of time: occasionally, sometimes, now and again, usually, always, never, etc. Qualifiers of certainty: I guess, I think, I know, I am absolutely certain, etc. Qualifiers of possibility: Could, may, likely, possible, probable, etc. Qualifiers of necessity: Must, should, ought, required, have to, etc. Qualifiers of relative quality: best, worst, finest, sharpest, heaviest, etc.

Colon must be preceded by ______

an independent clause

countable nouns

are those that refer to something that can be counted. They have both singular and plural forms (e.g. cat/cats; woman/women; country/countries). In the singular, they can be preceded by a or an.

You should ______ nested parentheses when you can

avoid

Conjunction adverb (Transitional adverb)

can also be called an adverbial conjunction, brings together two complete thoughts. Each clause would be able to stand on its own as a separate sentence. A conjunctive adverb then provides a smooth transition from one thought to the next.

Adding a subordinating clause to the beginning of an independent clause turns it into a ______

dependent clause

et al.

et alia, "and others", Most commonly, et al. indicates other contributors (authors, editors, etc.)

etc.

et cetera, used at the end of a list to indicate that further, similar items are included. "and so forth", "and other things"

e.g.

exempli gratia, meaning "for example."

Very, extremely, really, too, so are all _________

intensifiers