EDU 108 Final

Which of the following describes a mastery-oriented student?

A student who uses study strategies that promote meaningful learning.

Which one of the following best describes the three component model of memory presented in the text?

All information that enters long-term memory must first pass through the sensory memory and working memory.

____________ time is the amount of available classroom time, but time-on-task is how much of that time is actually spent on learning activities.

Allocated

Research on student diversity has found that cooperative learning is MOST beneficial for all of the following categories of students EXCEPT:

Asian students

How is teaching similar to parenting?

Both a (Emotional bonding of students with the teacher should occur, as with children and parents) and b (Both authoritative parenting styles and teaching styles are beneficial to academic and social success)

Limitation(s) of Kohlberg's theory of moral development include(s)

Both a (underestimating young children's moral reasoning abilities) and b (basing his theory primarily on interviews of males as subjects)

Which one of the following statements is true concerning the capacity for, and the duration of, information in working memory?

Both are very limited within working memory.

The Zone of Proximal Development refers to the cognitive level at which children

Both b (can solve problems with adult guidance) and c (can solve problems in collaboration with a more skilled peer)

According to Erikson's theory, high school students would likely be most concerned with

developing a sense of identity and their role in society as an adult

We are MOST likely to model after people who are all of the following EXCEPT:

different from ourselves

Teaching methods that employ individual constructivism include

discovery learning

Ms. Johnson is teaching a new lesson on weather. As she describes the cause of rain, Jermaine, one of her 2nd grade students, experiences confusion because his sister told him that rain was caused by sad clouds that were crying. In this example, Jermaine is experiencing

disequilibrium

The characteristics of an effective model include all of the following except

dissimilarity

Which of the following is NOT an example of an automatic processing task for a typical adult?

following a new cooking recipe

Which schedule of reinforcement is best for sustaining behaviors over time?

intermittent reinforcement

In general, teachers should direct students to attribute effort and success to:

internal stable, and controllable factors

A(n) ____________ reinforcement schedule is based upon the passage of time.

interval

According to Piaget, preoperational children have difficulty with conservation tasks for all of the following reasons EXCEPT

lack of object permanence which limits ability to understand objects

According to the text, students with a history of academic failure may develop

learned helplessness

Which one of the following instructional strategies would not be appropriate for children in the concrete operations stage?

lectures on historical events

Given behaviorist theories, which is the MOST effective form of punishment?

in school suspension

Positive reinforcement causes behavior to ____________ and removal punishment causes behavior to ____________.

increase; decrease

Generalization of a rule based on multiple observations is

inductive reasoning

A student is less likely to shove a classmate on the playground after he sees another student punished for this behavior. This illustrates the ________ effect of modeling.

inhibitory

Carl's cell phone rings in the middle of his 11th grade English class. His teacher scolds him and confiscates the phone for the day. Carl's classmates observe this incident and make sure their cell phones are turned off or left in their lockers in the future to prevent getting in trouble. This is an example of a(n)

inhibitory effect

In which of Erikson's stages do children first begin to attend school and assert themselves in social situations?

initiative vs. guilt

Within Vygotsky's theory, the use of language to regulate behavior is referred to as

inner speech

Social constructivism emphasizes the role of ______________ in learning.

interaction with others

Forgetting due to ____________ is common when students are studying terms or vocabulary that are very similar to one another.

interference

Most research indicates that transfer tends to occur automatically, which is why we commonly make mistakes when transferring knowledge or skills.

False

Motivational factors have little effect on a student's academic achievement.

False

Negative reinforcement is the same as punishment.

False

Negative transfer occurs when something learned in the past enables a student to easily learn something new.

False

Only positive reinforcement increases desirable classroom behaviors.

False

Parents from low income families are less likely to be involved because they are less likely to value education.

False

Peer mediation is most successful for handling academic problems and least successful for handling social problems.

False

Peer tutoring is less effective with students with exceptionalities and should be discouraged.

False

Research evidence support that learning two languages simultaneously leads to decreased language development in both languages

False

Research has shown that children's self-concepts become more realistic because their parents provide them realistic feedback and perspective on their strengths and weaknesses as they enter school.

False

Research has shown that intelligence and creative thinking are positively correlated.

False

Research indicates that teachers have very little, if any, impact on a student's development of resiliency.

False

Research studies indicate that personality traits are highly unstable and change drastically over the school age years

False

Secondary teachers should expect that all their students are operating at the formal operations stage.

False

Social development has little effect on academic success

False

Students readily change their misconceptions when presented with accurate information.

False

Students with positive outcome expectancy are less motivated to work hard in the future because they expect failure.

False

Students with special needs easily grasp strategy use and critical thinking skills when provided explicit instruction in these.

False

Teachers are not legally required to seek help or intervene in cases of school violence

False

Teachers need to set their expectations and goals above the students' zone of proximal development in order to challenge them and foster their need for competency.

False

Teachers should expect that all students will display similar patterns of personal, social, and moral development

False

Teachers should expect that information processing abilities will be very` similar among students in the same grade.

False

Teachers should focus primarily on students' academic needs, as physiological and psychological needs are not related to academic achievement.

False

Teachers should keep tasks simple and non-challenging in order to keep students motivated.

False

Teachers should never use criticism with their students. Criticism undermines motivation.

False

Teachers should refrain from exhibiting expressiveness and enthusiasm in their teaching, as this distracts from learning.

False

Teachers' communications with parents should focus on addressing student problems and identifying strategies to improve student misbehaviors.

False

The capacity and effectiveness of our short-term memory is fairly stable across the lifespan.

False

The largest influence on a student's motivation is the characteristics of his or her teacher.

False

To foster students' need for acceptance, teachers should utilize collaborative and competitive activities in the classroom.

False

Verbal praise is an effective motivator for students of all ages.

False

We can typically juggle more than one conscious processing task at a time.

False

When arranging classrooms, teachers should place all interesting learning objects, such as fish tanks, games pieces, and books, within view of the students to keep them excited and engaged in learning.

False

When students feel emotionally unsafe in the classroom they are likely to become quiet, shy, and withdrawn.

False

When you use maintenance rehearsal, you are keeping the information in your Visuospatial Sketchpad (VSSP) by repeating it over and over.

False

Which of the following responses are likely to be learned through classical conditioning?

Feeling anxious about taking a test

Which one of the following does not characterize human development, as described in the text?

Human development occurs at the same rate for all individuals

Which of the following is NOT one of the characteristics of human development?

Human development occurs in stages with quick growth spurts and plateaus

Three of the following assumptions are consistent with the cognitive perspective of learning. Which one is not consistent?

Humans learn in ways that are similar to the ways other species learn.

Eighteen year old Marlene is planning on attending college to become a teacher. Her parents and grandparents are teachers, and she has never considered any other career. According to Marcia's theory, Marlene is at the ____________ status

Identity foreclosure

A student who has just discovered that completing his school work wins the approval of his teacher is most likely in which of Erikson's stages?

Industry versus inferiority

The stages of Erikson's theory that occur in adulthood include

Intimacy versus isolation

Effective praise includes all of the following characteristics EXCEPT:

It attributes success to talent or ability.

Which of the following statements BEST characterizes a well-defined problem?

It has good structure and provides sufficient information.

Which of the following describes "dispositional interest"?

It is a stable personal interest in a topic or subject.

Research indicates that communication with parents should meet all of the following EXCEPT:

It shouldn't extend beyond the scope of communication activities already planned by the school.

Which of the following statements BEST reflects Kohlberg's preconventional moral reasoning level.

It's okay to cheat on a test if no one sees you and you can't get caught.

Which theorist is most closely associated with discovery learning?

Jerome Bruner

Which of the following is an example of classical conditioning?

Kara failed her science test and it upset her so much that now she gets really nervous before every test.

An example of pragmatics in language is

Laura waits until her friends is finished talking before she speaks

Which of the following is an example of chunking?

Memorizing a long series of numbers by breaking it into larger units.

Nancy is a very quiet student in your classroom. You seldom observe her socializing with any friends. Nancy would most likely be considered

a neglected child

Owen is a student in your class who is not succeeding academically. As a matter of fact, he is failing and is frequently absent. You've contacted the parent, a single mother, but she responds by saying his attendance and grades are his choice, not hers. This parent would most likely be described as

Permissive

____________ parents tend to set low expectations but be highly responsive.

Permissive

Piaget's main research method involved presenting problem solving scenarios to children as they grew to examine developmental changes over time. This research method is known as

longitudinal

Techniques to assist with meaningful encoding of new information include all of the following except

memorizing

"Knowing about knowing" is also called ____________.

metacognition

"Thinking about one's thinking" is

metacognition

Jared knows that he learns best when he gets to explain or teach new concepts to others, so he has signed up to be a peer tutor at his school. Jared is displaying

metacognition

Use of verbal or nonverbal signals to communicate to students about their misbehavior is called ____________.

minor interventions

Student actions that have the potential to disrupt classroom learning are called ____________.

misbehaviors

According to Erikson, infants will learn to ____________ if their caregivers are not responsive to the infant's needs.

mistrust

According to the text, strategies for developing self-regulation include all of the following except

modeling

During which phase in applied behavior analysis does the teacher implement the action plan and document resulting behaviors?

modification phase

Which of the following is NOT an example of a primary reinforcer?

money

According to Marcia, students who are in the process of actively exploring choices regarding their identity development are in the status of ____________.

moratorium

Chris engrossed in play with his mother's car keys. His mother takes the keys and hides them behind her back where he can't see them anymore. Once hidden, Chris doesn't search for them and moves on to another activity. It may be inferred from this example that Chris is in which of Piaget's stages?

Sensorimotor

Which of the following are characteristic of expert problem solving

Taking a significantly longer period of time for the identification and planning of problem solutions.

According to the Moreno text, which of the following is NOT one of the classroom implications for Bandura'a reciprocal causation model?

Teachers should focus solely on students' behavior to determine if learning has occurred.

Research on affect and cognition can be used by teachers in all of the following ways EXCEPT:

Teachers should instigate conflict in the class to foster hot cognition.

According to the Moreno text, which of the following statements about classroom rules is FALSE?

Teachers should use rules to exert control over their students.

A general trend of declining motivation occurs as students progress from elementary to secondary school.

True

According the information processing model of memory, information held in sensory, working, or long term memory can be "lost".

True

According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, students who do not have their basic needs for food and safety met are impaired in their cognitive growth.

True

According to Piaget's Theory of Moral Development, children's moral development is facilitated by interactions with peers and parents

True

According to Piaget, children who see rules as being predetermined and not open to interpretation are most likely in the heteronomous morality stage.

True

According to Piaget, pretend play has an important role in fostering cognitive development.

True

According to individual constructivism, teachers should relinquish control of student learning and provide opportunities for exploration.

True

An ill defined problem may have more than one acceptable solution.

True

Applied behavior analysis (ABA) is based on the assumption that modifying conditions in the classroom will enhance students' academic performance and classroom behaviors.

True

Assertive teachers tend to build positive relationships with their students.

True

Children in elementary school are typically unable to perform metacognitive tasks on their own.

True

Children of divorce are more likely to use alcohol, drugs, and cigarettes.

True

Children with uninvolved parents tend to be easily frustrated and low achieving in school.

True

Classroom management strategies should be modified to accommodate exceptional and high need students in inclusive classrooms

True

Compared to students who are extrinsically motivated, students who are intrinsically motivated are more likely to use meaningful learning strategies.

True

Compared to students who are intrinsically motivation, students who are extrinsically motivated are likely to use superficial learning strategies.

True

Continuous schedules of reinforcement need to eventually be followed by intermittent schedules of reinforcement.

True

Educational research supports the notion that children have a natural tendency to learn.

True

Elementary school children are unable to understand figurative language and, therefore, teachers should use simple, literal speech

True

Experts recommend using removal or presentation punishment as a last resort.

True

From Piaget's point of view, teachers should promote cognitive conflict in their students

True

Girls tend to become concerned about their possible selves at an earlier age than boys.

True

Having students monitor and evaluate their learning, as in self-testing or journaling, can develop metacognitive skills.

True

Heredity accounts for most of the influence upon an individual's temperament

True

Impulsive, hyperactive, and aggressive students are more likely to be defiant.

True

In general, students prefer a classroom with strong guidance and control by the teacher.

True

It is important to check students' perceptions of new information since perception is affected by prior knowledge.

True

Learning to drive a standard transmission car, then later transferring that skill to driving a car with an automatic transmission is an example of positive transfer.

True

Motivated reasoners will often accept flawed information if it supports their beliefs.

True

Motivation can vary greatly depending on a student's gender, culture, or socioeconomic status.

True

Of all teacher variables, classroom management has the strongest impact on student academic achievement.

True

Only a small portion of adults ever reach Kohlberg's moral reasoning level of postconventional reasoning

True

Operant conditioning theorists believe that classical conditioning is limited because humans do not always need a stimulus to produce a response.

True

Parents should be included in classroom management plans

True

Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development is considered an "age/stage" theory with specific cognitive skills associated with approximate age ranges.

True

Research indicates that students from different cultural backgrounds may actually define and categorize concepts in different ways.

True

Semantic memory includes the knowledge learned in school.

True

Students become less frustrated in class when classroom activities are adapted to their knowledge and skill level.

True

Students in classrooms with controlling teachers tend to be more dependent on their teacher and less self-motivated to learn.

True

Students must be motivated in order to learn and reproduce behaviors via modeling.

True

Students who are socially accepted and have positive friendships are actually more motivated to learn and show higher levels of achievement.

True

Students who perceive their teachers as caring are more likely to develop intrinsic motivation.

True

Students with exceptionalities tend to be more depressed and less motivated than their peers.

True

Students with high self-esteem or self-worth are more likely to succeed academically and socially.

True

Students with learning disabilities have lower levels of self-esteem or self-worth than peers of equal intelligence without learning disabilities.

True

Students with negative attributional styles are less likely to have good grades, seek help, or use effective strategies for studying.

True

Teachers can be effective models for self-regulated skills.

True

Teachers display unconditional positive regard for their students when they make the students feel valued and worthy regardless of their performance or behavior.

True

The community of learners model is most effectively used with older students.

True

The process of memory retrieval is the opposite of storing and encoding.

True

The steps for dealing with bullies are the same as the steps for handling violent behavior in schools.

True

The temperament dimension of Approach would greatly influence how a student will react on the first day of school.

True

There are fewer opportunities to use negative reinforcement than positive reinforcement in the classroom.

True

There is a strong positive correlation between motivation and student achievement.

True

Thorndike's "Law of Effect" states that behaviors followed by positive outcomes are strengthened while behaviors followed by negative outcomes disappear.

True

Value clarification programs allow students to investigate and clarify their own values and the values of others.

True

Well-practiced metacognitive skills can become automatic.

True

____________ involves creating a mental picture to use as a memory mnemonic.

Visualization

Which of the following illustrates the function of sensory memory?

You remember something that you just heard a second or two ago.

In order for a student to display creativity in an area, the student must have

a well developed knowledge base in the area

Students who feel socially isolated from groups to which they should belong are experiencing ____________.

alienation

Which of the following helps to avoid classroom management problems?

all of the above (a system of classroom rules and procedures, physical arrangement of the classroom, well planned instruction)

When teaching a new concept, it is important to

all of the above (activate students' prior knowledge, present multiple examples, present multiple non examples)

According to Self-Determination Theory, students are likely to be intrinsically motivated when their basic need(s) for _____________ are supported in the classroom environment.

all of the above (autonomy, relatedness, competence)

Which of the following contribute to a student's collective sense of self?

all of the above (community service involvement, language heritage, ethnic group identification)

A young child's description of themselves would likely include

all of the above (concrete, physical qualities, an overestimation of their abilities, a description of what they like to do)

Students with high self-efficacy for school tasks are more likely to:

all of the above (control their anxiety, have an internal locus of control, attempt challenging tasks)

Which of the following would likely impact parental involvement in classroom management

all of the above (differing cultural perspectives, job schedules, transportation availability)

Characteristics of a well-developed lesson plan, as discussed in the text, include

all of the above (flexibility, discussing a rationale of the lesson's importance to student, adaptations of pace and content)

A common reward(s) used in the classroom include:

all of the above (grades, praise, feedback)

A limitation(s) to Erikson's theory is that

all of the above (it does not address the role of culture in personal development, identity is often not achieved by adolescence, the sequence of the identity versus role confusion and intimacy versus isolation may differ among genders)

Which of the following affect students' prior knowledge?

all of the above (past experiences, cultural background, socioeconomic status)

Information stored in long-term memory can include

all of the above (procedural knowledge, declarative knowledge, conditional knowledge)

According to the Sociocognitive perspective, students' expectancies for success on a task are affected by

all of the above (self-schemas, possible selves, perception of task difficulty)

Which of the following is/are commonly associated with academic anxiety, according to the text?

all of the above (tests, math, school transitions)

Which of the following can hinder successful problem solving?

all of the above(functional fixedness, a response set, affective responses)

The "pre-modification" phase of Applied Behavioral Analysis includes the identification of

all of these (antecedent conditions in the classroom context, the target behavior, baseline behavioral data)

Teachers can encourage high self-efficacy in students by:

all of these (fostering students' sense of competence, encouraging students to attempt challenging yet attainable goals, provide peer modeling of successful task completion)

Classroom management for high school students should focus on

all of these (self management skills, designing engaging instruction, designing instruction relevant to students' interests)

Examples of removal punishment include

all of these (time out, response cost, detention)

In Piaget's theory, a schema is described as

an organized network of information

Which of the following are usually sources of students' misconceptions?

both a (a student's naïve theory) and b (an under generalization)

According to humanistic theories of motivation, in order for a student to be motivated to learn, he or she must first sense

both a (emotional safety) and b (physical safety)

Sociocognitive theories of motivation depict motivation as originating from:

both a (environmental conditions) and b students' thoughts and expectations)

Mediated learning involves

both a (the assistance of a more capable individual) and b (attaching meaning or making inferences to encourage a child's thinking about their experiences or actions)

Metacognition consists of

both a and b (knowledge of our cognition, regulation of our cognition)

Constructivist theories propose that learners

both b (actively construct knowledge from interaction with the environment) and c (actively construct knowledge from interaction with others in the environment)

Sociocognitive theory differs from behaviorism and cognitive theory in that sociocognitive theory proposes that learning occurs

by observation of others

How does a teacher demonstrate that he or she is actively listening to their students?

by showing interest in the student's comments

Thorndike's research in operant conditioning found that

cats could be taught to escape a puzzle box by reinforcing the pressing of a lever.

The inability of children to conserve is primarily related to

centration

Mr. Wendell is trying to help one of his student, Clara, who continuously turns in her assignments late. They make an agreement that for the next two weeks he will give her either a sticker or a piece of candy for each time she turns in her homework on time. This agreement is an example of

contingency contracting

Todd tends to miss class and often doesn't turn in his homework assignments. As a result, Mr. Cunningham works with Todd to create attendance and homework goals that Todd must meet in order to receive a reward. This behaviorist intervention strategy is called

contingency contracting

Which of the following schedules of reinforcement is best for teaching a new behavior?

continuous

A teacher's skill in accepting students with different cultural backgrounds is

cultural competence

The most appropriate reinforcer for a student is

one that the student finds desirable

According to individual constructivism, student learning develops primarily in response to

our search for understanding as we interact with objects in our environment.

According to Bandura, ____________ is required for a learner to remember the observed behavior in order to have the potential to imitate it.

outcome expectancy

Ways in which teachers can nurture a safe environment include all of the following except:

overlooking incidents of name-calling and ridicule among students

Todd wants to follow the rules at the pool in order to keep from getting in trouble with the lifeguards. He is most likely in Kohlberg's ____________ reasoning level.

pre-conventional

The ____________ principle states that individuals have a hierarchy of reinforcers and more preferred activities can reinforce less preferred activities.

premack

All of the following except one are strategies for preventing cognitive overload

presenting large quantities of information quickly

Carol Gilligan's moral development theory differs from Kohlberg's in that Gilligan proposed the highest level of moral reasoning is based on

principles of responsibility and care

Classroom ____________ are routines for accomplishing habitual classroom activities.

procedures

According to the Moreno text, which of the following is NOT one of the factors that affects positive transfer in the classroom?

the intelligence level of the student performing transfer

According to the text, the key to all other aspects of classroom management is

the quality of teacher-student relationships

Vygotsky's zone of proximal development can be defined as

the range of tasks that children can perform only when assistance is provided

According to the text, one reason academic motivation decreases as students advance in grades is:

the transition from an elementary school environment to a secondary school environment

The components of working memory include

the visuospatial sketchpad, the central executive, and the phonological loop

According to the sociocognitive Expectancy X Value theory, students' motivation to learn is the product of

their perceived ability level and the value of the goal

Children at the concrete operations stage should be able to do all of the following except

think logically about hypothetical situations

Working memory is where _________ occurs.

thinking

Sociocognitive theory can be characterized as being concerned with learning

through the observation of others

Classroom procedures are most useful with

time-consuming and noninstructional activities.

What is the function of the Phonological Loop (PL) in the working memory model?

to hold words and sounds for further processing

Which of the following BEST describes when teachers should use cueing?

to signal students that a behavior is undesirable

Classical conditioning occurs when

two stimuli are presented at the same time

In Pavlov's study, the dog's automatically salivated when given food, which is a(n) ____________ response.

unconditioned

Hunter thinks that the category of birds only includes small, flying birds from his hometown like robins and bluejays. He doesn't believe that penguins or ostriches are birds. This is an example of

under generalization

Bill states that trees cannot be plants. This statement is an example of

under-generalization

According to the text, autonomy-supporting teachers:

use a democratic leadership style

Effective teaching strategies for engaging students' interest in learning include all of the following except:

using primarily one teaching method for all students

The "principle of least intervention" refers to

using the simplest intervention necessary

All of the following except one are characteristics of a successful learning environment

promotes quiet, passive, and compliant students

A generic representation of a certain category of concepts is called a(n) ____________.

prototype

Mr. Johnson is instructing his 4th grade physical education class on the proper procedure for performing a pull-up. Knowing that this would be a challenging task, he provides a demonstration for the students. According to Vygotsky, this demonstration was Mr. Johnson's attempt to

provide scaffolding

Teachers can support students' sense of competence by all of the following except:

providing lavish praise and compliments frequently

According to the Moreno text, which of the following is NOT one of the teaching strategies used to promote student elaboration?

providing practice

According to Vygotsky, mediation can be defined as

receiving assistance from a more capable individual to create shared understandings

Given the research on metacognition and effective study skills, which one of the following study techniques should you NOT recommend?

recite information repeatedly to encourage long-term memory storage

Effective strategies for encoding information into long-term memory include all of the following except

rehearsal

Which of the following best describes positive reinforcement?

reinforcement consists of providing something the student finds desirable

Shaping is best described as

reinforcing gradual changes in the students' behavior which approximate the desired target behavior

A teacher's skill as an active listener can particularly support students' need for:

relatedness

According to the text, which need would be especially important for students with exceptionalities

relatedness

According to Bloom's revised taxonomy, the ____________ level includes our ability to memorize important facts.

remember

According to Zimmerman's self-regulation model, self-instruction can be defined as

reminding one's self about appropriate actions or strategies.

Accommodation can be described as

reorganizing old schemas or creating new schemas to describe events.

The basic principle of operant conditioning is that

responses are affected by the consequences that follow

A student's self-efficacy can be influenced by all of the following EXCEPT:

rewards

Pavlov's theory of classical conditioning was developed on his observations of how a dog learned to

salivate at the sight of a lab assistant

Mrs. Hoover's class begins to laugh after their class clown makes a rude comment in class. Mrs. Hoover tells the class to keep it and that they must keep laughing. They seem confused, but she tells them to laugh loudly until she tells them to stop. Eventually, the students simply stop laughing. In this example, Mrs. Hoover is applying which strategy for decreasing undesirable behaviors?

satiation

The sensorimotor stage is characterized by

schemas based on perception and behaviors

Which memory store takes in all incoming stimuli and retains it for less than a second?

sensory memory

Briona has been given a stack of pencils of various lengths and is asked to sort them based on size - from shortest to longest. This task BEST fits which of Piaget's concepts?

seriation

Ted helps to serve food at a local homeless shelter as part of a new program at his school, which is an example of

service learning

The teacher characteristics that foster students' natural tendency to learn and grow include all of the following EXCEPT:

setting achievable goals

According to research, all of the following are imminent signs of violent behavior EXCEPT:

severe decline in academic performance

Chantal is having difficulty working through a complicated long division problem. According to Vygotsky's research on how children help themselves during difficult tasks, Chantal should

talk herself though the steps

Developmental researchers who believe in the importance of nature would MOST likely study which area of personal development?

temperament differences

Which of the following teacher comments is an example of a controlling reward?

"If you work quietly at your desk you'll get extra recess time today!"

All of the following are examples of descriptive language when communicating with students about misbehaviors EXCEPT:

"Johnny, quit being rude and interrupting when other people are talking."

Which of the following statements about Piaget's theory of moral development is FALSE?

Children in the autonomous morality stage view rules as being extrinsically imposed by adults.

High school students are struggling with Erikson's crisis of Intimacy vs. Isolation as they form friendships and begin dating.

False

In concept formation theory, "prototypes" and "exemplars" are similar concepts and can be used interchangeably.

False

In general, peers have a negative effect on school success, personal, and social development

False

Individual differences in working memory capacities among students should not affect the instructional method a teacher uses.

False

Which of the following statements about Vygotsky's views on inner speech is FALSE?

Children that are more egocentric are more likely to use inner speech

How should a teacher treat differences in students' temperaments?

Adjust the classroom environment to fit with students' temperaments

Instruction in critical thinking skills should begin at the secondary school level.

False

Intrinsic motivation is closely associated with behavioral theories.

False

What is withitness?

Being attentive and knowing what your students are doing at all times

Language is developed only with explicit instruction in one's native language

False

What did Albert Bandura's bobo doll study prove?

Children's aggression increased with exposure to violent TV.

According to Bandura's reciprocal causation model, student learning can be affected by the student's effort and anxiety in the classroom. This relates to which component of Bandura's model?

Behavior component

Vygotsky would agree with all of the following statements EXCEPT:

Cognitive development occurs in stages that are dependent on mediation

Effective cooperative learning should utilize group grades rather than any individual grades to ensure that group members are working together.

False

Which theorist asserts the importance of unconditional positive regard?

Carl Rogers

Which one of the following statements describes Piaget's perspective on how children develop knowledge about the world?

Children actively construct their own meaning from their experiences of interacting with the environment and others

According to Bloom's taxonomy, which of the following instructional objectives BEST fits with the level of "Analyze"?

Compare and contrast the processes of mitosis and meiosis.

Which of the following statements regarding the effectiveness of different reinforcement schedules is FALSE?

Continuous schedules of reinforcement cause slow and steady increases in behavior.

According to Vygotsky, how does culture impact cognitive development?

Culture influences our mental schemas, thinking processes and language development

Explicit instruction in goal setting and self-regulation benefits academic achievement, but does not transfer to real life problem solving situations.

False

Discovery learning is built on the premise that discovery alone is sufficient to produce deep learning.

False

Extinction and satiation are two techniques typically used for reinforcing desirable behaviors

False

According to the Moreno text, all of the following are steps for an I-message EXCEPT:

Describe the negative consequences or punishment for the behavior.

According to the Moreno text, which of the following statements is NOT one of the guiding principles of Piaget's stage theory?

Development from one stage to the next is sudden and dramatic

Which of the following is NOT one of Limon's steps for producing cognitive conflict in the classroom?

Ensure a comfortable classroom environment that is conducive to equilibrium

Which of the following factors promote students' sense of self-efficacy?

Ensure that students have prerequisite skills required for new tasks

According to the Moreno text, which of the following is NOT a criticism or limitation of Erikson's stage theory?

Erikson's intimacy crisis may occur later for females than for males.

Displaying students' exemplary work has been consistently demonstrated as a good technique for promoting learning.

False

Educational research widely supports the use of general transfer as an effective learning method.

False

____________ motivation occurs when an individual is motivated as a means to an end.

Extrinsic

A general problem solving model, as discussed in the text, follows a linear, systematic order of steps.

False

A high sense of self worth has little effect on academic achievement

False

A very low anxiety level is associated with a very high level of academic performance.

False

According to Dewey, the essential component in problem solving is the use of insight or reflection to solve problems.

False

According to Piaget, equilibrium is the driving force behind cognitive growth and development, and teachers should make students comfortable in the classroom

False

According to classical conditioning, responses are considered to be unconditioned if we do not instinctively have them, but must learn them through associations.

False

According to goal theory, students with performance goals actually perform better in the classroom since their focus is on grades.

False

According to research on Zimmerman's self-regulation model, self-reinforcement is even more effective than teacher reinforcement in the classroom.

False

According to research, boys are more likely than girls to suffer from depression and anxiety due to their difficulty with expression emotions.

False

According to research, intrinsic motivation tends to decline in middle school but increase during high school.

False

According to research, teacher modeling is only slightly successful for fostering academic skills in students, but peer modeling is highly successful.

False

According to the behaviorist perspective, learning is defined as observable and unobservable changes in behaviors, thoughts, or feelings.

False

According to the concept attainment model, good non-examples are ones that are clearly dissimilar to the concept and cannot be easily confused with your good examples.

False

According to the text, children have a critical period for learning specific skills. If children do not acquire specific skills during these designated "critical periods", the child will not be likely to acquire these skills later in life.

False

According to the text, teachers should develop teaching strategies with a left brain or right brain emphasis.

False

All students have a similarly high need to feel accepted and autonomous.

False

An example of a "minor intervention" would be dealing with a defiant or noncompliant student.

False

As a teacher, you should develop one motivational strategy that will be appropriate for all the students in your classroom.

False

Behaviorist principles have been found to be equally effective for all types of students, regardless of their characteristics.

False

Children who experience numerous risk factors, such as being reared in an aversive environment and experiencing few positive role models, have little hope for academic success.

False

Classroom rules should be established several weeks after school begins in order for the teacher to get to know the students better

False

Classroom seating arrangements should be consistent during the school year and should not vary

False

Cognitivists and Behaviorists share very similar views of learning.

False

Constructivist teaching methods are equally effective for students from all cultures and linguistic backgrounds.

False

Controlling rewards are highly recommended and provide useful feedback to students.

False

Cooperative learning groups should include three to four students of the same gender, cultural, and language background.

False

Deductive reasoning is the natural way we learn concepts and build knowledge based on world experiences.

False

Direct instruction in self-regulation is not appropriate for students with exceptionalities or for younger students.

False

Which of the following is the BEST example of negative transfer?

Frank forgets that he isn't talking with his friends and uses slang language when talking to his teacher.

Which one of the following is the best example of attributing failure to an internal locus of control?

Fred is experiencing difficulty in grasping the new concepts in his psychology course, but he feels he can understand these concepts if he keeps working at it

According to the Moreno text, which of the following is NOT an important step for teachers to follow when taking temperament diversity into account in the classroom?

Group students of similar temperaments together for activities to promote cooperation.

____________ discovery occurs when the teacher provides assistance and direction on how to solve the problem.

Guided

Mr. Jacobs is beginning a new lesson on creating graphs from spreadsheet data. He begins the lesson by reminding the students that they should already know how to create a spreadsheet from their prior computer science class. So, he instructs them to enter some imaginary data into the spreadsheet so they can begin to learn about graphs. As he jumps ahead in the lesson, a few students in the back of the class are confused because they don't remember how to enter data. So, they begin to get frustrated and play games instead of following the lesson. In this example, what is Mr. Jacob's main classroom management mistake?

He didn't adapt his instruction to the needs of the students and assumed prior knowledge.

Which of the following examples BEST illustrates the effect of a mental set on problem solving?

Marion is doing a series of addition problems. He gets the last problem wrong because he overlooks the subtraction sign and adds when he should subtract.

According to the Moreno text, which of the following steps is NOT part of the typical, or default, approach to classroom discussions?

Motivate

According to the definition of classroom management, which of the following examples BEST reflects a well managed class?

Mr. Brooks' students are busily working on completing a history terminology crossword puzzle in pairs. Sometimes they get noisy when the partners disagree on which word is the correct term.

According to research on diversity in information processing, which teacher is NOT utilizing an effective strategy for capturing and maintaining students' attention?

Mrs. Schoeppner likes to provide lots of facts and definitions in class using her "information overload" approach.

According to the Moreno text, all of the following teachers are implementing essential elements of cooperative learning EXCEPT:

Ms. Core has her students submit a group paper to assign a group grade at the completion of their project.

All of the following teachers are demonstrating how to personalize the school experience for his or her students EXCEPT:

Ms. Heintz likes to show her school spirit and attends almost all of her school's sporting events and extracurricular activities.

Which of the following is an example of a cognitive apprenticeship?

Ms. Jackson works together with a student to solve a challenging word problem and, in the process, models way of thinking about solving the problem

According to the Moreno text, all of the following teachers are implementing teaching strategies that would foster their students' need for autonomy EXCEPT:

Ms. McDonald uses very clear and controlling language to ensure that students are staying on task.

Which of the following is an accurate description of the difference between negative reinforcement and punishment?

Negative reinforcement often increases the frequency of a behavior while punishment always decreases the frequency of a behavior.

According to the text, the most important diversity factor(s) to consider for classroom management is/are

a student's developmental age and maturity

Which of the following scenarios displays Kohlberg's "law and order", conventional stage of moral reasoning?

Pam obeys the teacher because the school rules say she must obey the teacher and it is her responsibility to obey the school rules

Mark gives up easily in class when confronted with a challenging task, and he appears to avoid making friends out of his fear of failure. According to Marzano, Mark could be categorized as

Passive

According to the Moreno text, which of the following is NOT one of the criticisms of Piaget's stage theory?

Piaget's overestimated the abilities of young children due to the simplicity of the tasks

Sally is shown two same-sized lumps of clay. When one lump of clay is flattened, Sally declared the flattened lump has less clay. Sally is probably in Piaget's ___________ stage of development

Pre-operational

____________ punishment is when an aversive stimulus is presented after an undesirable behavior is displayed.

Presentation

____________ teaching is a method of promoting student reading comprehension via structured discussions between students and the teacher to create a joint understanding of the text.

Reciprocal

Among the five peer statuses identified in your text, which group is most likely to have serious social adjustment problems?

Rejected

Richard is unable to remember the name of his preschool teacher. A memory researcher who believes in information decay would explain that

Richard has actually lost that memory since it hasn't been used or accessed for such a long time.

____________ learning typically involves repetition of information without attaching meaning.

Rote

Which of the following statements about rote learning is FALSE?

Rote learning is a means of encoding information into the long-term memory.

____________ is an individual's self description of his or her abilities.

Self-concept

____________ theory focuses on learning that is the result of observing others or observing the consequences of others' behavior.

Sociocognitive

An example of negative reinforcement is

Something the learner doesn't' want is removed after a response

Mr. Casto assigns his students to small, heterogeneous groups. He explains the group activity on "Causes of the Great Depression" to the entire class and answers any questions. The students then break into groups, brainstorm and study the causes of the Great Depression. Once finished, all of the students take an individual quiz to assess their learning. These scores are converted to improvement scores which are used to create a team score. This is an example of which cooperative learning format?

Student Teams Achievement Divisions (STAD)

Which of the following is NOT one of the limitations or criticisms of Kohlberg's theory of moral development based on current research?

The actual sequence of the stages and their respective reasoning abilities may be inaccurate.

Which of the following is NOT one of the limitations of the Behavioral theory of motivation?

There is a lack of evidence from research to support Behaviorist views of motivation.

Students who are more successful academically have the following temperament

There is no ideal temperament associated with academic success

According to the Moreno text, children of divorce tend to have all of the following difficulties EXCEPT:

They are more likely to drop out of high school.

According to research, students with mastery goals tend to have all of the following characteristics EXCEPT:

They tend to compare themselves with their peers.

A social constructivist learning model in which students and teachers work together to help everyone learn is

a community of learners

Kohlberg's theory of moral development characterizes children's moral development as

a process of becoming increasingly less self-centered and more concerned with the needs of others

The primary factor contributing to resiliency among academically at risk students is

a quality relationship with a caring adult

Bobbie seemingly has no friends at school and becomes excessively aggressive when teased by classmates. According to the text, Bobbie would be considered

a rejected child

A cognitive theorist would define learning as

a relatively permanent change in mental structures as a result of experience.

Self concept is

a self description of an individual's competencies (i.e. what one is "good" at)

Eric Erikson's theory of psychosocial development can best be described as

a series of stages in which an individual develops increasingly more complex cognitive skills

"Generalization" as applied to behaviorist learning theories, occurs when

a student has learned to respond to a certain stimulus, and then responds to similar stimuli in the same way

"Discrimination" as applied in behaviorist learning theories, occurs when

a student has learned to respond to a certain stimulus, then responds to similar, but different, stimuli in a different way

Which of the following is the main accomplishment of children as they progress from preoperational stage to the concrete operational stage?

ability to think logically about tangible objects

Changing an existing schema to interpret a new experience or event is an example of

accommodation

Josh is learning about amphibians in his 5th grade class. This new information is causing Josh to re-organize his prior understandings about frogs and how they relate to lizards because he originally thought that they were similar. In this example, Josh is most likely engaging in

accommodation

A student's psychological and physical condition that is needed in order to respond is also called ____________.

arousal

According to the text, a ____________ style of classroom management has been found most effective

assertive

Four-year-old Juan is learning to play "pass the ball." Each time he is handed a ball he bounces it off the ground, even if it is a football or soccer ball. He hasn't learned that different types of balls are handled differently yet. In this example, Juan is most likely engaging in

assimilation

Using an existing schema to interpret a new event, without modifying the schema, is an example of

assimilation

According to the text, the "starting point" for learning is

attention

The two processes that help move information from sensory memory to working memory are

attention and perception

Teachers with ____________ leadership styles tend to be more controlling in the classroom.

authoritarian

Among the parenting styles described in the text, which one is associated with healthy developmental outcomes?

authoritative

According to research on diversity in motivation, why do students become more extrinsically motivated as they age?

because the school environment utilizes more extrinsic motivators with increasing grade levels

Based on its definition, students who are strictly extrinsically motivated would study for all of the following reasons EXCEPT:

because they think it is interesting

___________theories focus on the use of reinforcement for motivation.

behavioral

Which of the following characteristics is NOT associated with being an authoritative parent?

being more like a friend than a parent

Which of the following problems is MOST likely to be solved with a heuristic?

calculating the diameter of a circle

Which of the following would be considered a "primary reinforcer"?

candy

According to Vygotsky's concept of "internalization"

children become increasingly adept at the use of their community's language and culture

Classroom management strategies that focus on problem solving, "I" messages, and conflict resolution are considered

cognitive strategies

Joaquin is a member of the school's debate team. He is very proud of their state championship and his membership on the team has made him feel better about his overall academic abilities. This is an example of

collective self

The information processing model uses an analogy of the mind as a

computer

A category used to group similar objects, events, or ideas is a/n

concept

Knowing when and why to apply declarative and procedural knowledge is

conditional knowledge

When students know when and why to apply different types of knowledge, they are using their

conditional knowledge

Mr. Abdella, a 5th grade physical education teacher, believes that boys are more physically coordinated than girls. When observing his students he pays special attention to the athletic achievements of his male students and tends to ignore examples of coordination and physical achievement in his female students. This is an example of which flaw in thought?

confirmation bias

Attention is limited; in fact, ____________ processing tasks are cognitively demanding and require full attention.

conscious

Marcia is given one cookie and her sister, Tamara, has two. Marcia complains that this is unfair. So, Tamara breaks Marcia's cookie in half and says, "See - now we both have two cookies!" Marcia happily agrees. This is an example of which Piagetian concept

conservation

Knowing what a cell phone is, and knowing how to send a text message with a cell phone illustrates the difference between

declarative knowledge and procedural knowledge

____________ reasoning is commonly used in class when teachers present broad concepts that can be later applied to specific events or situations.

deductive

The use of syllogisms aid in the development of

deductive reasoning

According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, students' ____________ needs include their basic physiological needs like food and shelter.

deficiency

According to Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, students must fulfill their _________ needs before they can achieve ________.

deficiency, self actualization

Students' need for acceptance is BEST supported by which teacher characteristics?

demonstrating care and unconditional regard

The effect of peer influences is greatest

during junior high school/upper-middle school

Michael is running on the playground and accidentally knocks over Tanya, who falls to the ground and begins to cry. Michael doesn't stop to help her because he is focused on running to the swing. Piaget would explain that Michael is demonstrating ____________ since he is unable to see this situation from Tanya's perspective

egocentrism

In classical conditioning, a conditioned stimulus is a stimulus that

elicits a response it has not previously elicited

All of the following are teaching strategies which support students' autonomy EXCEPT:

encouraging students to seek external evaluations of progress

We use assimilation and accommodation in order to achieve ____________ or consistency in our own thinking.

equilibrium

Mr. Jackson keep s a pet goldfish, named Goldie, in his class. When he is discussing the differences between fish and reptiles in his class, he uses Goldie as his example of a typical fish. Later when his students are trying to determine if an animal is a fish or a reptile, they compare the animal to "Goldie" to decide if it's similar to a fish. Which theory of concept formation is Mr. Jackson applying to his class?

exemplar theory

In attribution theory, the stability dimension is typically associated with the student's

expectations of future success or failure.

Which of the following BEST describes equilibrium?

finding consistency in thinking and being able to explain events using mental schemas

Ms. Queen gives her students free time on the computer for every two online assignments they complete. In this example, Ms. Queen is using

fixed ratio reinforcement

If a student is engaged in a challenging task and perceives themselves to have a high level of ability, what emotional or behavioral outcome might be expected?

flow

Stimulus ____________ occurs when an individual demonstrates a conditioned response that is similar to, yet different from, the original conditioned stimulus.

generalization

Students with lower needs for acceptance and affiliation can be characterized by all of the following EXCEPT:

have lower self concepts

Research on resiliency indicates that the largest contributing factor to developing resiliency is

having a quality relationship with a caring adult

Using a "rule of thumb" is similar to using a(n) ____________ when problem solving.

heuristic

Analogical reasoning, means-ends analysis, and a "working back" strategy are examples of

heuristics

Piaget's pendulum problem for formal operations provides students with various lengths of strings and weights to create a pendulum. In order to make the pendulum swing faster, they must hold some variables constant while testing others. This task requires

hypothetical deductive reasoning

The identity status that James Marcia found occurred more often after high school than during high school is

identity achievement

As a part of your unit on the environment, you ask students to develop ways of reusing recycled products. This would be an example of a(n)

ill defined problem

When asked to describe herself, Margaret says, "I have brown hair, blue eyes, and own two dogs." Based on research regarding the abstraction of self-concept, we could assume that Margaret is

in elementary school

According to the text, the capacity of sensory memory

is very large

A criticism of Piaget's Cognitive Development Theory discussed in the text is

it does not consider the influence of culture upon cognitive development

From Piaget's perspective, children are:

naturally inclined to make sense of the world

Transfer between two similar situations or contexts is called ____________ transfer.

near

Maria speaks Spanish at home with her family. In school, she uses her knowledge of Spanish to learn Portuguese. Maria is involved in

near transfer

According to humanistic theories of motivation, which of the following psychosocial needs must be met first?

need for safety

Minor interventions include all of the following EXCEPT:

negative consequences

Ray is typically quiet in the classroom and is shy in social settings or on the playground at recess. He only has one close friend, but is considered somewhat likeable by others. According to peer status research, Ray could be BEST categorized as

neglected

In Pavlov's study, he wanted the dogs to associate salivating with a different stimulus, so he chose to use a bell since it originally would not cause any reaction in the dogs and could be considered a(n)

neutral stimulus

All of the following are example of deductive reasoning EXCEPT:

noticing that students in the front row tend to get As and deciding that all smart students must sit in the front row

One caution regarding the use of computers in the classroom is the ____________ effect which indicates that student engagement via the introduction of computers may be short-lived.

novelty

The influence of environmental influences such as parents, peers, and teachers is also known as ____________.

nurture

Sociocognitive theories for student self regulation of behavior include all of the following strategies except

peer mediation

Which of the following cognitive strategies for handling student misbehaviors requires the most planning, work, training, and time?

peer mediation

Which of the following is an example of conscious retrieval?

performing a long division problem on a quiz

Active listening by a teacher involves all of the following except:

showing no emotional response

When teachers show fun videos or perform demonstrations in class, they are attempting to foster ____________ interest in their students.

situational

Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development differs from Piaget's in that it emphasizes the role of

social and cultural influences

The use of realistic problems, peer tutoring, and cooperative learning methods characterize

social constructivism

Vygotsky's theory is referred to as ____________ due to his belief that cognitive development is the result of both social and cultural factors

sociocultural theory of cognitive development

Lewis has extreme social anxiety. He works with a counselor that helps him to visualize increasingly social situations while in a deeply relaxed state in order to slowly get over his fear. This method can be described as

systematic desensitization

"Withitness" includes all of the following teacher behaviors except:

stopping instruction to attend to a minor student misbehavior

According to Vygotsky's theory, the purpose of scaffolding is to

support the student in performing difficult tasks

According to Piaget, which of the following cognitive developments would be MOST influential in the development of language?

symbolic thought

The reciprocal causation model refers to the interrelationships among

the environmental, behavioral, and personal components

Syntax refers to

the grammatically correct usage of words

Which of the following is the best example of a symbolic model?

the heroine in a novel

Situated cognition refers to

the influence of cultural background on thinking

"Time on task" refers to

the number of minutes used for learning and instruction

According to human development researchers, which of the following is an example of a maturational change?

the onset of puberty in adolescence

Algorithms are useful in solving

well defined problems

Individuals at Kohlberg's preconventional level of moral reasoning would define appropriate behavior as

whatever is not punished (i.e. what they can get away with)

According to the Moreno text, students engage in exploratory behaviors for all of the following reasons EXCEPT:

when the student has a sense of belonging

Effective cooperative learning activities include all of the following except

working toward independent goals