edu 299 final exam review

If the review of related research uncovers a very similar study, the researcher may want to: a. Investigate another aspect of the study b. All of these are correct c. explore a different area of study d. replicate the study to determine its accuracy

a. Investigate another aspect of the study

A survey of the literature and research concerning the question one wants to investigate should be done: a. before conducting the study b. before, while, and after conducting the study c. after conducting the study d. while conducting the study

a. before conducting the study

If all other factors are held constant, increasing the number of subjects in a survey will cause the width of a confidence interval to: a. decrease b. show no change c. increase

a. decrease

The institutional review board exists to: a. determine if research participants are at risk under federal regulations. b. discipline researchers who violate any of the above procedures. c. approve the budget specified in the proposal to guard against misappropriation of research funds. d. all of these options are correct. e. approve the statistical procedures presented in the research proposal.

a. determine if research participants are at risk under federal regulations.

Consider the following hypothesis: "There is significant positive correlation between academic self-concept and attitude toward school." This is an example of a a. directional and testable hypothesis b. statistical hypothesis c. directional hypothesis d. testable hypothesis e. directional, testable, and statistical hypothesis

a. directional and testable hypothesis

Which one of the following is a categorical variable? a. gender b. achievement c. learning d. scholastic aptitude

a. gender

When rating study skills, communication skills, citizenship, and leadership Mrs. Jones gives Sally, her favorite student, high marks in all areas. The type of error involved in Mrs. Jones's rating is called the: a. halo effect b. logical error c. generosity error d. central tendency error

a. halo effect

The first step in sampling is: a. identification of the target population. b. determining a method to use for sampling. c. None of these answers are correct. d. determining the accessible population.

a. identification of the target population.

The most serious problem associated with the use of a mailed questionnaire in research is: a. obtaining the responses b. formulating the questions c. analyzing the data d. selecting the sample

a. obtaining the responses

Refer to Exhibit 7-1. Chris is the top student in the class. a. ordinal b. ratio c. nominal d. interval

a. ordinal

High score reliability for a test indicates that: a. random errors of measurement are not a serious problem. b. the proportion of error variance to true variance is very high. c. the test is measuring what it is supposed to be measuring. d. the test has validity.

a. random errors of measurement are not a serious problem.

A test designed to measure achievement motivation proved to be very consistent but to have no relation to other measures of motivation or teachers' ratings of motivation. The test is: a. reliable but not valid b. valid and reliable c. valid but not reliable d. neither valid nor reliable

a. reliable but not valid

The results section of a research report is different from the conclusion section of the report because the results section: a. reports the outcomes of the data analysis, while the conclusion section suggests inferences based on the results. b. suggests which conclusions are statistically significant, while the conclusion section reports the outcome of the original hypotheses. c. None of these is correct, as the results and conclusion sections are the same. d. reports the significance of the conclusions, and the conclusions are predicted outcomes of the original hypotheses.

a. reports the outcomes of the data analysis, while the conclusion section suggests inferences based on the results.

The difference between a sample statistic and a population parameter refers to: a. sampling error b. margin of error c. standard error d. generalization error

a. sampling error

Intelligence tests are most valid for measuring: a. scholastic aptitude b. problem-solving approaches c. innate capacity d. creativity e. inherited ability

a. scholastic aptitude

When subjects in interviews give responses to enhance their own image, this is known as __________. a. social desirability bias b. interviewer bias c. interpretation bias d. recorder bias

a. social desirability bias

Exhibit 2-7: Consider the question, "Does student control of seating arrangements affect the classroom management procedures of sixth graders?" and choose the correct response. Refer to Exhibit 2-7. What is the independent variable? a. two of these options b. classroom management procedures c. student control d. seating arrangements e. sixth-grade children

a. two of these options

A high negative correlation was found between days absent from school and grade achievement for middle school students. This finding means that: a. absence from school causes low achievement. b. measures on the two variables do not tend to covary. c. students who miss school more often tend to make lower grades than students who attend regularly. d. low achievement causes high absence from school.

c. students who miss school more often tend to make lower grades than students who attend regularly.

If a binomial distribution has p = 0.65, then q = a. 0.065 b. 0.50 c. 0.05 d. 0.35

d. 0.35

On a normal curve, approximately what percentage of cases would be within one standard deviation from the mean? a. 100% b. 0% c. 34% d. 68%

d. 68%

How do researchers usually handle a null hypothesis? a. Study it and try to prove it b. Adopt it but try to revise it c. Assess it and try to debug it d. Assume it is true but try to reject it

d. Assume it is true but try to reject it

Which one of the following research questions meets the criteria of a good research question? a. What are the ways of decreasing violence in American society? b. Should high school curricula aim at preparing students for college or should they aim at preparing students for life? c. How could high school students be motivated to study world geography? d. Does attending kindergarten affect the social maturity of children at the elementary school level?

d. Does attending kindergarten affect the social maturity of children at the elementary school level?

If your professor is only interested in the test performance of students in her class, the class is her: a. biased sample b. nonprobability sample c. random sample d. population

d. population

Exhibit 1-10: A researcher carried out an experiment with her freshman psychology students to answer the following question: ​ "Does college students' rate of learning a series of cognitive tasks differ in regard to gender and type of motivation (intrinsic or extrinsic)?" Refer to Exhibit 1-10. What is the dependent variable? a. college students b. gender c. freshman psychology students d. rate of learning task e. type of motivation

d. rate of learning task

Four groups of sixth grade students took the same test in reading. The reliability coefficient will be highest for: a. students with similar intelligence test scores but varying in their background in reading. b. students with similar intelligence test scores and a similar background in reading. c. students with varying intelligence test scores, all of whom have a similar background in reading. d. students with varying intelligence test scores and a varying background in reading.

d. students with varying intelligence test scores and a varying background in reading.

A quantitative researcher who finds positive results with respect to the hypothesis of the study can report that the results____________ the hypothesis. a. prove b. verify c. confirm d. support

d. support

Reliability is to random error as validity is to: a. none of these are true b. standard error c. error of measurement d. systemic error e. internal error

d. systemic error

A school administrator finds no statistically significant difference in learning whether students are taught by computer or by books. She decides not to spend money on new computer equipment. Later, she finds that a neighboring district is very successful in implementing computer technology. a. She may have committed a Type II error. b. No error is possible in this situation. c. She may have committed a Type I error. d. A Type I and Type II error may have occurred.

a. She may have committed a Type II error.

To obtain data in a survey, a mailed questionnaire has been used. Would you advise the researcher to follow up some of those in the sample who failed to respond to the questionnaire? a. Yes, the respondents may differ from nonrespondents. b. Yes, a large sample will avoid bias. c. No, delayed returns would be of doubtful value. d. No, a certain loss of respondents is expected.

a. Yes, the respondents may differ from nonrespondents.

Which of the following is the best example of a "halo effect"? a. a cooperative student is rated high on nearly all traits b. a student is assigned the highest rating on all traits rated c. all individuals in a group are rated low on the scale d. the extreme values of the scale are extensively used

a. a cooperative student is rated high on nearly all traits

"Is there a relationship between intelligence and reading achievement?" This question is a. a trivial question since the relationship between these variables is well established. b. a significant question for research since the relationship between two important educational variables is being considered. c. a poor question for research because it does not imply empirical investigation. d. a good question for research because it probes for the cause of school success.

a. a trivial question since the relationship between these variables is well established.

Normally, subjects should be informed of the purpose of the study: a. before they take part in the study b. after their participation in the study c. during their participation in the study d. after the study is completed and written up

a. before they take part in the study

A survey question whose relevancy depends on the answer to a previous question is called a(n) ____ question. a. contingency b. indirect c. specific d. stimulus-keyed

a. contingency

A language aptitude test is administered to 50 students who are entering an honors French course. After one semester, their scores from the final examination in the French course are correlated with the scores from the language aptitude test. The resulting correlation coefficient would provide what kind of evidence of the test's score validity? a. criterion-related b. test-related c. concurrent d. content

a. criterion-related

The standard deviation of the population is ____ the standard error of the mean. a. larger than b. not related to c. smaller than d. equal to

a. larger than

When doing the literature review, it is best to: a. start with the latest work to incorporate modifications of theory and method. b. start with a representative article and use its references to branch further. c. start with the earliest work to understand the foundation of the hypothesis.

a. start with the latest work to incorporate modifications of theory and method.

If a research finding is found to be statistically significant, it: a. suggests that similar results would be found if another sample was tested. b. confirms the research hypothesis. c. All of these answers are correct. d. suggests the findings are significant contributions to the theory being tested.

a. suggests that similar results would be found if another sample was tested.

Consider the following hypothesis: "Children with higher GPA will express greater satisfaction with school than children with lower GPA." This is an example of a a. testable and directional hypothesis b. testable hypothesis c. directional hypothesis d. null hypothesis e. testable and null hypothesis

a. testable and directional hypothesis

In survey research, a population refers to: a. the larger group to which a researcher wishes to generalize. b. the entire population of interest. c. a group selected for observation in a study. d. all of the people in a country.

a. the larger group to which a researcher wishes to generalize.

A major problem with observational research is that: a. the presence of the observer may change the subject's behavior b. it cannot be used with young children c. only the simplest type of behavior can be observed d. no standardized instruments are available for use with observation

a. the presence of the observer may change the subject's behavior

A researcher who fails to reject the null hypothesis in a correlational analysis should conclude: a. there is insufficient evidence for concluding there is a relationship between X and Y in the population. b. the correlation between X and Y in the population is less than zero. c. the correlation between X and Y in the population is zero. d. the correlation between X and Y in the population is not zero. e. the observed relationship between X and Y is stronger than would be expected by chance.

a. there is insufficient evidence for concluding there is a relationship between X and Y in the population.

Exhibit 1-10: A researcher carried out an experiment with her freshman psychology students to answer the following question: ​ "Does college students' rate of learning a series of cognitive tasks differ in regard to gender and type of motivation (intrinsic or extrinsic)?" Refer to Exhibit 1-10. What is the manipulated independent variable? a. type of motivation b. rate of learning task c. college students d. freshman psychology students e. gender

a. type of motivation

The ability of a music aptitude test to differentiate among individuals who are known to differ in music ability provides evidence of the test's: a. validity b. objectivity c. reliability d. consequential usefulness

a. validity

A 100-point math test has a mean of 40 and a standard deviation of 15. A 60-point English test has a mean of 40 and a standard deviation of 5. Pat scored a 50 on both tests. a. none of these are true b. Pat scored better on the English test. c. Pat scored better on the math test. d. Pat scored about the same on both tests.

b. Pat scored better on the English test.

A negative z-score is: a. sometimes above the mean. b. always below the mean c. sometimes below the mean d. always above the mean

b. always below the mean

Exhibit 5-6: Indicate the type of instrument that would be used for the purposes listed. Refer to Exhibit 5-6. To determine how teachers feel about a new attendance policy recently instituted in their school. a. inventory b. attitude scale c. direct observation d. rating scale

b. attitude scale

Test validity is to ____ error as reliability is to ____ error. a. random, systemic b. systemic, random

b. systemic, random

Exhibit 1-10: A researcher carried out an experiment with her freshman psychology students to answer the following question: ​ "Does college students' rate of learning a series of cognitive tasks differ in regard to gender and type of motivation (intrinsic or extrinsic)?" Refer to Exhibit 1-10. What is the population? a. gender b. college students c. freshman psychology students d. rate of learning task e. type of motivation

b. college students

Null hypotheses are employed to: a. investigate why there is no relationship when one is expected. b. compare findings of a study with what would be expected by chance. c. prove there is a relationship between the variables of the study. d. prove there is no relationship between the variables.

b. compare findings of a study with what would be expected by chance.

A researcher interested in studying test anxiety in college students gave an anxiety inventory to random samples of freshmen, sophomores, juniors, and seniors at their university at the beginning of the academic year. What type of survey research does this study represent? a. cohort b. cross-sectional c. panel d. trend

b. cross-sectional

To increase the validity of a rating scale, it is recommended that the points on the scale be identified by: a. trait names b. descriptive phrases c. numbers d. qualifying terms such as frequently, seldom, never, or often

b. descriptive phrases

Exhibit 5-6: Indicate the type of instrument that would be used for the purposes listed. Refer to Exhibit 5-6. To determine the extent to which elementary teachers used positive reinforcement in the classroom. a. inventory b. direct observation c. attitude scale d. rating scale

b. direct observation

In writing the related literature section, it is a good policy to: a. give complete details (number of subjects, specific instructions to subjects, etc.) for every article. b. discuss the studies by topic c. include every article you have located d. discuss the articles in chronological order

b. discuss the studies by topic

A boxplot: a. is preferred when data are of a continuous nature. b. indicates the center and spread of data in quartiles or percentiles. c. indicates the amount of error present in various measures under study. d. represents a distribution of data using vertical bars.

b. indicates the center and spread of data in quartiles or percentiles.

The following statement would likely be included in which section of a quantitative research article? ​ Subjects included 72 seventh graders (38 girls and 34 boys) enrolled in a rural middle school. a. introduction b. methods c. results d. discussion

b. methods

Refer to Exhibit 7-1. Chris is a nontraditional student. a. ordinal b. nominal c. ratio d. interval

b. nominal

Consider the following hypothesis: "There is no significant correlation between intelligence and social adjustment." This is an example of a a. directional hypothesis b. null hypothesis c. nondirectional hypothesis d. null and nondirectional hypothesis

b. null hypothesis

How does a researcher obtain informed consent to participate in a study from subjects not capable of representing themselves? The researcher: a. uses a modified consent form explaining the situation to the review board. b. obtains their assent to participate and consent for their participation from parent or guardian. c. obtains their assent to participate. d. obtains consent for their participation from parent or guardian.

b. obtains their assent to participate and consent for their participation from parent or guardian.

The ratings that three teachers made of the leadership ability of a particular high school senior agreed closely. This agreement among raters is referred to as interrater: a. convergence b. reliability c. objectivity d. validity

b. reliability

In gathering convergent evidence in a validity study, one determines the correlation between measures of the ____ construct obtained by ____ methods. a. same, same b. same, different c. different, different d. different, same

b. same, different

Which of the following represents the usual sequence of steps in the quantitative research process? a. stating the hypothesis; reviewing the literature; stating operational definitions of the variables; developing measuring instruments; gathering data b. stating a problem; reviewing the literature; stating a hypothesis; constructing operational definitions of variables; developing measuring instruments; gathering data c. reviewing the literature; formulating a problem; defining the variables operationally; developing measuring instruments; gathering data d. reviewing the literature; identifying the variables; stating a problem; gathering data

b. stating a problem; reviewing the literature; stating a hypothesis; constructing operational definitions of variables; developing measuring instruments; gathering data

Stratified sampling allows the researcher to: a. None of these answers are correct. b. study the differences that exist between various subgroups of a population. c. eliminate sampling bias. d. calculate Type I and Type II errors more accurately.

b. study the differences that exist between various subgroups of a population

Test norms that appear with standardized achievement tests are best interpreted as: a. standards of achievement for specified groups b. the average performance of specified groups c. the average levels of achievement that should be attained at various grade levels d. standards of evaluating the adequacy of a school's curriculum

b. the average performance of specified groups

Rejecting the null hypothesis when it cannot be rejected is an example of: a. faulty error calculations b. type I error c. type II error d. poor sampling methods

b. type I error

Accepting the null hypothesis when it is false is an example of: a. faulty error calculations b. type II error c. type I error d. poor sampling methods

b. type II error

"Standardized" as applied to tests means: a. having objective-type items b. uniform administration and established norms c. having an established level of expectation d. a particular type of aptitude test e. covering what should be taught

b. uniform administration and established norms

A research participant's right to confidentiality ensures that the source of information: a. will not be disclosed unless participants have been informed about who will have access to the data. b. will not be disclosed without the express permission of the informant. c. will only be disclosed when clearly necessary for scientific purposes. d. will only be disclosed when there are no risks of negative consequences.

b. will not be disclosed without the express permission of the informant.

The coefficient of determination of an r = −0.60 is: a. -0.36 b. -0.77 c. +0.36 d. none of these answers is correct

c. +0.36

A researcher found a correlation of 0.40 between aptitude test scores and school achievement. What proportion of the variance in school achievement can be attributed to variables other than aptitude? a. 0.60 b. 0.16 c. 0.84 d. 0.40

c. 0.84

Consider the following Likert attitude scale measuring attitudes toward medical use of marijuana: 1. Marijuana should be legal for medical use. SA A U D SD 2. Marijuana should not be legalized even for medical use. SA A U D SD A student marked "SA" to the first statement, and "SD" to the second statement. What is this student's score based on these two statements? a. 6 b. 8 c. 10 d. 2

c. 10

If your test score was one standard deviation above the mean score, your best estimate is that you scored better than what percent of the test takers? a. 50% b. 68% c. 84% d. 98%

c. 84%

Identify the error in the following conclusion: "Since the scatterplot showed the points were close to a straight line, this indicates a positive relationship between the variables." a. A straight line does not necessarily indicate a relationship between variables. b. The researcher cannot make this claim without calculating the correlation coefficient. c. The relationship could indicate a negative correlation, depending on the direction of the straight line. d. The relationship between the variables could be curvilinear.

c. The relationship could indicate a negative correlation, depending on the direction of the straight line.

Consider the following data from a 40-item math skills test administered to three groups of elementary school students. ​ Age Group Mean Score 3rd 32.1 4th 37.5 5th 39.3 Interpretation of these data for 5th graders may be limited by the test's: a. floor effect b. baseline effect c. ceiling effect d. discrimination

c. ceiling effect

Which one of the following is the first step in testing a hypothesis? a. asking the views of authorities to see if it satisfies the criteria b. selecting or developing research instruments for data collection c. deducing consequences that can be observed d. reviewing the literature in the field to see if the hypothesis is consistent with the body of knowledge

c. deducing consequences that can be observed

If a subject drops out before the end of a study, the subject: a. should be informed that he or she has a legal obligation to complete the project. b. should be required to provide another person as a substitute. c. has the right to withdraw, so nothing should be done. d. should be barred from participation in future studies.

c. has the right to withdraw, so nothing should be done.

If all other factors are held constant, increasing the level of confidence will cause the width of a confidence interval to: a. decrease b. show no change c. increase

c. increase

If the score reliability of a test decreases, the standard error of measurement will: a. decrease only if the standard deviation decreases b. stay the same c. increase d. decrease

c. increase

Refer to Exhibit 7-1. Pat has the most successful debate record. a. ratio b. nominal c. interval d. ordinal

d. ordinal

In a survey, statistical precision in estimating population parameters from sample statistics can be increased by: a. increasing variability of data. b. limiting the number of subjects surveyed. c. increasing sample size. d. using a stricter confidence interval.

c. increasing sample size.

Three individuals report the same information about a student's personal characteristics. Their agreement is indicative of a high degree of: a. validity b. halo effect c. interrater reliability d. standardization

c. interrater reliability

Refer to Exhibit 7-1. Chris scored a 610 on the Verbal Subtest of the SAT. a. nominal b. ordinal c. interval d. ratio

c. interval

In a survey, a statement where the response options are on a continuum from "strongly disagree" to "strongly agree." a. checklist b. ranking item c. likert-type item d. scaled item

c. likert-type item

A scatterplot of data with zero correlation would appear as: a. a highly positive correlation, upward sloping line b. a highly negative correlation, downward sloping line c. randomly placed data points on the graph d. a flat line, parallel to the y-axis

c. randomly placed data points on the graph

Exhibit 5-6: Indicate the type of instrument that would be used for the purposes listed. Refer to Exhibit 5-6. To obtain teachers' assessment of the leadership ability of the senior class officers. a. attitude scale b. inventory c. rating scale d. direct observation

c. rating scale

Refer to Exhibit 7-1. Pat has 400 stamps in her collection. a. interval b. ordinal c. ratio d. nominal

c. ratio

A student with a z-score of 2.5: a. got three-fourths of the answers correct. b. scored at the 75 percentile. c. scored in the highest 1 percent of the cases. d. None of these are correct.

c. scored in the highest 1 percent of the cases.

A researcher has a low percentage of returns from a questionnaire, even after three follow-up attempts. The researcher should: a. draw conclusions on the basis of the respondents. b. select another sample to receive the questionnaire. c. select a random sample of the nonrespondents and interview them. d. select another sample from the population and do a telephone interview.

c. select a random sample of the nonrespondents and interview them.

A student who sometimes scores high and sometimes scores low on a series of weekly tests will have a higher ____ than a student who makes the same score week after week. a. mean b. mode c. standard deviation d. median e. polygon

c. standard deviation

While conducting quantitative research, one should: a. pay attention to the influence the independent variables have on the dependent variable and change the dependent variable if it is not sensitive enough. b. note interesting variables and build them into the study so that the results reflect the entire situation. c. stick to the original plan regardless of any problems that arise. d. none of these options is correct

c. stick to the original plan regardless of any problems that arise.

The closer the coefficient of correlation is to plus or minus 1, the greater will be the: a. significance of the study b. effect size c. strength of the correlation d. standard error

c. strength of the correlation

On a standardized mathematics test, the reliability coefficient is reported to be 0.76. From this information, one could best determine: a. the extent to which the test scores are correlated to classroom achievement in mathematics. b. the extent to which the test is a representative sample of relevant concepts in math. c. the extent to which errors of measurement have influenced the test scores. d. on the average, the number of points students' scores will change when given an equivalent test.

c. the extent to which errors of measurement have influenced the test scores.

In a test, "objectivity" refers to: a. how well the sample represents the population of interest. b. the extent to which the questions are based on theoretically defined traits. c. the level of agreement observed among scorers. d. the extent to which multiple choice and true-false items are used. e. the extent to which the test samples the underlying variables.

c. the level of agreement observed among scorers.

In a positively skewed distribution, a. the median is greater than the mean b. the mean could be greater than the median or vice versa c. the mean is greater than the median

c. the mean is greater than the median

the coefficient of determination refers to: a. an indicator of future performance based on previous performance. b. a correlation coefficient used when both variables are measured on a nominal scale. c. the square of the correlation coefficient. It indicates the percentage of variance in one variable in common with another variable. d. an index of correlation used with ordinal data.

c. the square of the correlation coefficient. It indicates the percentage of variance in one variable in common with another variable.

Which one of the following should be included in the statement of a hypothesis? a. the source from which the hypothesis is derived b. the contribution of the hypothesis to the body of knowledge c. the variables under investigation d. All of these options are correct.

c. the variables under investigation

Exhibit 14-1: A researcher wished to determine if there was a difference in the college aptitude examination scores of traditional and nontraditional undergraduate students. The researcher selected p = 0.05 as the level for rejecting the null hypothesis. The researcher obtained a mean score of 52 for nontraditional students and a mean score of 40 for the traditional students. Statistical analysis indicated that the difference in means was significant at the 0.05 level. Refer to Exhibit 14-1. The null hypothesis for this study would be: a. traditional college students will score higher on a college aptitude test than will nontraditional college students. b. the age of students will have a significant effect on their performance on a college aptitude test. c. there is no significant difference in the performance of traditional and nontraditional college students on a college aptitude examination. d. nontraditional college students will score higher on a college aptitude test than will traditional college students.

c. there is no significant difference in the performance of traditional and nontraditional college students on a college aptitude examination.

What is the main function of an institution's IRB? a. to oversee all research at the university b. to encourage more evidence-based research c. to review and give approval to any proposed research with human subjects d. to evaluate research designs and methodology of proposed studies

c. to review and give approval to any proposed research with human subjects

Consider the following statement: "The purpose of this research is to study introverts and extroverts by examining their social behaviors and home life." Is this statement a hypothesis? a. No, because the statement isn't presented in the form of a question. b. Yes, because it will lead to the testing of the significance between groups. c. Yes, because it states the main purpose of the study. d. No, because it doesn't state a relationship to be tested.

d. No, because it doesn't state a relationship to be tested.

Achieving statistically significant results means that the results: a. are what was predicted by the hypothesis of the study. b. are applicable to situations similar to that of the study. c. all of these options are correct. d. are unlikely to be due to chance alone.

d. are unlikely to be due to chance alone.

"Do athletes who include imaging their success as part of their practice do better than athletes who do not include imaging?" The null hypothesis is: a. the population mean of athletes who image is greater than the population mean of athletes who do not image. b. athletes who image do better than athletes who do not image. c. athletes who image do worse than athletes who do not image. d. athletes who image do not differ from athletes who do not image.

d. athletes who image do not differ from athletes who do not image.

An annotation is a: a. deliberately limited thesaurus used for classifying studies b. critical review of a published test c. descriptive word or phrase used for retrieving information d. brief description of an article e. detailed abstract of a research study

d. brief description of an article

Exhibit 2-7: Consider the question, "Does student control of seating arrangements affect the classroom management procedures of sixth graders?" and choose the correct response. Refer to Exhibit 2-7. What is the dependent variable? a. two of these options b. student control c. seating arrangements d. classroom management procedures e. sixth-grade children

d. classroom management procedures

The following is an example of what type of survey item? What is the major problem you have encountered in using technology? a. ranking items b. scaled items c. checklist d. completion e. likert-type item

d. completion

Over the years Professor Brown has noticed when returning test papers that the nearer students sit to the front of the lecture hall the higher their test scores tend to be. Which research method is he applying? a. case study b. ex post facto research c. basic interpretive study d. correlational research e. experimental research

d. correlational research

The first step in conducting survey research is to: a. construct a questionnaire on interview items. b. define the population to be surveyed. c. select the sample. d. determine the purpose of the survey.

d. determine the purpose of the survey.

In gathering discriminant evidence in a validity study, one determines the correlation between measures of ____ constructs obtained from ____ methods. a. same, different b. same, same c. different, different d. different, same

d. different, same

The following statement would likely be included in which section of a quantitative research article? ​ Consistent with much research on the influence of using word processors on students' writing quality, this research did not generate a clear-cut answer on the question. It did clarify some relevant questions, however, and needed additional methods of investigation. a. results b. methods c. introduction d. discussion

d. discussion

Interpretation of scores on intelligence tests is based on the assumption that all subjects: a. are completely unfamiliar with the kinds of questions asked b. none of these options is correct c. have had previous experience with intelligence tests d. have had similar backgrounds of experience

d. have had similar backgrounds of experience

The first step in establishing the authority of any online research is: a. determining the accuracy of the information provided b. determining when the information was originally published c. looking for advertising d. identifying the person responsible for its creation

d. identifying the person responsible for its creation

Which of the following indicates the usual order of the sections in the text of a thesis or dissertation? a. introduction, results, method, conclusions, discussion b. introduction, discussion, methods, results, conclusions c. discussion, introduction, methods, results, conclusions d. introduction, methods, results, discussion, conclusions

d. introduction, methods, results, discussion, conclusions

A distribution with the mean lower than the median: a. is a symmetrical and negatively skewed distribution. b. is a positively skewed distribution. c. is a symmetrical distribution. d. is a negatively skewed distribution.

d. is a negatively skewed distribution.

A floor effect on a test occurs when the test: a. has a negatively skewed score distribution b. is too easy c. is restricted at the high end of the score range d. is too difficult

d. is too difficult

The following is an example of what type of survey item? My students reacted positively to my use of technology in the classroom. a. completion b. ranking items c. scaled items d. likert-type item e. checklist

d. likert-type item

An important criterion for evaluating a research problem is whether or not it will: a. satisfy the researcher's own curiosity b. prove the researcher's opinion on the relationship between variables under investigation c. interest individuals outside of one's profession d. make a contribution to the body of organized knowledge in one's field of specialization

d. make a contribution to the body of organized knowledge in one's field of specialization

A researcher finds no relationship between building papier-mâché volcanoes and knowledge about volcanoes. The researcher should state that: a. there is probably a relationship between building papier-mâché volcanoes and knowledge about volcanoes, but it can't be demonstrated at this time. b. Any of these options is correct. c. there is no relationship between building papier-mâché volcanoes and knowledge about volcanoes. d. the evidence is not sufficient to say there is a relationship between building papier-mâché volcanoes and knowledge about volcanoes.

d. the evidence is not sufficient to say there is a relationship between building papier-mâché volcanoes and knowledge about volcanoes.

The greatest statistical power occurs when: a. the sample is small and heterogeneity is small. b. the sample is large and heterogeneity is large. c. the sample is small and heterogeneity is large. d. the sample is large and heterogeneity is small.

d. the sample is large and heterogeneity is small.

A retained null hypothesis means that: a. there is no relationship between the variables. b. the researcher's hypothesis is proven to be incorrect. c. the null hypothesis is certainly true. d. there is no evidence for either the truth or falsity of the hypothesis.

d. there is no evidence for either the truth or falsity of the hypothesis.

The textbook defines test reliability as the ratio between the variance of the: a. error scores and true scores b. two sets of scores from identical or equivalent tests c. error scores and observed scores d. true scores and observed scores

d. true scores and observed scores

The effect of wait time on verbal behavior of kindergarten children was investigated. In this study the dependent variable was: a. kindergarten children b. kindergarten experience c. wait time d. verbal behavior

d. verbal behavior

Exhibit 2-7: Consider the question, "Does student control of seating arrangements affect the classroom management procedures of sixth graders?" and choose the correct response. Refer to Exhibit 2-7. What is the population? a. seating arrangements b. two of these options c. classroom management procedures d. student control e. sixth-grade children

e. sixth-grade children