Educational Psychology

Cooperative learning groups vary in size, but typically consist of how many students?

2-6 (Average of 4)

Which of the following statements best describes a control group? A. A control group is a group of individuals who design the procedures of an experiment. B. A control group is a comparison group that does not participate in the experiment, but fills out a questionnaire instead. C. A control group is a comparison group treated in every way like the other group, except for the manipulated factor. D. A control group is a group of individuals randomly assigned to a variety of treatments.

A control group is a comparison group treated in every way like the other group, except for the manipulated factor.

Which of the following best describes an ethnographic study? A. A study that consists of in-depth description and interpretation of behavior in an ethnic or cultural group B. A study with many different control groups C. A study that has random assignment D. A study that reveals correlation rather than causation

A study that consists of in-depth description and interpretation of behavior in an ethnic or cultural group

According to the text, by the year 2025, approximately what percentage of public school students will be those currently considered "minority"? A. 50 percent. B. 30 percent. C. 75 percent. D. 90 percent.

A. 50%

Mrs. Schwartz teaches science. This year, her students created models of the solar system, wired a doll house, and built racing cars. Which of the following terms best describes this teacher's approach to teaching science? A. Constructivist instruction B. Interactive demonstration strategy C. Seatwork-based instruction D. Direct instruction

A. Constructivist instruction

Of the following strategies, which is least likely to encourage students to share and assume responsibility for their accomplishments and behavior? A. Discourage students from judging their own behavior. B. Do not accept excuses. C. Involve students in planning and implementing classroom initiatives. D. Let students participate in decision making by holding class meetings.

A. Discourage students from judging their own behavior.

Which of the following is NOT a teaching strategy for helping students pay attention? A. Do not use instructional comments. B. Use cues or gestures to signal something is important. C. Encourage students to pay close attention and minimize distractions. D. Help students generate their own cues.

A. Do not use instructional comments.

Of the following formats of test items, which is the best example of a performance assessment? A. Essay. B. True/false. C. Multiple choice. D. Matching.

A. Essay.

Persistent low self-esteem is linked with all of the following except: A. High achievement. B. Depression. C. Delinquency. D. Eating disorders.

A. High achievement

Unlike other formats of assessment, growth portfolios are specially designed to show which of the following? A. How much the student's work has improved over time. B. How much a student has learned in a particular content area. C. How well the student can express ideas in writing. D. How well the student can organize ideas.

A. How much the student's work has improved over time.

A teacher's initial impressions of students should be treated like which of the following? A. Hypotheses. B. Enduring judgments. C. Labels to be shared with other colleagues. D. Accurate observations.

A. Hypotheses.

All of the following skills are included in Howard Gardner's eight types of intelligence EXCEPT: A. Imaginative skills. B. Intrapersonal skills. C. Movement skills. D. Mathematical skills.

A. Imaginative skills

Metacognitive strategies are best described as methods to encourage students to do which of the following? A. Know about knowing B. Feel more comfortable working with others C. Become better listeners D. Read more effectively

A. Know about knowing

During the period of development known as "middle and late childhood," a child typically does which of the following? A. Masters the fundamental skills of writing B. Pursues independence C. Begins to think more abstractly and logically D. Learns to identify letters of the alphabet

A. Masters the fundamental skills of writing

In order to avoid failure, some students simply do not try. What is the name of this protective strategy? A. Nonperformance. B. Procrastination. C. Anxiety. D. Setting unreachable goals.

A. Nonperformance.

Which of the following is a category of the affective domain in Bloom's taxonomy? A. Organizing B. Perception C. Synthesis D. Applying

A. Organizing

Mr. Hernandez is planning to rearrange his classroom in preparation for a new unit in which his 20 students will be engaged in whole-class discussions. Which of the following classroom arrangements is most suitable? A. Seminar style. B. Off-set style. C. Face-to-face style. D. Cluster style.

A. Seminar style.

Social constructivism emphasizes which of the following? A. Social contexts of learning. B. The construction of knowledge by transforming, organizing, and reorganizing previous knowledge. C. Active knowledge construction within an individual's mind. D. Individual's information processing.

A. Social contexts of learning.

Essay items are especially good for assessing which of the following? A. Students' higher-level thinking skills. B. Students' ability to recognize correct answers. C. Students' understanding of content. D. Students' speed of solving problems.

A. Students' higher-level thinking skills.

A student with the reflective style of learning would most likely display which of the following behaviors? A. Taking longer than most students to answer a question during class. B. Preferring to work in small groups rather than independently. C. Starting arguments with students who have different points of view. D. Making frequent mistakes when answering questions on an exam.

A. Taking longer than most students to answer a question during class

Which of the following is a primary advantage of assessing student intelligence on an individual basis rather than using group intelligence tests? A. The examiner can establish a rapport with the student and determine the student's level of anxiety. B. The test can be administered to a large number of students in a very short period of time. C. Individual student scores can be compared to standardized scores. D. Testing conditions can be standardized so that all students experience the same conditions.

A. The examiner can establish a rapport with the student and determine the student's level of anxiety.

Which of the following statements provides the best description of knowledge in Bloom's Taxonomy? A. To remember a list of information. B. To break down complex information into smaller parts. C. To combine elements to create new information. D. To make judgments about ideas or theories.

A. To remember a list of information.

Scientists and educators argue that schools need to guide students in learning how to use science skills, which include all of the following EXCEPT which one? A. Using misconceptions as a centerpiece for scientific inquiry and fact. B. Collecting, organizing, and analyzing data. C. Knowing how to apply their knowledge to solve problems. D. Making careful observations.

A. Using misconceptions as a centerpiece for scientific inquiry and fact

The number and size of the brain's nerve endings continue to grow at least until an individual reaches what age?

Adolescence

According to Piaget, this occurs when a child incorporates new knowledge into existing knowledge.

Assimilation

Which statement reflects Kohlberg's conventional morality? A. "Scratch my back and I'll scratch yours." B. "Buckle up. It's the law." C. "Do your own thing." D. "Rules are made to be broken."

B. "Buckle up. It's the law."

"Tracking" is best described as which of the following? A. A form of career planning based primarily on the students' skills and interests. B. A way of organizing students into ability levels, thus making it easier to teach them. C. A way of organizing students based on common interests, thus increasing student motivation. D. A form of career planning based primarily on students' intelligence scores.

B. A way of organizing students into ability levels, thus making it easier to teach them

According to the author of the text, children are most likely to behave in socially competent ways if they are raised with which of the following types of parenting? A. Neglectful. B. Authoritative. C. Indulgent. D. Authoritarian.

B. Authoritative

Good peer relations are most likely to develop in classrooms that are managed with which strategy? A. Authoritarian. B. Authoritative. C. Restrictive. D. Permissive.

B. Authoritative.

Which of the following is not an effective strategy to incorporating writing into the curriculum? A. Nurture positive attitudes toward learning. B. Avoid formal writing assignments. C. Provide a supportive context for writing. D. Foster student engagement through authentic writing tasks.

B. Avoid formal writing assignments.

Ms. Oleander made the headlines of her town newspaper. Students have accused her of subjecting them to unwelcome sexual conduct that is so severe, persistent, or pervasive that it limits the students' ability to benefit from their education. This is an example of which of the following? A. Androgyny B. Hostile environment sexual harassment C. Gender-role transcendence D. Quid pro quo sexual harassment

B. Hostile environment sexual harassment

Which of the following statements best describes Robert J. Sternberg's (1986) triarchic theory of intelligence? A. Intelligence is a composite of three abilities: writing, mathematics, and spatial. B. Intelligence comes in three forms: analytical, creative, and practical. C. A person's level of intelligence changes at the end of three critical periods: infancy, early childhood, and adolescence. D. Intelligence is derived from nature, nurture, and a combination of the two.

B. Intelligence comes in three forms: analytical, creative, and practical.

Which of the following statements best describes a prompt? A. It is a strategy of setting increasingly more difficult goals for the student, all directed toward attaining a target behavior. B. It is a cue, given just before a desired response, to increase the likelihood of the desired response. C. It is a form of positive reinforcement, presented after the desired response is observed. D. It is a form of punishment, intended to decrease an undesired response.

B. It is a cue, given just before a desired response, to increase the likelihood of the desired response.

Which of the following is a weakness of multiple-choice items? A. Items can only assess factual information such as content knowledge. B. It is frequently difficult to find plausible distracters. C. Incorrect alternatives do not provide diagnostic information. D. Scores are more strongly influenced by guessing than for any other type of question.

B. It is frequently difficult to find plausible distracters.

_______ refers to the cooperative learning model where each team member is responsible for a part of the larger goal. Teams break up and meet up with team members from other teams responsible for focusing on the same section. A. Group Investigation B. Jigsaw C. STAD D. Cooperative Scripting E. Learning Together

B. Jigsaw

A key aspect of the 2004 reauthorization of IDEA involved aligning it with the federal government's No Child Left Behind (NCLB) legislation in which of the following ways? A. Most students with disabilities will not be required to take standard tests of academic achievement. B. Most students with disabilities will be required to take standard tests of academic achievement and to achieve at a level equal to that of students without disabilities. C. Most students with disabilities will be required to take standard tests of academic achievement and will be graded on a curved scale designed specifically for students with disabilities. D. Students with disabilities will not be allowed to take alternative assessments.

B. Most students with disabilities will be required to take standard tests of academic achievement and to achieve at a level equal to that of students without disabilities.

Mrs. O'Connell tries emphasizing the "carrot and the stick" approach to grading. She creates a competitive, yet friendly, atmosphere in her classroom, where all students are excited to challenge their peers to get good grades. What is the teacher's main purpose for grading? A. Guidance. B. Motivational. C. Administrative. D. Informational.

B. Motivational.

Which of the following teachers is clearly planning for heterogeneous groups? A. Mrs. Harris asks students to go down the row, counting from one to four. Students with the same number are grouped together. She feels this is the best way to prevent friends from using the groups for socializing. B. Mr. Franklin plans his group by looking at the make up of his students. He knows that the best grouping will allow for African American, Asian American, and Caucasian boys and girls who represent different achievement levels to work together. C. Ms. Hulihan sends around a sheet of paper. Students are allowed to choose their group, but must not work with someone they have worked with in the past. D. Mr. Lillburn goes home one evening planning to make a list of groups for his class. He will group all those of similar ability together so some students are not holding others back.

B. Mr. Franklin plans his group by looking at the make up of his students. He knows that the best grouping will allow for African American, Asian American, and Caucasian boys and girls who represent different achievement levels to work together.

Research has concluded that children from welfare homes receive how much language experience in their early years? A. Nearly 30% of the amount of that found among middle income families. B. Nearly 50% of the amount of that found among middle income families. C. Nearly 70% of the amount of that found among middle income families. D. The same amount of that found among middle income families.

B. Nearly 50% of the amount of that found among middle income families.

Stella exhibits anxiousness, insecurity, and often feels sorry for herself. Which of the "big five" factors of personality best explains Stella? A. Openness. B. Neuroticism. C. Extraversion. D. Agreeableness.

B. Neuroticism

The interference theory states that which of the following circumstances causes individuals to forget information that has already been stored? A. Information has been stored in short-term memory rather than long-term. B. Other information gets in the way. C. The neurochemical memory trace has decayed. D. Information is misplaced due to a lack of schema.

B. Other information gets in the way.

Some students purposely put off making the best possible effort in order to use that as an explanation for poor performance. What is the name of this protective strategy? A. Nonperformance. B. Procrastination. C. Anxiety. D. Setting unreachable goals.

B. Procrastination.

The 1975 Education for All Handicapped Children Act, which requires that all children with disabilities be given a free, appropriate public education and provides the funding to supplement the costs of implementing this education, is called which of the following? A. Collaborative consultation. B. Public Law 94-142. C. IEP. D. IDEA.

B. Public Law 94-142

Hypothesis testing is best described as which of the following? A. The process of individuals deciding if an item is a member of a category by comparing it to established category elements. B. Specific assumption or prediction that can be tested to determine its accuracy. C. Category that groups objects, events, and characteristics on the basis of common properties. D. Visual representations of a concept's connections and hierarchical organization.

B. Specific assumption or prediction that can be tested to determine its accuracy.

The first step in mastery learning is to do which of the following? A. Break the course into learning units. B. Specify the learning task. C. Give a test to evaluate whether goals have been attained. D. Plan instructional procedures, including corrective feedback if necessary.

B. Specify the learning task.

Which of the following is an example of a cognitive process that might be studied by an educational psychologist? A. The influence of parental nurturing on children's tendency to be aggressive. B. The changes in children's ability to solve math problems. C. The development of children's brains. D. The changes in children's motor skills.

B. The changes in children's ability to solve math problems

Which of the following best describes an example of scaffolding as used by a teacher when assisting a child? A. The teacher observes the student without assisting until the student asks for assistance. B. The teacher begins with direct instruction but gradually reduces the amount of guidance given. C. The teacher asks the student to teach other students as a method of helping the student learn. D. The teacher divides students into groups of similar abilities so students can compete fairly.

B. The teacher begins with direct instruction but gradually reduces the amount of guidance given.

Which of the following statements best describes characteristics of children raised by neglectful parents? A. They have poor communication skills but follow directions well. B. They have poor self-control and do not handle independence well. C. They get along well with others and have high self-esteem. D. They are extremely competitive and highly motivated.

B. They have poor self-control and do not handle independence well.

Which of the following best describes "algorithms"? A. Setting intermittent goals. B. Utilizing strategies guaranteed to provide a solution. C. Applying a former strategy without considering the unique context. D. Proceeding with identifying a goal, evaluating the status of the problem, and determining the next step.

B. Utilizing strategies guaranteed to provide a solution.

Reading instruction that emphasizes paralleling children's natural learning of language and the use of meaningful reading material refers to which approach to reading? A. Cognitive approach B. Whole-language approach C. Phonics approach D. Social constructivist approach

B. Whole-language approach

Which of the following questions addresses the cognitive domain of moral development? A. Does the student empathize with someone in a particular situation? B. Why does the student agree or disagree with a certain rule? C. How does the student behave when interacting with others? D. How does a student feel about an issue?

B. Why does the student agree or disagree with a certain rule?

The current controversy in math involves whether math should be taught using a cognitive approach or a computational approach. The cognitive approach emphasizes _____, whereas the computational approach emphasizes _____. A. speed and automaticity; developing concepts. B. developing concepts; speed and automaticity. C. memorization and practice; technology usage. D. technology usage; memorization and practice.

B. developing concepts; speed and automaticity.

Mrs. Tell, a third-grade teacher, is using a taxonomy that is comprised of cognitive skills that include remembering, comprehending, synthesizing, and evaluating. Who created the taxonomy that Mrs. Tell is using?

Benjamin Bloom

In a normal distribution of Stanford-Binet IQ scores, approximately two-thirds of the IQ scores fall within which of the following ranges? A. Between an IQ of 75 and 85. B. Between an IQ of 85 and 95. C. Between an IQ of 75 and 100. D. Between an IQ of 84 and 116.

Between an IQ of 84 and 116

Mr. Yewr, Mrs. Linds, and Mr. Sands all teach fifth grade. For reading, they all switch students in order to take care of the highest reading group, the average reading group, and the low reading group. What is taking place in this scenario?

Between-class ability grouping

Currently in the United States, what percentage of all children live in poverty? A. 25 percent B. Approximately 50 percent C. 17 percent D. Less than 10 percent

C. 17%

Of the following scenarios, which one best depicts quid pro quo sexual harassment? A. A student spies on another student while showering in the locker room at school. B. A student spreads rumors about several of his or her classmates. C. A teacher fails an A student because the student refused sexual advances. D. A lesbian student is not allowed to join the high school track team.

C. A teacher fails an A student because the student refused sexual advances.

Of the following traits, which is most typical of students whose teachers adopt the authoritative strategy of classroom management? A. Are passive learners. B. Have low self-esteem. C. Are self-reliant. D. Are easily distracted.

C. Are self-reliant.

Curriculum compacting and telescoping are standard options for teaching which of the following groups of children? A. Children with autism B. Children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder C. Children who are gifted D. Children who are mentally retarded

C. Children who are gifted

Mrs. Diaz has introduced the problem of school vandalism in a faculty meeting. She understands there are multiple ways to address this problem and asks faculty to consider different possibilities in order to have a discussion at the next meeting. What thinking task has Mrs. Diaz set before the faculty? A. Deductive reasoning B. Inductive reasoning C. Divergent thinking D. Convergent thinking

C. Divergent thinking

Heterogeneous grouping refers to which of the following? A. Grouping students by gender. B. Grouping students on the basis of ability. C. Grouping students with diversity in ability, gender, and ethnic background. D. Grouping students by ethnic background.

C. Grouping students with diversity in ability, gender, and ethnic background.

Failure syndrome refers to which of the following descriptions? A. Having low expectations for success but continually put in the effort. B. Having low expectations for success despite experiencing success. C. Having low expectations for success and giving up on difficult tasks. D. None of these.

C. Having low expectations for success and giving up on difficult tasks.

Grades that are used to inform students, teachers, and parents refer to which purpose of grading? A. Administrative. B. Motivational. C. Informational. D. Guidance.

C. Informational.

Which of the following is the best example of scaffolding? A. Mrs. Donaldson ensures curriculum materials are developmentally appropriate before suggesting them to colleagues who teach children at different ages from her students. B. Mr. Osaka takes students to the museum. C. Ms. Chow first models how to make a capital letter in cursive at the board, then she provides a worksheet that groups can work on that offers tracing opportunities before she asks them to write each letter on their own. D. Mr. Thompson ensures a full understanding on the part of his students before advancing to the next subject.

C. Ms. Chow first models how to make a capital letter in cursive at the board, then she provides a worksheet that groups can work on that offers tracing opportunities before she asks them to write each letter on their own.

Time-out is best described as an example of which of the following? A. Positive reinforcement. B. Punishment. C. Removal of desired stimuli. D. Negative reinforcement.

C. Removal of desired stimuli.

When a teacher changes the level of support provided to a student according to the student's performance level, the teacher is engaging the student in which of the following strategies? A. Apprenticeship B. Cooperative learning C. Scaffolding D. Tutoring

C. Scaffolding

Which of the following is a weakness of true/false items? A. Diagnostic information is provided when students answer incorrectly. B. Less demand is placed on reading ability than for some other item types. C. Scores are more influenced by guessing than with any other item type. D. Students have the opportunity to construct their own answers.

C. Scores are more influenced by guessing than with any other item type.

Which of the following statements is true concerning expert knowledge? A. Teachers cannot help students learn effective strategies for acquiring knowledge; it is an innate ability that students may or may not have. B. Teachers need to guide students in determining what content is central and what is peripheral, what is accurate and well supported, and what is inaccurate. C. Students typically enter the classroom equipped with the strategies they need to move beyond the acclimation stage. D. Students at all stages of expertise intuitively know how to change and combine strategies to solve problems.

C. Teachers need to guide students in determining what content is central and what is peripheral, what is accurate and well supported, and what is inaccurate.

Which of the following students has demonstrated transfer of learning? A. Shanice finishes her science assignment and then begins her social studies project. B. Milo has always performed well in mathematics and now is doing well in his geometry class. C. Terrance takes on a defensive stance to the teacher's request for compliance to classroom rules because it has gotten him off the hook in other contexts. D. Damian performs well on the final exam

C. Terrance takes on a defensive stance to the teacher's request for compliance to classroom rules because it has gotten him off the hook in other contexts.

Recent studies about adolescents' time use show each of the following EXCEPT: A. U.S. adolescents spend more time in paid work than their counterparts in most developed countries. B. U.S. adolescents may have too much unstructured time for optimal development. C. The largest amount of U.S. adolescents' free time is spent in structured activities, like sports. D. U.S. adolescents spend about 60 percent as much time on schoolwork as East Asian adolescents

C. The largest amount of U.S. adolescents' free time is spent in structured activities, like sports.

Mr. Rojas says, "What great behavior Daniel is showing; he is standing quietly in line the way he is supposed to be." Soon, all of the third graders in Mr. Rojas's class are standing in line quietly like Daniel. In this example, what has happened to the class? A. The class received negative reinforcement. B. The class received intermittent reinforcement. C. They are imitating Daniel because his behavior was reinforced. D. The class received direct reinforcement.

C. They are imitating Daniel because his behavior was reinforced.

Which of the following statements provides the best description of analysis? A. To remember a list of information. B. To combine elements to create new information. C. To break down complex information into smaller parts. D. To make judgments about ideas or theories.

C. To break down complex information into smaller parts.

Which of the following is the first stage of development, as proposed by Erikson? A. Integrity versus despair B. Autonomy versus shame and doubt C. Trust versus mistrust D. Identity versus identity confusion

C. Trust versus mistrust

As Milton proofreads his essay, he comes across the word "receive" and he is not sure he spelled it correctly. Although he is unsure how to solve the problem of spelling at first, he soon remembers the "I before E except after C" rule. Which of the following terms refers to Milton's strategy? A. Using means-ends analysis. B. Using critical thinking. C. Using algorithms. D. Using problem-based learning.

C. Using algorithms

A(n) __________ is a written statement that spells out a program specifically tailored for the student with a disability. A. public Law 94-142. B. individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA). C. individualized education plan (IEP). D. None of these.

C. individualized education plan (IEP)

Which of the following observations would provide the strongest support that the process of language is biologically based? A. Children from all over the world acquire language milestones at about the same age and in the same approximate order. B. Children benefit when their parents and teachers actively engage them in conversation and ask many questions. C. Children tend to understand nouns and verbs before they are able to understand adjectives and adverbs. D. Children can be trained to speak words even before they are able to understand the meaning of those words.

Children from all over the world acquire language milestones at about the same age and in the same approximate order.

Which of the following parent behaviors is positively linked to student achievement and self-responsibility? A. Maintaining a structured and organized family environment. B. Setting high expectations for achievement in school. C. Involvement in activities such as school meetings, teacher conferences, or volunteering. D. All of the above.

D. All of the above

Which of the following statements about creativity is true? A. Creative students are generally creative across all subject areas and domains. B. Convergent questions help stimulate creative thinking in students. C. The design of schools and classrooms does not impact the creativity of students. D. Although most creative students are highly intelligent, in other respects, many highly intelligent students are not very creative.

D. Although most creative students are highly intelligent, in other respects, many highly intelligent students are not very creative.

Researchers have found that self-regulatory learners also often have which of the following traits? A. Are dishonest. B. Prefer a lot of guidance and feedback. C. Have difficulty cooperating with peers. D. Are high achieving.

D. Are high achieving.

Which of the following researchers is considered the primary architect of operant conditioning? A. David Premack. B. Ivan Pavlov. C. E. L. Thorndike. D. B. F. Skinner.

D. B. F. Skinner

Which of the following best characterizes the duration of the sensory memory? A. Meaningful information may remain for hours B. Auditory memory for as long as a month C. Information remains thirty seconds regardless of its nature D. Brief instant

D. Brief instant

Social views of gender emphasize which of the following about gender development? A. Hormones, such as estrogen and testosterone. B. Genetic factors, such as whether an individual has two X chromosomes or an X and a Y. C. Differences in brain anatomy, specifically the relative sizes of the right and left hemispheres. D. Contexts such as families, schools, peers and the media.

D. Contexts such as families, schools, peers and the media

A growing trend in formative assessment is to foster students' self-assessment on a day-to-day basis. In this way, students can evaluate their own progress and take greater responsibility for their own learning. Which of the following is a good strategy for successful student self-assessment in the classroom? A. Have students present an oral critique of their peers first. B. Replace summative assessment with formative student self-assessment. C. Avoid giving feedback to students so that self-assessments are valid and reliable. D. Create self-assessment worksheets and checklists.

D. Create self-assessment worksheets and checklists.

Mrs. Linley wants to encourage her students to demonstrate responsibility for their behaviors. What is the best way for her to go about this? A. Offer no-homework passes for compliance. B. Give thought to students' needs while you develop planning and implementation of classroom initiatives. C. Set up strict and well-defined rules. D. Don't accept students' excuses for their misbehavior.

D. Don't accept students' excuses for their misbehavior.

A child who is an introvert would most likely do which of the following? A. Be sociable and affectionate. B. Gather extensive amounts of information before taking action. C. Criticize other people without attempting to understand their points of view. D. Enjoy spending time alone.

D. Enjoy spending time alone

Which of the following is not one of the constructivist principles for teaching mathematics? A. Consider students' prior knowledge. B. Make math realistic and interesting. C. Focus on innovative math projects. D. Focus on individualized math projects to allow for student choice.

D. Focus on individualized math projects to allow for student choice.

Which of the following examples demonstrates the emotional domain of moral development? A. Maria cannot understand why her classmate behaves a certain way. B. Maria hit her classmate. C. Maria told lies about her classmate. D. Maria is angry with her classmate.

D. Maria is angry with her classmate.

Legislatures, federal courts, and the United States Congress laid down special educational rights for children with disabilities during which of the following periods of time? A. Early 1920s B. Late 1930s to mid-1940s C. Early 1950s D. Mid-1960s to mid-1970s

D. Mid-1960s to mid-1970s

Which of the following is not a likely barrier to learning for children living in poverty? A. Children live in areas where crime and violence is common. B. Parents lack sufficient money to pay for educational supplies. C. Parents infrequently read to the children. D. Parents' standards are too high.

D. Parents' standards are too high.

Maribell had always done well in math and English. But partway through her seventh-grade year, she stopped handing in math homework and spent more time talking during class than listening and working. Meanwhile, her grades in English have remained high. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for this behavior? A. She is building friendships with high-achieving peers. B. She no longer cares what her parents and peers think of her. C. She is too busy to study. D. She has reduced expectations for success in math.

D. She has reduced expectations for success in math.

In the developmental model of reading, which stage refers to the point where individuals are fully competent readers and have developed the ability to understand written material from multiple perspectives? A. Stage 1 B. Stage 2 C. Stage 3 D. Stage 4

D. Stage 4

Which of the following scenarios best depicts systematic desensitization? A. George stops raising his hand because the teacher usually criticizes the way he presents his answer, even when his answer is correct. B. Ivy, who usually never forgets to turn off her headlights, forgot to turn them off because the buzzer in her car is broken. C. Henry ignores his alarm clock each morning, despite complaints from his mother, and usually ends up missing the bus. D. Susan has learned to relax when she gets on an airplane because she practices relaxation techniques regularly before each flight.

D. Susan has learned to relax when she gets on an airplane because she practices relaxation techniques regularly before each flight.

William is trying to remember his new nine-digit Social Security number, and he does so by thinking of it as three groups of three digits each. William is demonstrating which of the following? A. The use of maintenance rehearsal B. Retrieval from working memory C. Storage in sensory register D. The use of chunking

D. The use of chunking

Which of the following is a good note-taking strategy? A. Summarizing B. Asking questions C. Concept maps D. Outlining E. All of these

E. All of these

A 5-year-old child and a 15-year-old adolescent can process information at the same speed and in the same capacity. True/false?

False

A very small part of preinstruction assessment is informal observation. True/false?

False

According to Vygotsky's theory, the culture in which a student lives has minimal influence on the knowledge, skills, and beliefs of students. True/false?

False

As long as a teacher possesses expert knowledge in a particular subject area, she will be an effective teacher in transferring content information. True/false?

False

Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder is five times more common in girls than in boys. True/false?

False

Boys are equally likely as girls to be diagnosed with an autistic disorder. True/false?

False

Direct instruction is a structured, student-centered approach that is characterized by low teacher expectations for student progress, minimizing the time students spend on academic tasks. True/false?

False

For most students, discovery learning is LEAST effective when guided. True/false?

False

In promoting concept formation it is more effective to present the entire concept map to students than to risk students making errors by completing one on their own. True/false?

False

Inductive reasoning involves reasoning from the general to the specific. True/false?

False

Of students with disabilities, the most common disability is serious emotional disturbance. True/false?

False

Seatwork refers to the practice of having students work together in small groups at their seats. True/false?

False

Self-regulatory learning consists of imposing external factors to control the student's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. True/false?

False

State learning standards conveniently include what the teacher should do in the classroom to reach the standards. True/false?

False

Stereotypic gender beliefs begin to take root during the middle and late elementary years. True/false?

False

The fourteen Learner-Centered Principles (American Psychological Association Board of Educational Affairs) can be classified into the following four main categories: cognitive and metacognitive, motivational and emotional, socioeconomic and environmental, and teaching and learning styles. True/false?

False

When using the "direct instruction" approach, teachers are encouraged to criticize students who are unable or unwilling to keep an academic focus. True/false?

False

"Flow" (as described by Csikszentmihalyi) is most likely to occur in areas where students are challenged and perceive themselves as having a low degree of skill. True/false?

False.

An aptitude test and an achievement test measure the same underlying traits. True/false?

False.

In the case of a normal distribution of scores, the most common scores occur at either extreme. True/false?

False.

Pedagogical content knowledge refers to comprehensive knowledge about content of a particular discipline. True/false?

False.

The behavioral perspective on motivation emphasizes internal rewards as keys in determining a student's motivation. True/false?

False.

The current model for classroom management emphasizes permissiveness, and places sole responsibility on the students for determining and maintaining proper behavior. True/false?

False.

The current view of the well-managed classroom is one in which students work quietly and independently, requiring little direction from the teacher and little interaction with other students. True/false?

False.

Validity is the extent to which a test produces similar results when administered on multiple occasions, but not the accuracy with which a test measures what it is intended to measure. True/false?

False.

According to a recent survey, which of the following traits is characteristic of the best teachers? A. Having a sense of humor. B. Treating students like children. C. Assigning excessive amounts of homework. D. Showing favoritism toward some students.

Having a sense of humor

Which of the following best describes the educational philosophy of constructivism? A. Individuals actively build knowledge and understanding. B. Individuals learn best when they work independently rather than in large groups. C. Individuals have a tendency to adopt the biases of their teachers. D. Individuals retain new information most effectively through repetition.

Individuals actively build knowledge and understanding.

Which of the following best describes a limitation of interviews and questionnaires? A. There is no control group. B. Individuals give socially desirable answers. C. Conclusions do not refer to the individual. D. Findings do not generalize.

Individuals give socially desirable answers.

An easy child is one who

Is generally in a positive mood, quickly establishes regular routines, and easily adapts to new experiences.

Educational researchers make naturalistic observations of children in all of the following settings except which one? A. Playgrounds B. Classrooms C. Museums D. Laboratories

Laboratories

Which of the following does not characterize the direct instruction approach? A. Peer collaboration. B. High teacher expectations for student progress. C. Teacher direction and control. D. Maximization of student time on academic tasks.

Peer Collaboration

Researchers say that the very last part of the brain to develop is responsible for which functions?

Planning, setting priorities, suppressing impulses, and weighing the consequences of actions

According to Vygotsky, what is the zone of proximal development?

Range of tasks too difficult for children to master alone, but which can be learned with assistance

Sarah says to her teacher, "Mrs. White, today recess to go want don't I!" Mrs. White smiles and says, "It's okay if you don't want to go to recess today." According to language development, what is Sarah having a problem with:

Syntax

What is the dependent variable in an experiment?

The factor measured in an experiment.

Mrs. Harris structures her group assignments so that students from different cultural backgrounds will need to cooperate by doing different parts of a project in order to reach a common goal. Mrs. Harris is demonstrating which of the following?

The jigsaw classroom

What is the independent variable in an experiment?

The manipulated, influential, experimental factor.

According to Erikson's life-span development theory, developmental stages occur in a standard sequence at particular times in a person's life. True/false?

True

Attention is the focusing of mental resources. True/false?

True

Compared to children without a learning disability, children with a learning disability are more likely to show poor academic performance and are more likely to drop out of school. True/false?

True

Dejohn is a high-achieving student who is also a self-regulatory learner. Dejohn most likely sets specific learning goals and uses more learning strategies as compared to his low-achieving peers. True/false?

True

Erikson's life-span development theory was a critical force in forging our current view of human development as life-long rather than being restricted to childhood. True/false?

True

Good tutoring involves scaffolding by providing students only the assistance they need given their level of performance at the time. True/false?

True

Learning involves a relatively permanent influence on behavior, which comes about through experience. True/false?

True

One message conveyed by self-regulatory learning is that learning is a personal experience that requires active and dedicated participation on the part of the student. True/false?

True

One strategy for helping students form concepts is to encourage them to develop hierarchical arrangements of a concept's characteristics. True/false?

True

Situated cognition refers to the idea that a student's thinking is embedded in social and physical contexts. True/false?

True

Social views of gender argue that children's gender development is shaped by families, schools, peers, and the media. True/false?

True

The cognitive information-processing approach emphasizes that children manipulate information, monitor it, and strategize about it. True/false?

True

The term "handicapping conditions" is used to describe impediments imposed by society to the learning and functioning of individuals with a disability. True/false?

True

Transfer occurs when a person's previous experiences and knowledge affect learning or problem solving in a new situation. True/false?

True

A child's skills and work habits when entering kindergarten are among the best predictors of academic motivation and performance in both elementary and secondary school. True/false?

True.

A test can be reliable but not valid. True/false?

True.

According to No Child Left Behind, if underperforming schools don't improve after four years, states are required to implement major staff and curriculum changes in the schools, and if progress is not made after five years, states must close the schools. True/false?

True.

Because of the potential for bias in standardized tests, it is important to assess students using a variety of methods. True/false?

True.

Highly educated parents are likely to believe that their involvement in their children's education is important. True/false?

True.

If students know that they will be held accountable for their work, they are more likely to use class time efficiently. True/false?

True.

In some instances, extrinsic rewards can undermine learning. True/false?

True.

In the most recent Gallup Poll, the American public rated "lack of discipline" as the second most important problem in schools, after "lack of financial support." True/false?

True.

It has been concluded that performance assessment is more meaningful and involves higher-level thinking skills. True/false?

True.

Poor classroom managers are likely to be distracted by behaviors that do not require attention. True/false?

True.

Standardized tests can be used to help teachers diagnose students' strengths and weaknesses. True/false?

True.

The humanistic perspective emphasizes an individual's capacity for personal growth. True/false?

True.

When establishing national norms, the norm group should include males and females from urban, suburban, and rural locations in a variety of geographic regions throughout the country and from a variety of socioeconomic and ethnic groups. True/false?

True.

When taking standardized tests, students should be encouraged to skip difficult items and return to them later. True/false?

True.

Kiley is having trouble learning the steps involved in using a microscope correctly. If we consider Vygotsky's description of how children help themselves through difficult tasks, we should suggest that Kiley A. learn the reasons why each step is important. B. talk herself through the steps. C. go through the procedure in slow motion a few times. D. practice each step separately many times over.

talk herself through the steps.