EGR 240
How much power do different cars use?
- Compact cars: 50-95 kW - Sedans: 95-150 kW -Large super cars: 463 kW
What were the uses for animal power in the pre-industrial era?
- Plowing - Transportation - Water pumps - Grain mills
What energy sources account for most energy flow in the United States?
-1/3 Petroleum (Oil) -1/3 Gas -1/3 Other
What were the four (4) major distinct trends/stages in the evolution of oil and natural gas use for electricity in the US since the 1970's?
-1970s: less coal, more petroleum -1980s: less petroleum, more coal -2000s: less petroleum, more natural gas -2010s: less coal, more natural gas -2020: less fossil fuels, more renewables
List one example of nuclear power plant major accident or incident (as per class discussion).
-1986 Chernobyl -28 Deaths due to acute radiation -4000+ deaths expected from cancer
What are the recent annual energy uses of the US and China and what are the future annual energy uses?
-2010 China- 100 Quads US- 100 Quads -2040 China- 200 Quads US- 100 Quads -2020 US- 92.9 Quads
What percentage of US energy is provided by petroleum, and what are the main uses for it?
-30% -70% for transportation -25% for industry
Name 3 of the top 5 US states producing oils
-Alaska -California -Oklahoma -Texas -Louisiana
What are the two (2) most common benchmarks for oil pricing as presented in the Oil and Petroleum lecture video?
-Brent Blend -West Texas Intermediate (WTI)
Which of the following are units of energy?
-Calorie -Quad -Joule -Toc -Toe
The US imports the most oil from which three countries?
-Canada -Saudi Arabia -Mexico
List and briefly describe the main cost categories for electricity?
-Capital: land, equipment, facilities -Fuel -Operation and Maintenance: variable, fixed -Transmission and Distribution
What are the biggest new oil areas?
-Central and South America -Canada -East China Sea -Malvinas -Caspian Sea
Which are the top 5 countries producers of coal?
-China -India -US -Australia -Indonesia
Chemical energy is stored n which of the following ways?
-Coal -Oil -Radioactive materials -Natural gas
Which of the following statements is true? Choose all that apply.
-Coal has the highest EROI of the fossil fuels -The EROI of oil has been declining
What are the proven reserves of coal, natural gas, and oil respectively (in years for P/R calculations)?
-Coal- 110 years -Natural gas- 54 years -Oil- 52 years
What are some advantages of using Fossil Fuels?
-Concentrated energy -Stored energy which is usable on demand -"abundant energy"
In the US, what are the two largest uses of natural gas, each accounting for roughly a third of all natural gas use?
-Electricity Generation -Industrial (primarily for industrial heating purposes, as well as for space heating)
List the three main relationships between energy and countries.
-Energy and GDP across countries at present. -Energy and GDP for a country over time. -Energy and human energy index
Briefly describe the content of a Fisher Pry diagram and its use for energy.
-Fisher Pry model is used to describe transition from one technology to another
What were some major uses of energy in the pre-industrial era?
-Food -Home (heat and cooking) -Agriculture -Manufacturing (basic) -Transportation
What are the three major markets for using coal today
-Generating electricity -Producing metallurgical coal -producing cement
What is the energy consumption of Germany, France, and Norway?
-Germany uses 1/8 amount of energy as US (12.5 Quads) but rejects more energy than US. -France uses 1/10 amount of energy as US (10 Quads) -Norway uses 1% amount of energy as US.
What do each of the acronyms stand for: GDP, TPES, EI, and HDI?
-Gross Domestic Product -Total Primary Energy Supply -Energy Intensity -Human Development Index
What is GDP?
-Gross Domestic Product -total market value of the goods and services produced by a country's economy during a specified period of time.
What is GNI?
-Gross National Income -The sum of a country's GDP plus net income from abroad.
What are some reasons to use oil over other sources of energy?
-High energy density -Ease of liquid -Oil is easily available
What is HDI?
-Human Development Index -summary measure of average achievement in key dimension of human development (life expectancy, years of school, GNI per capital)
What are Fossil Fuels?
-Hydrocarbons derived from formerly living material (biomass). -Examples: Coal, Petroleum, Natural Gas -Caused by pressures and heat in the Earth over millions of years
What are the top states for each of the major 6 types of renewables?
-Hydropower: Washington -Solar PV: California -Geothermal: California -Wind: Texas -Biomass Energy: Florida -CSP: California
What are the types of hydropower?
-Impoundment: uses dam to create large reservoir -Diversion: No large created reservoir -Pumped storage -Marine hydropower: ocean based tidal, currents, waves
What are ways in which energy savings can be encouraged?
-Inform people of what other people are doing (social methods) -Educate people on energy choices -Outlaw inefficient technologies -Raise the cost of energy (intentionally or not), or reduce the cost of improvements
Provide two examples of reputable sources of information for energy, statistical data, studies, and plans.
-International Energy Agency (IEA) -US Energy Information Administration (EIA) -National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL)
Who developed the better steam engine?
-James Watt (1769)
What do the acronyms LLNL and IEA stand for?
-LLNL- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory -IEA- Worldwide International Energy Agency
Provide an example for a waterwheel and its energy generation.
-Lady Isabella (300kW) -Niagara Falls (3GW) -Three Gorges Dam (20GW)
What form of non-hydro renewable energy is currently the largest in the US and which one is the fastest growing?
-Largest: Wind -Fasted Growing: Solar
List two reputable sources of Sankey diagrams and related data.
-Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory ( LLNL) -Worldwide International Energy Agency (IEA)
According to the US energy information administration's(EIA) long term forecast, which will be the top 3 energy sources for projected additions of electric generation capacity?
-Natural gas -Wind -Solar
What is the power output for horses and oxen/water buffalo
-Oxen/Water buffalo: 1/2 hp -Horses: 1 hp
What is PPP?
-Purchasing Power Parity -A means of comparison between currencies of different countries through a basket of goods approach
In 2020, what amount of electricity generation came from different sources?
-Renewables-20% -Nuclear-20% -Coal-19% -Natural Gas-40%
Which countries are the top 3 net exporters of natural gas?
-Russia -Qatar -Norway
Which are the world's top 3 countries exporters of oil?
-Saudi Arabia -Russia -Iraq
As discussed in the video module, what are some major factors that affected the price of natural gas in the US in the last ten years?
-Seasonal weather -Weather events such as hurricanes -Economic rises and falls, such as the recession -New drilling technologies
At the moment, which of the following look like the most promising renewables?
-Solar -Wind
What are the major types of renewable energy sources?
-Solar -Wind -Hydropower -Geothermal
What were the categories of different biomasses and what are their specific energy densities?
-Straw - 10 MJ/kg -Dung - 10 MJ/kg -Wood - 15 MJ/kg -Charcoal - 30 MJ/kg
What are the original source(s) for renewable energy?
-Sun -Heat generated deep within the Earth
Which states are the top 5 producers of natural gas?
-Texas -Pennsylvania -Oklahoma -Louisiana -Ohio
Who developed the first steam engine?
-Thomas Newcomen (1709) -He invented power pumps to remove water from mines -It was expensive and inefficient to operate
What is TPES
-Total Primary Energy Supply -Including production from natural resources plus imports
Which of the following are common ways to store natural gas? Select all that apply.
-Underground caverns -Oil or gas fields -Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) -Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG)
Which countries are the largest oil consumers?
-United States -China -Japan
Which countries are the largest oil producers?
-United States -Saudi Arabia -Russia
Provide an example for a very large and powerful wind turbine?
-Vestas V-164 -Provides 10MW -164m rotor diameter
What are the largest 3 regions for coal production in the US?
-Western (55%) -Interior (20%) -Appalachian (25%)
Which of the following are places where natural gas is often found? (select all that apply)
-With coal deposits -With oil deposits -As deposits in porous sandstone -In shale rocks
What is the work output and food competition for oxen?
-Work output: 4 people -Food competition: 1 person
What is the work output and food competition for horses?
-Work output: 7 people -Food competition: 6 people
What percentage of electricity is generated by hydropower in the world and the US, respectively?
-World: 16% -US: 7%
What percentage of electricity is generated by renewables in the world and the US, respectively?
-World: 25% -US: 20%
Which were the major sources of energy in the pre-industrial era?
-biomass -labor from humans and animals -water -wind
What is coke?
-coke is formed from the gradual heating of coal in the absence of oxygen -it is highly porous and a concentrated form of carbon -High energy density at 29 MJ/kg -there is little or no smoke during combustion
What is peat?
-decaying biomass accumulated in wetlands -it is not a fossil fuel -"renewable" but very slow
A kilowatt and a kilowatt hour are units which measure what quantities?
-kW- power -kWh- Energy
What are 3 typical products of the petrochemical energy?
-plastics -paints -rubber
Under what level of sulfur (in percentage) must oil be to be considered "sweet"?
0.42%
How much power do Nuclear Plants use?
1 GW
List the common fossil fuels from lowest to highest energy density with their approximate energy densities.
1) Cereal Straws - 10 MJ/kg 2) Air-dried wood - 15 MJ/kg 3) Lignites - 15 MJ/kg 4) Bituminous Coal - 25 MJ/kg 5) Anthracite - 30 MJ/kg 6) Natural Gas - 35 MJ/kg 7) Crude Oils - 45 MJ/kg
What are the top 3 energy using countries?
1) China - 200 Quads 2) US - 100 Quads 3) India - 50 Quads
List the types of coal from lowest energy density to highest.
1) Lignites 2) Bituminous Coal 3) Anthracite
What are the top five states for coal production?
1) Wyoming 2)West Virginia 3)Pennsylvania 4)Illinois 5)Kentucky
List three factors influencing the price of coal
1. Location and transportation 2. Ease/expense of mining 3. Heat content
In the US currently, natural gas accounts for approximately how much of the total TPES?
1/3
How does nuclear power fit into the world electricity shares?
10.6%
What are the characteristics of windmills today?
100m diameter and 2MW
What were the characteristics of windmills in the US in the 1800s?
10m diameter and 10hp
What is the global average power use?
14.5-17 TW
The US currently accounts for how much of the world's energy use?
15%
In the US, what is the TPES for coal?
18%
How much power to hydro plants use?
2 GW
How much energy is wasted in the United States
2/3
What is the EROI of a wind turbine?
20-24
The US accounts for how much of the world's total oil consumption?
20-25%
What is the current energy consumption per person?
200,000 kCal/day/person
How is Kentucky's energy consumption?
2000 Trillion BTU
What is the total primary energy supply of coal in the world?
29%
Oil currently supplies what person of the world's energy demands?
30-35%
What were the characteristics of windmills in the Netherlands and Europe in the 1600s?
30m Diameter and 10hp
In the US, buildings account for how much of the energy use?
40%
In the US, how much of the corn production was used for ethanol?
40%
What percent of coal accounts for electricity?
40.4%
How much oil is in one barrel?
42 gallons
In the US, coal accounts for how much of the electricity production?
42.7%
Approximately how much of the world's oil goes to transportation?
50%
How much did the US natural gas production increase over the last decade?
50%
How much power do small appliances use?
50-500 W
How much power do hair driers, space heaters, and irons use?
500-1500 W
How much power do large power plants use?
500-800 MW
Approximately how many power plants are in the US grid?
5000
What is the typical annual energy use of the World, measured in Quads?
530 Quads
What is the (typical) efficiency considered for the Gas Combined Cycle?
60%
In the US, how much of the energy that goes into electricity generation ends up as waste, before use by any industry or consumer?
60-70%
In the US, fossil fuels as a whole account for much of the electricity production?
65%
In the US, what is the TPES for Fossil Fuels as a whole?
82%
In US coal reserves, how much does bituminous and sub-bituminous cumulated account for?
90%
What is the typical annual energy use in the US measured in Quads?
98.3 Quads
Briefly describe what a Sankey Diagram is?
A Sankey diagram shows the flow of energy from sources to use. It does not cover power flow.
What is petroleum?
A mixture of hydrocarbons that is made up of crude oils and natural gas plant liquids.
Historically, oil was used for many reasons. The start of large scale oil drilling in the mid 1800's was prompted by
A shortage of whale oil for lamps
Natural gas is commonly sold in units of Mcf, which stands for:
A thousand cubic feet
Energy savings measures in the US have the potential for how much energy savings?
About 30 quads, or about 30 percent
How much of coal in the US is used for generating electricity?
About 93%
Identify and briefly explain two major advantages and two major disadvantages of oil.
Advantages: high energy density, ease of liquid, existing infrastructure; disadvantages are that it's nonrenewable and we could run out of oil, as well as it produces carbon dioxide
What type of coal has the highest energy intensity and carbon?
Anthracite
In the video on the Empire State Building, what was the energy efficiency improvement discussed most? (This may or may not be the major source of savings, but it is the item discussed the most in the video.)
Better windows
Which of these two types of coal has higher energy density: bituminous or lignite?
Bituminous
What are the two types of light water reactors? Which is more common today?
Boiling water reactor and pressurized water reactor
Which countries are part of BRICS?
Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa
Which was the first country to heavily rely on coal as an energy source?
Britain
What are examples of other types of reactors in use?
CANDU, RBMK
Which of the following regions has the largest installed capacity for solar PV?
California and Arizona
Which countries are part of the G7?
Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, UK, US
What is energy?
Capacity for doing work (delta W); energy = power*time
The ideal energy efficiency of a thermal energy conversion has what name?
Carnot efficiency
Which of the following countries was mentioned as expanding its nuclear electricity generation?
China
What is the main type of coal product exported by the US?
Coke
What is the definition of hydropower?
Conversion of kinetic energy from moving water into electricity
Which of the following has the highest energy density per mass? (example units: MJ/kg)
Crude Oils
What is crude oil?
Crude oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons that come from underground.
In the context of our course, the DOE acronym has been used for?
Department of Energy
How much has the global (worldwide) energy consumption approximately increased since the early 1970s?
Doubled
What is (typically) the efficiency considered for a hydroelectric plant?
Efficiency over 90%
In the USA, the majority of coal is used for what?
Electricity
Describe energy transformation in the operation of an electric motor
Electromagnetic energy transforms into chemical energy through photosynthesis. Chemical energy transforms into thermal energy through combustion. Thermal energy transforms into kinetic energy through expansion. Kinetic energy transforms into electrical energy with a generator. Electrical energy then becomes kinetic energy through the motor.
A BTU is the English unit for what?
Energy
What is humanity's top problem according to Richard Smalley?
Energy
The rebound effect (also called Jevons Paradox) states what?
Energy efficient technologies can actually lead to more total energy use
Briefly describe the relationship between EI and industrialization.
Energy intensity typically rises during early stages of industrialization, and then starts to fall as economies mature and use resources more efficiently.
Briefly describe the importance of energy in modern society, including one of the specific examples we discussed in class.
Energy is imperative to communications, transportation, buildings, food, water, and medicine.
What is the definition of renewable energy (IEA and EIA)?
Energy that is derived from natural processes that are replenished constantly
Which of the following energy sources typically use traditional thermal energy conversion systems to generate electricity? (more than one may be selected.)
Fossil Fuels, Geothermal, Solar Thermal, Nuclear, Biofuels
Fracking means what?
Fracking is a drilling technique in which cracks are created in gas source rocks
France is the country with the highest percentage of their electricity from nuclear power. What was a primary reason mentioned that initially made France pursue nuclear power so heavily?
France had its oil imports cut off in the 1970's and so decided to pursue nuclear power to prevent such risk to its energy supply in the future
What are some remarkable things about France, Germany, and Norway energy flow as discussed in class?
France uses a lot of nuclear energy for electricity. Germany is moving from natural gas to coal because natural gas was imported from Russia in the past, but Germany wanted to be more self sufficient.
GDP per capita
GDP divided by population
What is the trend of renewables in the US?
Growing
Define in your own words HDI; what are the most important two items considered for its calculation?
HDI is the measure of health/happiness/welfare in a country. The two most important items in consideration are life expectancy and education
Briefly describe an example link between energy and HDI.
Health facilities lacking electricity or reliable supply worldwide. Low lighting causes risk for patients. Frequent power shortages hamper the ability to provide quality care.
Which of the following energy sources is considered to have the highest EROI?
Hydro
Explain how a hydropower plant works?
Hydropower plants capture the energy of falling water to generate electricity. A turbine converts the kinetic energy of falling water into mechanical energy. A generator then converts the mechanical energy into electricity.
Which country is NOT among the world's top 3 oil producers?
Iceland
Why is the US importing coal and from which country?
If it makes more sense financially to import, then we import.
Which sector (among residential, commercial, and industrial) has seen the largest reduction in energy intensity in the last 20 years?
Industrial
In the US, how does the current production of coal compare with the late 1970s?
It is about the same
What is the difference between light vs heavy oil?
Light oil has lower density than heavy oil
Why does the US use light water reactors?
Light water reactors are compact and fit inside a navy ship
What is the type of coal with the lowest carbon?
Lignite
Which of the following is NOT an advantage of oil as a fossil fuel?
Low EROI
List two advantages of wave energy harvesting.
Low environmental impact and is not negative to aesthetics like onshore wind turbines
What are the typical power densities of waves compared to solar/wind?
Much greater
What are some reasons for recent US increases in oil production? Where is this new oil coming from?
New technologies that make extraction easier.
Which of the following is not considered as a fossil fuel?
Nuclear
Which type of nuclear reaction is currently used for nuclear electricity generation?
Nuclear Fission
Which type of nuclear reaction is used in the sun?
Nuclear Fusion
Where are the best places to locate wave capture technologies in the US?
Offshore on the west coast and northeast coast
Which is the most energy dense of the fossil fuels?
Oil
What type of generating technologies are expected to be installed in 2022 and in 2035-2040, according to EIA short and long-term forecasts?
Onshore wind
Which item below is a form of light water reactor that keeps the reactor cooling water within the reactor containment area, using a second water loop to carry steam to the turbines?
PWR (Pressurized Water Reactor)
The start of the modern oil era is associated with drilling the first oil well. Where was this first well?
Pennsylvania
What is the relationship between power and energy?
Power = Energy / Time
What level of isotope is needed for a typical power plant? How does this compare with what is needed for a bomb?
Power plant needs 3 to 5% U-235. A bomb needs more than 90%
Briefly describe the main components and the operation of coal power plants.
Power plants get their fuel from coal being transported and processed. The boilers and turbines then heat up and steam the coal. The steam is then used to generate electricity through a generator. The electricity is then passed through a transformer. The cooling tower then removes the heat absorbed in the water system.
Which country is the leading country for LNG exports?
Qatar
How do renewables compare in cost with fossil fuels?
Renewables have a higher cost of installation but cheaper over time
Which country is the leading country for gas pipeline exports?
Russia
Which country was disinvited from G8 in 2014?
Russia
The largest conventional oil field ever found, the Ghawar oil field, is found in what country?
Saudi Arabia
From what material (element) are PV cells typically made?
Silicon
Any conversion of energy results in...
Some loss of useful energy
What is the difference between sweet and sour oil?
Sweet oil has a sulfur content of 0.42% or less.
Energy per Capita
TPES/population
What major event/development caused the change in the pattern of energy usage and sources in the 1700's?
The Industrial Revolution started in the 1700
Energy savings is often referred to as?
The fifth energy
Which natural isotope of uranium is easy to split and so is made concentrated (fuel is enriched) for nuclear reactors?
U-235
What naturally occurring isotope of uranium is used for a nuclear reaction and how common is it?
U-238, composes 99.3% of naturally occurring uranium
Which countries lead in nuclear energy generated and in the highest share of their electricity?
US and France lead on nuclear energy generated; France's nuclear energy has the highest share of their electricity
Which nation was the first to have large scale production of shale gas?
USA
What country is the largest oil consumer?
United States
Which country has the largest reserves of coal?
United States (25% of world's coal reserves)
Efficiency of energy conversion is defined as:
Useful energy out / energy in
What are some power units?
Watt = Joules / sec; horsepower; kilowatt
Discuss a recent major natural disaster discussed in class and briefly describe potential solutions for the future.
Wildfires in Western United States. Potential solutions are more regulatory laws and more fire combatting equipment.
Which renewable energy sources do not use a substantial amount of water?
Wind and solar PV
What is power?
Work (energy) over time; rate at which work is done
Which US state is number one in coal production?
Wyoming, typically producing as much as the next 9 states combined
How many years of energy output is necessary to replace the energy used for manufacture of solar PV (average, since payback depends on location of installation)?
about two years
Which grade of coal contains the highest carbon?
anthracite
List three types of fossil fuels.
coal, oil, natural gas
Energy efficiency is always...
less than 100%
EROI for corn based ethanol is in what range?
less than 2:1
How much of the world's population live in the United States?
less than 5%
The primary component of natural gas is what chemical?
methane
How much of oil goes to transportation?
more than 50%
How much of transportation energy comes from oil?
more than 90%
Today, the US pipeline network if laid out end to end would stretch to the moon and back _____.
twice
EROI is the ratio of what?
usable energy out to energy invested
