electronics

decade counter

keeps a running tally of all pulses that pass through the main gate

primary winding

part of the transformer; coil containing the AC voltage

secondary winding

part of the transformer; coil in which the voltage is induced; the amount of induced voltage depends on the amount of mutual induction between the two coils

notations

part of transformers that represent winding polarity or phase shift; the phase of the applied voltage vs. the induced voltage.

main gate

passes conditioned input signal to the counter circuit if a time base signal is present at the same time

voltage ratio

(Ex/Ep) = (Ns/Np)

current ratio

(Ip/Is) = (Ns/Np)

impedance ratio

(Zp/Zs) = (Np/Ns)^2

impedance

The (Z) of a circuit containing both inductance and resistance is: -Total opposition to current flow by both inductor and resistor - Vector sum of the inductive reactance and the resistance in the circuit - For a series RL circuit, the impedance is Z = (square root) R^2 + XL^2

amplitude

maximum departure of the average value of an alternating wave

moving coil meter

measures DC current (must convert AC to DC)

frequency counter

measures frequency by measuring a known frequency against an input frequency

channel coupling

-DC: passes both DC and AC components of the signal waveform to the oscilloscope -AC: blocks the DC component of the input waveform and passes the AC component -GND: waveform disconnected from oscilloscope input

frequency amplitude phase duration shape

FAPDS; information provided by an oscilloscope -_________ of a signal -_________ of a signal -_____ relationship between signal waveforms -________ of a signal -_____ of a signal's waveform

maximum

Given an applied AC Voltage to a capacitive circuit whose capacitor is discharged the current in the circuit is going to be initially at a _______ because the capacitor is discharged.

drops to zero

Given an applied AC Voltage to a capacitive circuit whose capacitor is discharged: As soon as the capacitor charges to the peak applied AC voltage, the charging current _____ __ ____.

Ohm's law for capacitors

I = E/R = E/Xc

electromagnetic induction

If two electrically isolated coils are placed next to each other and an AC voltage is put across one coil: - A changing magnetic field results in that coil. - This changing magnetic field induces a voltage into the second coil - This action is called _______________ _________ - The device is called a transformer

lags

In a pure inductive circuit, the current ____ the applied voltage by 90 degrees.

left hand rule for generators (thumb, index, middle)

The polarity of induced voltage can be determined by the ____ ____ ____ ___ __________. The _____ points in the same direction as the motion of the conductor. The _____ finger points in the direction of the flux lines. The ______ finger points towards the electron current flow.

secondary

When a transformer is operated without a load there is no _________ current flow.

capacitor

When an AC voltage sine wave is applied to a _________, it is as though electrons are flowing through the circuit, however: -The capacitor is charging and discharging because of the alternating polarity of the voltage. - Depending on the frequency, the capacitor could have more time to charge up before the AC voltage sine wave reverses polarity thereby delaying the discharge current . - This opposition that the capacitor offers to the applied AC voltage, that's frequency related is called the capacitive reactance

magnetic field

When an AC voltage sine wave is applied to an inductor, it generates a current thereby creating a ________ _____.

parallel

When capacitors are connected in ________, the reciprocal of the capacitive reactance is equal to the sum of the reciprocals of the individual capacitive reactances. (1/Xct) = (1/Xc1) + (1/Xc2) + (1/Xc3)

series

When capacitors are connected in a ______, the capacitive reactance is equal to the sum of the individual capacitive reactances. Xct = Xc1 + Xc2 + Xc3

passive

_______ means that the probe will attenuate the input signal by a factor of 10.

filter

a circuit that: - Discriminates among frequencies, attenuating some frequencies while allowing others to pass - It establishes a cutoff point between frequencies that are passed and those that are attenuated - The two most common types are low-pass and high-pass.

Direct Current (DC)

a current that flows only in one direction; it doesn't pulsate, vary or alternate; it is constant

Alternating Current (AC)

a current whose direction of flow reverses with regularity; the most used method to transmit electrical energy today from one location to another

capacitor reactance

a function of the frequency of the applied voltage and the capacitance; represented by Xc and is measured in ohms; the opposition a capacitor offers to the applied AC voltage Xc = 1/2(pi)fC f = frequency in Hz C = capacitance in farads

mutual induction

an effect resulting when a magnetic field expands in the same direction as the current in the primary, aiding it and causing it to increase

oscilloscope

an electric test instrument that allows 2 dimensional observation of constantly varying signal voltages as a function of time; FAPDS

transformer

allow the transfer of an AC signal from one circuit to another. The transfer may involve: -stepping up/down the voltage -passing the voltage unchanged

low pass filter

allows low frequencies to pass with little opposition while attenuating high frequencies: -Consists of a resistor and a capacitor in series. - The input voltage is applied to both the resistor and capacitor - The output is taken from across the capacitor

coupling network

allows the AC signal to pass while blocking the DC signal

decoupling network

allows the DC signal to pass while attenuating the AC signal

effective value

amount that produces the same degree of heat energy in a given resistance as an equal amount of direct current; determined by the root mean square process (RMS)

degree of rotation

angle to which the armature has turned

phosphor screen

emits light when struck by electrons

clamp on meter

based on the principal that an AC current flowing in a conductor causes a magnetic field; uses split core transformer allowing the core to be opened and placed around the conductor

iron vane movement meter

consists of a stationary and a movable vane; pointer is attached to the movable vane which moves proportional to the current passing through the coil; the magnetic field magnetized both vanes with the same polarity causing the movable vane to pull away

signal conditioner

converts input signal to a compatible wave shape and amplitude

digital meter

current is converted into proportional voltage first and then measured; true rms value - waveform shape dependent

electron gun

generates the electron beam that strikes the screen

no voltage induced

dark and light half of loop is parallel to the lines of force; or loop rotates to a parallel position again

maximum voltage induced

dark half of loop rotated downward or upward90 degrees

turns ratio

determines whether the transformer is used to step up, step down, or pass voltage unchanged; turns ratio = Ns/Np Ns= # of turns in secondary Np= # of turns in primary

time base

drives the gate control circuit

polarity of voltage

each alternation is produced by a change in ________ __ _______.

one cycle or two alternations

each time an AC generator moves through one complete revolution it is said to complete ___ _____ or ___ ____________

0.707 Vpeak

effective (rms) value of a sine wave

horizontal and vertical deflection amplifiers

increase the amplitude of the input voltage

analog meters

meters that use d'Arsonval movement which is where a coil of wire and a magnetized field can detect flow of current in wire thereby causing a needle to proportionally deflect

horizontal deflection plate

moves the electron beam back and forth across the screen

vertical deflection plate

moves the electron beam in the vertical direction

hertz (Hz)

one cycle per second

gate control circuit

opens and closes main gate and provides a signal to latch the count at the end of the counting period

high pass filter

permits frequencies above the cut off point to pass while attenuating frequencies below the cut off point: -Consists of a capacitor and a resistor in series. - The input voltage is applied to both the resistor and capacitor - The output is taken from across the resistor

bode plotter

produces a graph of a circuit's frequency response; useful for analyzing filter circuits; horizontal axis shows frequency in Hz; vertical axis shows ratio of the circuits Vo/Vi

step up transformer

produces a secondary voltage greater than its primary voltage; always greater than 1

step down transformer

produces a secondary voltage less than its primary voltage; always less than 1

sweep generator

provides a saw-tooth waveform as input to the horizontal deflection amplifier

oscilloscope probe

provides high input impedance termination with low capacitance; measurements should be performed between the signal test point and ground; should automatically detect its attenuation factor

power supply

provides the DC voltage to operate the amplifiers and cathode ray tube

leading phase

refers to a wave that occurs "ahead" of another wave of the same frequency

lagging phase

refers to a wave that occurs "behind" another wave of the same frequency

peak value

the absolute value of a point on the waveform with the greatest amplitude

phase difference

the difference expressed in electrical degrees or time, between two waveforms having the same frequency and referenced to the same point in time

inductive reactance

the opposition to current flow offered by an inductor in AC circuit; represented by XL; a function of the frequency of the applied AC voltage and the inductance; measured in ohms XL = 2(pi)fL f = frequency in Hz L= inductance in henries

phase

the position of a point in time (instant) on a waveform cycle; sometimes expressed in radians where one radian of phase equals 57.3^0

rectification

the process of converting AC to DC; convert the sine wave into a pulsating DC current that is applied to the meter movement

synchronizing circuit

the trigger section that controls the start event of the sweep

peak to peak value

the vertical distance between 2 peaks

f = 1/t t = 1/f

time and frequency relationship (2 equations)

Resistor-Capacitor (RC) Networks

used for filtering, decoupling, DC blocking, or coupling phase-shift circuits

phase shift network

used for phase shifting applications of 60 degrees or less