Embalming || Chapters 13-14

The indicators that an embalmer can use to tell if the embalming solution is being distributed throughout the vascular system:

1. A drop in the solution volume in the tank of the embalming machine 2. When the rate of flow valve is opened on the embalming machine- there should be a drop on the pressure gauge 3. There should be drainage if the solution is being distributed

Passage of the embalming solution into the body cells is brought about by the passive transport systems of:

1. Adsorption 2. Osmosis 3. Dialysis

Intravascular resistance includes: Obstruction of the lumen of a vessel by:

1. Antemortem emboli 2. Antemortem thrombi 3. Postmortem coagula and thrombi

Narrowing of the lumen of a vessel:

1. Arteriosclerosis 2. Vasoconstriction 3. Inflammation of arteries (arteritis) 4. Intravascular rigor mortis- in the smooth muscles in the artery walls.

Embalming procedure for gas in the abdominal cavity would include:

1. At the beginning of the embalming, puncture the abdominal wall with a trocar or scalpel 2. It may also be necessary to puncture some of the large and small intestines

Signs of fluid distribution include:

1. Distention of superficial vessels 2. Large volume of blood drainage 3. Reduction of intravascular blood discolorations

Procedures to improve the distribution of the arterial solution include:

1. Increase ROF 2. Increase the pressure 3. Use pulsation 4. Restrict the drainage; use intermittent drainage and the alternate method of drainage 5. Massage the body 6. Inject an adequate volume of solution 7. Relieve extreme abdominal extravascular pressure 8. Select another drainage site if there is little drainage

The amount of cavity fluid recommended for a 150lb body is:

16Oz for each cavity (thoracic, abdominal, pelvic)

If the potential pressure is 15 and the actual pressure is 10, the differential pressure is:

5

It is the intent of the embalmer that ____ of the arterial solution injected be retained by the body for the embalming of cells and tissues.

50%

To prevent coagula in the arteries from floating free and clogging smaller branch arteries the embalmer should:

A slow rate of flow

Chemical applications include:

ARTERIAL FLUID The PRESERVATIVES in the solution chemically combine with the PROTEINS in the body cells and the protien in microbes to form new compounds and alter the proteins in such a manner that the tissues are PRESERVED AND SANITIZED.

_____ is a process that occurs when a solute accumulates on the surface of the body cells by forming a film or thin layer of molecules or atoms.

Adsorption

When the abdomen is tightly distended with gas or edema, this pressure should be relieved prior to or during arterial injection because it can act as:

An extra vascular resistance interfering with injection and drainage

This condition is brought about by a rupture or by the puncturing or tearing of the pleural sac of the lung. Air was forced into the tissues as the person struggled to breath air:

Antemortem subcutaneous emphysema

In bodies that have been dead for long periods, have gangrene in distal limbs, and in deaths from infections the embalmer can anticipate:

Arterial coagula

When the facial tissues have been distended with edema or gases the embalmer may:

Channel the neck with the trocar during cavity embalming and do repeated aspirations

The removal of the gases from subcutaneous emphysema can be better accomplished by:

Channeling and/ or lancing the tissues after the arterial injection is complete

The very large solutes such as humectants that cannot diffuse through the semipermeable membrane during dialysis:

Colloids

Direct the trocar toward a point one fourth of the distance from the right anterior- superior iliac spine to the pubic symphysis; keep the point of the trocar well up near the abdominal wall until within 4 inches of the right anterior superior iliac spine; then dip the point 2 inches and insert it forward into the:

Colon

In bodies that have been dead for long periods, have gangrene in distal limbs, and in deaths from infectious, inject from the:

Common carotid or restricted cervical

Restriction of the flow of solution into the shoulders, buttocks, and backs of the legs is caused by:

Contact pressure

For cranial aspiration a small trocar is introduced into the nostril and pushed through the _____. At this point, the instrument enters the anterior portion of the cranial cavity:

Cribiform plate of the ethmoid bone

____ consists of salts, preservatives, and germicides, dyes, etc. that can pass through the semipermeable membrane during dialysis: ____

Crystalloids, solutes

The solutes of the arterial solution move into the body cells by:

Dialysis

______ is the separation of substances in solution by the difference in their rates of diffusion through a semipermeable membrane. The method by which the solutes in the solution pass through the semipermeable membrane of the capillaries and semipermeable membrane of the cells

Dialysis

______ means scattering or spreading. Once the embalming solution passes into the interstitial fluid, it spreads through the interstitial fluid to come into contact with the cells of the body

Diffusion

The embalmer can____ to remove intravascular resistance

Do little

The embalmer must make every attempt to promote ____ of the embalming solution throughout the body.

Even distribution

_____ are responsible for non-uniformity in distribution of the embalming solution

Extravascular and intravascular resistances.

The higher the differential pressure, the ____ the rate of flow.

Faster

The embalming procedure for rigor mortis includes:

Gentle but very firm manipulation and massage of the muscles before and during arterial injection

_____ is the extravascular settling of the embalming solution through the interstitial fluid into the dependent areas of the body:

Gravity filtration

Move the trocar along a line from the left anterior superior iliac spine and the right earlobe. After the trocar has passed through the diaphram, depress the point and enter the:

Heart

When the extravascular resistance of skeletal edema is seen, the embalming procedures that will assist in distribution and drainage are:

Higher injection pressures, pulsation, manipulation and massage.

In order to overcome the resistance of the visceral weight in an obese body the embalmer may need to use:

Higher pressures, pulsation and more rapid rate of flow

Acid found in the stomach:

Hydrochloric acid

_____ solutions will draw fluids from the interstitial spaces into the vascular system and this fluid will be removed from the body in the drainage:

Hypertonic

The portion of the nine region plan that contains the bladder if distended and the uterus:

Hypogastric

Solutions that are ____ to the tissue fluids will move from the vascular system into the interstitial spaces then through the cell membranes or into the cell cytoplasm:

Hypotonic

Embalming procedure for expansion of the hallow viscera in the abdominal cavity would include:

Insert a trocar into the abdominal cavity, keeping the point just beneath the anterior abdominal wall, and puncture some of the distended intestines

Ascites can be removed or relieved by:

Inserting a trocar into the abdominal cavity or inserting a drain tube through a puncture made in the abdominal wall

Pressure filtration results in the mixing of the embalming chemicals with:

Interstitial fluid

Use the ____ artery possible for the primary injection point.

Largest

The portion of the nine region plan that contains the descending colon and part of the left kidney:

Left lumbar

Frothy; any blood present is red in color, little odor is a description of purge from the:

Lungs

The embalming procedure for contact pressure:

Manipulate and massage

Creamy white semisolid is a description of purge from the

Nose

Materials within the hallow viscera continue to decompose if untreated and the resulting products of decomposition may cause:

Odors, gas formation, & purge

The solvents of the arterial solution move into the cells of the body by:

Osmosis

____ is the passage of solvent from a solution of lesser to one of greater solute concentration when the two solutions are separated by a semipermeable membrane:

Osmosis

On reaching the capillaries, the embalming solution moves to the cells of the body by a series of:

Passive physical transport systems

When there has been a recent surgery or organ removal, remove loose sutures or surgical staples, open the incision, and swab edges of the incision with:

Phenol solution

Arterial embalming involves both physical and chemical applications:

Physical applications include: Filling the arterial system by FORCED INJECTION that pushes solution into the body under pressure. Control of DRAINAGE. The solution is forced through the walls of capillaries by FILTRATION. Through OSMOSIS and DIALYSIS the solution passes into the interstitial spaces and the body cells.

_____ is the result of positive intravascular pressure (IVP) causing the passage of embalming solution through the capillary wall to diffuse with the interstitial fluids

Pressure filtration

Any surgical drainage openings should be closed by suture or trocar button ____ aspiration of the cavities

Prior to

Bandages wound around an extremity should be removed_____ arterial injection.

Prior to

Use an arterial tube of ____ so that it will not damage the walls of the artery.

Proper size

Gases can also place sufficient pressure on the stomach and diaphragm to create ____ from the oral or nasal cavities.

Purge

A suture commonly used to close the abdominal opening:

Purse string

Which is of more concern to the embalmer, the pressure or the rate of flow?

ROF

The portion of the nine region plan that contains part of the liver and the gallbladder:

Right hypochondriac

Avoid using a____ artery for injection

Sclerotic

Direct the trocar point toward the intersection of the fifth intercostal space and the left mid-axillary line (established by extending a line from the center of the medial base of the axillary space inferiorly along the rib cage); continue until the trocar enters the:

Stomach

Liquids, semisolids, dark brown "coffee grounds" appearance with a foul odor is a description of purge from the:

Stomach (nose- mouth)

The point of entry for cranial aspiration is:

The right or left nostril

Expansion of the hallow viscera during injection can be caused from:

Too rapid an injection of arterial solution (especially bodies dead for long periods)

T/F: It is possible for gases to move from the viscera to viewable areas such as the face and hands:

True

The center portion of the nine region plan that contains the transverse colon:

Umbilical

Keep the point up near the abdominal wall directing the trocar to the median line of the pubic bone (symphysis pubis) until the point touches the bone. Retract the trocar slightly, depress the point slightly and insert into the:

Urinary bladder

Solutions that are too dilute (too much water added) will ____ the tissues and result in swelling and inadequate preservation:

Water log

Signs of fluid diffusion include:

1. Loss of elasticity of tissue (beginning firming) 2. Drying of tissue 3. Tissue distension 4. Mottling of tissue 5. Tissue fixation

The major passive transport processes for the movement of embalming solutions are:

1. Pressure filtration 2. Osmosis 3. Dialysis

Examples of extravascular resistances include:

1. Rigor mortis 2. Gas in the cavities 3. Expansion of the hallow viscera during injection 4. Tumors and swollen lymph nodes 5. Ascites and hydrothorax 6. Contact pressure 7. Visceral weight 8. Bandages 9. Skeletal edema 10. Inflammation

Tumors and swollen lymph nodes may require:

1. Sectional injection 2. Higher injection pressure and pulsation 3. Massage and manipulation

Advantages for a long delay (8-12 hours) prior to aspirating the body:

1. The theory is to allow a maximum time for the arterial solution to penetrate into the tissue spaces 2. Some embalmers feel the delay helps to preserve the walls of the visceral organs 3. If a humectant coinjection or a humectant restorative "to fill out" emaciated tissue has been used. This delay gives tissues time to firm