Emergence in Global society 1000C: A history of world societies volume 2: Chapter 19: New Worldviews and Ways of life

Copernican hypothesis

The idea that the sun, not the earth, was the center of the universe

public sphere

An idealized intellectual space that emerged in Europe during the Enlightenment. here, the public came together to discuss important social, economic, an political issues

enclosure

Controversial process of fencing off common land to create privately owned fields that increased agricultural production at the cost of reducing poor farmers' access to land

cottage industry

Manufacturing with hand tools in peasant cottages and work sheds, a form of economic activity that became important in 18th century Europe

Enlightenment

An intellectual and cultural movement in the late 17th and 18th century Europe and its colonies that used rational and critical thinking to debate issues such as political sovereignty, religious tolerance, gender roles, and racial difference

law of universal gravitation

Newton's law that all objects are attracted to one another and that the force of attraction is proportional to the object's quantity of matter and the square of the distance between them

Haskalah

A Jewish enlightenment movement led by Prussian philosopher Moses Mendelssohn

general will

A concept associated with Rousseau, referring to the common interests of all people, who have replaced the power of the monarch

philosophes

A group of French intellectuals who proclaimed that they were bringing the light of knowledge to their fellow creatures in the Age of Enlightenment

Law of inertia

A law by Galileo stating that motion, not rest, is the natural state of an object and that object continues in motion forever unless stopped by an external force

sensationalism

An idea, espoused by John Locke, that all human ideas and thoughts are produced as a result of sensory impressions

deism

Belief in a distant, non-interventionist deity, shared by many enlightenment thinkers. Voltaire

salons

Regular social gatherings held by talented and rich Parisian women in their homes, where philosophes and their followers met to discuss literature, science, and philosophy

enlightened absolutism

Term to describe the rule of 18th century monarchs who, without renouncing their own absolute authority, adopted enlightenment ideals of rationalism, progress, and tolerance

empiricism

Theory of inductive reasoning that calls for acquiring evidence through observation and experimentation rather than reason and speculation . created by Francis Bacon

economic liberalism

Theory, associated with Adam Smith, that the pursuit of self-interest in a competitive market suffices to improve living conditions, rendering government intervention unnecessary and undesirable