emotion and motivation exam 2

what emotions are high arousal, negative valence?

1) afraid 2) angry 3) distressed

what emotions are universal

1) anger 2) disgust 3) fear 4) happiness 5) sadness 6) surprise

eating disorders

1) bulimia nervosa 2) anorexia nervosa 3) obesity

what emotions MIGHT be universal

1) embarrassment 2) amusement 3) guilt 4) shame 5) pride

3 key dimensions of varying psychological motivations

1) extrensic vs intrinsic 2) conscious vs unconscious 3) approach vs avoidance

2 pathways emotions take

1) fast 2) slow

what emotions are high arousal, positive valence?

1) happy 2) excited 3) delighted

causes of obesity

1) heredity 2) death of good bacteria in the gut

what does obeying a display rule require?

1) intensification 2) deintensification 3) masking 4) neutralizing

what emotions are low arousal, negative valence?

1) miserable 2) sad 3) depressed 4) bored

4 features that help to distinguish between sincere and insincere facial expressions?

1) morphology 2) symmetry 3) duration 4) temporal patterning

need pyramid from bottom up

1) physiological 2) safety and security 3) belongingness and love 4) esteem 5) self actualization

what emotions are low arousal, positive valence?

1) pleased 2) calm 3) relaxed

how are emotions regulated?

1) suppression 2) affect labeling 3) reappraisal

what are the dimensions in mapping emotions

1) valence 2) arousal

how many muscles are in your face

43

• Dr. Allen shows members of a preliterate Andean culture and U.S. college students a series of photographs of either Andeans or North Americans displaying emotional expressions. She asks both groups to identify the emotion displayed in each photograph. Dr. Allen predicts that participants should identify emotions accurately both when they are displayed by members of their own cultural group and when they are displayed by members of the other group. With respect to research methods in psychology, this prediction is termed a(n) _____.

hypothesis

• In an experiment, people rated cartoons as funnier when they held a pen between their teeth than when they held a pen between their lips. In this experiment, pen position is the _____ variable.

independent

A motivation that a person is born with is called a(n): • Intrinsic motivation • Extrinsic motivation • Instinct • Drive

instinct

• Drive is to _____, as Clark Hull is to William James.

instinct

different emotions are merely different

interpretations of a single pattern of bodily activity

punishments can create _ motivation

intrinsic

rewards may sometimes cause people to lose their _ motivation

intrinsic

• Penny takes college courses that interest her and she enjoys learning for its own sake; Amber takes courses in which she is fairly certain she will do well, and studies mainly to ensure good grades. Penny's motivation is _____.

intrinsic

people work harder when they are _ motivated

intrinsicly

for humans, sexual interest that is continuous and independent of fertility

is a good strategy to keep their mates at home

obese people are _ resistant

leptin

where are motions generated

limbic system

• Alaqua has just accepted a dream job in a glamorous city. Bena smiles and congratulates her even though she resents Alaqua's good fortune. In a different situation, Honiahaka's untimely death devastated her sister Adoette. Adoette is careful to limit her displays of grief because she wants to be a source of strength to Honiahaka's husband and her young nieces. Bena is using the emotional display technique of _____. Adoette is using the technique of _____.

masking deintensification

• Nguyen has just accepted a dream job in a glamorous city. Pham smiles and congratulates him even though he resents Nguyen's good fortune. In a different situation, a grisly homicide scene disgusts and angers a police officer. However, the police officer appears objective and unemotional when he describes the scene to an investigator. Pham is using the emotional display technique of _____. The police officer is using the technique of _____. • Masking; neutralizing • Neutralizing; deintensification • Deintensification; masking • Deintesnsification; neutralizing

masking, neutralizing

people will take _ risks to avoid a loss than to achieve a gain

more

• Dion is completing a survey of questions such as, "Angry is more like tense than happy." This illustrates the use of which type of technique to study emotion? • Multivariate stats • Factor analysis • Multidimensional scaling • Two factor theory

multidimensional scaling

• Through which process are behaviors fueled by drives MOST likely to be maintained?

negative reinfocement

o Two friends have asked you to help them settle a disagreement. You hear each side of the story and have an emotional response to one viewpoint, but you don't express it. This is an example of which display rule? • Deintensificaition • Masking • Neutralizing • Intensification

neutralizing

• Why do different cultures express emotions in the same ways?

o Because words are symbols, but facial expressions are signs o Signs are CAUSED by the things they signify

morphology

o Certain facial muscles tend to resist conscious control, and for a trained observer, these so-called reliable muscles are quite revealing. For example, the zygomatic major raises the corners of the mouth, and this happens when people smile spontaneously or when they force themselves to smile. But only a genuine, spontaneous smile engages the obicularis oculi, which crinkles the corners of the eyes

temporal patterning

o Sincere expressions appear and disappear smoothly over a few seconds, whereas insincere expressions tend to have more abrupt onsets and offsets.

symmetry

o Sincere expressions are a bit more symmetrical than insincere expressions. A slightly lopsided smile is less likely to be genuine than is a perfectly even one.

duration

o Sincere expressions tend to last between a half second and 5 seconds, and expressions that last for shorter or longer periods are more likely to be insincere.

intrinsic motivation

o a motivation to take actions that are themselves rewarding o acitives are a payoff

extrinsic motivation

o a motivation to take actions that lead to reward o don't directyly bring pleasure, but may lead to it in the long run

terror management theory

o a theory about how people respond to knowledge of their own mortality

anorexia nervosa

o an eating disorder characterized by an intense fear of being fat and severe restriction of food intake o people with this have extremely high levels of ghrelin in their blood, but people suppress it or ignore it

bulimia nervosa

o an eating disorder characterized by binge eating followed by purging o may eat to ease negative emotions, but then they self loath, which leads them to purge

drive

o an internal state caused by physiological needs

leptin

o chemical secreted by fat cells that may tell brain to to switch hunger off

what 2 things does the map suggest

o emotional experiences are good or bad o the fact that these experiences are have characteristic levels of bodily arousal

two factor theory of undifferentiated physiological arousal

o emotions are based on inferences about the causes of physiological arousal

obesity

o having a body mass index of 30 or greater

ghrelin

o hormone produced in stomach that may tell brain to switch hunger on

intensification

o involves exaggerating the expression of one's emotion

masking

o involves expressing one emotion while feeling another

neutralizing

o involves feeling an emotion but displaying no expression

deintensification

o involves muting the expression of one's emotion

avoidance motivation

o motivation not to experience a negative outcome

approach motivation

o motivation to experience a positive outcome

need for achievement

o motivation to solve worthwile problems

conscious motivations

o motivations of which people are aware

unconscious motivations

o motivations of which people are not aware

ventromedial hypothalamus

o receives anorexigenic signals

lateral hypothalamus

o receives orexigenic signals

facial feedback hypothesis

o suggests that emotional expressions can cause the emotional experiences they signify

universality hypothesis

o suggests that emotional expressions have the same meaning for everyone

anorexigenic signal

o tells your brain to switch hunger off o happens if your body has sufficient energy

orexigenic signal

o tells your brain to switch hunger on o happens if your body needs energy

promotion focus

o tend to think in terms of achievaing gains

prevention focus

o tend to think in terms of avoiding losses

fast pathway of emotion

o thalamus to amygdala o can act quick if something is a threat

slow pathway of emotion

o thalamus to cortex to amygdala o helps confirm if something is a threat or not

what may determine when we are conscious of motivations

o the ease or fiffcuclty of perofming an action determines which motivation we will be aware of

homeostasis

o the tendency for a system to take action to keep itself in a particular state

specific motivations

o when actions are difficult, we are aware of these

general motivations

o when actions are easy, we are aware of these

• In 1924, sociologist Luther Bernard remarked that the term "instinct" suffered from a "great variety of usage." This suggests that psychologists had failed to define the term in a way that might encourage its consistent measurement; that is, psychology lacked a(n) _____ definition of the term "instinct." • Methodolgiical • Operational • Theoretical • Conceptual

operational

• The book defines obesity as a person with a body mass index of 30 or above. This is a(n) _____ definition of obesity.

operational

• The book defines obesity as a person with a body mass index of 30 or above. This is a(n) _____ definition of obesity. • Conceptual • Methodological • Procedural • Operational

operational

• Crow's feet reflect a lifetime of smiling and repeated flexion of a muscle called the _____.

orbicularis oculi

• The text notes that in the early 1900s, psychology's list of instincts became "preposterously long." This statement implies that with respect to the characteristics of a good theory, instinct theory lacked _____.

parsimony

what did maslow suggest?

people are more likely to experience a need when the needs below it are met

what supports the universality of expression

people who are blind and have never seen facial expression still make the same thing

capgras syndrome

people with this think that their relatives look right, but they don't feel like their relatives

• According to the text, an emotion is a positive or negative experience that is associated with a particular pattern of _____ activity.

physiological

• Which piece of evidence is correctly paired with its relevance to a particular theory of emotion?

physiological arousal does not always produce an emotional experience--counters the James-Lange theory

According to Abraham Maslow, ________ needs are the first to be satisfied, while ________ needs are the last.

physiological; self-actualization

• According to the hedonic principle, human behavior is aimed at seeking pleasure and avoiding pain. In terms of operant conditioning, the hedonic principle's emphasis on seeking pleasure underscores the importance of _____ in motivating behavior.

positive reinforcement

o Through_______, we change an emotional experience by changing the meaning of the emotion-eliciting stimulus. • Deactivation • Appraisal • Valence • Reappraisal

reappraisal

• Lying in bed at night, Jackie tries not to feel sad about the death of a close friend by thinking of the positive legacy of her friend's life. Jackie is engaged in an emotion regulation strategy called _____.

reappraisal

lesions in areas of the hypothalamus

reduce sexual motivaition

• Women experience _____ physiological response and sequence of arousal during stages of sex as compared to men. • Relatively the same • A greater • A lesser • No

relatively the same

who's idea was undifferentiated physiological arousal

schacter and singer

If you believe that subjective emotional states are determined by the labels you attach to your internal feelings of arousal, you are most likely to subscribe to the ________ theory of emotion.

schacter singer

reproduction is the motivation for

sex

• In a study of emotion, a large sample of participants use a 5-point scale to rate their agreement with items such as, "Disgust is more like contempt than sadness." This study exemplifies the use of the _____ research method in psychology. • Survey • Case study • Naturalistic observation • Experimental

survey

where are faces identified

temporal lobe

o Which of the following does NOT distinguish sincere from insincere expressions? • Temporal patterning • Duration • Symmetry • Levity

temporal patterning

• In human females, sexual desire appears to be regulated by the sex hormone _____.

testosterone

o Which brain structure is most directly involved in the rapid appraisal of whether a stimulus is good or bad? • The cortex • The hypothalamus • The amygdala • The thalamus

the amygdala

The most important finding related to emotion that camse from Kluver and Bucy's research with rhesus monkeys was that the results confirmed that

the amygdala plays a role in the emotion of fear

emotional experience is the consequence, NOT

the cause of physiological reactions

o _____is the idea that emotional expressions can cause emotional experiences. • A display rule • Expressional deception • The universality hypothesis • The facial feedback hypotheis

the facial feedback hypotehsis

• How would Clark Hull and Kenneth Spence explain the behavior of a rat pressing a lever for food pellets?

the rat is decreasing its hunger drive

emotion regulation

the strategies people use to influence their own emotional experience

how is emotion measured?

through multidimsional scaling

our primary motivation in emotion is

to keep our emotions good, so we will do stuff that will better us in the future

• Which theory of emotion can explain why people who are first required to ride an exercise bicycle in a laboratory then find attractive people more attractive, annoying people more annoying, and funny cartoons even funnier? • Two factor theory • Undifferentiated physiological arousal theory • James lange theory • Canon bard theory

two factor theory

• Dr. Lemaire and Dr. McCullough are psychologists researching emotions. Over coffee one day, Dr. Lemaire remarks that she is "experiencing a state of low arousal, with a negative valence." Dr. McCullough replies that while he is similarly unaroused, he finds the valence positive. According to the text, which alternative BEST describes how these two psychologists are feeling in everyday terms?

• Dr lemaire is bored, while dr mucullough is relaxed

why did bard think his theory was better?

• Emotions happen quickly, but the body reacts slowly • People have difficulty detecting bodily responses like changes in heart rate • Nonemotional stimuli can cause same response as emotional stimuli

• In Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer's classic experiment, participants were injected with epinephrine and either informed or not informed about the drug's effects. Participants were later asked to rate their own emotional states. Which alternative below correctly names and identifies a variable in this experiment?

• Independent variable - whether participants were informed about epinephrine effects

• Which is NOT among the shortcomings of instinct approaches to motivation?

• Instinct approaches can account only for physiological motivations, not psychological ones

• Dr. DeRidder damages the ventromedial hypothalamus in one group of rats and the lateral hypothalamus in another group. What effect might he expect on the eating behavior of each group of rats?

• Rats with ventromedial lesions should begin overeating; rats with lateral lesions should stop eating

• In one experiment, Japanese and U.S. college students watch gruesome film footage. Participants were aware or unaware that they were being observed. Participants' facial expressions were recorded. Which alternative expresses one implication of the results of this research?

• The display rules for emotional expression vary across cultures

• Declan, a Ph.D. candidate, tells his department's undergraduate student organization that his dissertation research is in the area of motivation. Declan is investigating:

• The psychological causes or purposes of behavior

• According to the text, the defining attribute of emotional experiences is

• What these experiences feel like

display rule

• a norm for the appropriate expression of emotion

emotion

• a positive or negative experience that is associated with a particular pattern of physiological activity

cannon bard theory of emotion

• a stimulus simultaneously triggers activity in the body and emotional experience in the brain

james lange theory of emotion

• a stimulus triggers activity in the body, which in turn produces an emotional experience in the brain

appraisal

• an evaluation of the emotion-relevant aspects of a stimulus

o Emotional expression

• an observable sign of an emotional state

how is capgras syndrome caused

• by damage to theneural connections between temporal lobe and limbic system

how does the body resist weight loss

• fat cells that are added don't die • bodies respond to dieting by decreasing metabolism

suppression

• inhibiting outward signs of emotion

• Which statement BEST expresses the fate of instinct approaches to motivation within mainstream psychology in the early twenty-first century?

• instinct approaches to motivation have been abandoned and are primarily of historical interest in psychology

reappraisal

• involves changing one's emotional experience by changing the way one thinks about the emotion-eliciting stimulus • best strategy for emotional regulation

terror management theory gives rise to

• mortality salience hypothesis

o The hedonic principle states that • emotions provide people with information. • people are motivated to experience pleasure and avoid pain. • people use their moods as information about the likelihood of succeeding at a task. • motivations are acquired solely through experience.

• people are motivated to experience pleasure and avoid pain.

amygdala plays a role in

• producing emotions such as fear • might make people feel fear when they EXPERIENCE a threat, but not when they FEEL a threat

how do emotions move humans in 2 different ways

• provide people with info about the world • emotions are the objectivies toward which people strive

first function of emotion

• provides us with info abou the world

affect labeling

• putting one's feelings into words • works better in reducing the intensity of emotional states

second function of emotion

• tells us what to do with the info

• Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer's two-factor theory suggests that emotions are the result of:

• the brain trying to make sense of the body's physiological response to a situation

hedonic principle

• the claim that people are motivated to experience pleasure and avoid pain

instincts

• the natural tendency to seek a particular goal • concept fell out of fashion because of behaviorism

mortality salience hypothesis

• the prediction that people who are reminded of their own mortality will work to reinforce their cultural worldviews

motivation

• the purpose for or psychological cause of an action

metabolism

• the rate at which energy is used by the body

Which of these statements best reflect our current understanding of emotion and the body?

Bodily activity and mental activity are both the cause and consequence of our emotional experiences.

Motivation can be: • Both conscious and unconscious and unconscious • Neither conscious nor unconscious • Conscious only • Unconscious only

Both conscious and unconscious and unconscious

Angry because she had to endure a class she finds dreadfully boring, Susanna decided to use reappraisal to change her emotional state. Which of the following actions would be most effective?

Change the significance of the judgment by thinking of the course as preparation for her future career.

• _____, in his book entitled, "The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals." Proposed that facial and postural expressions communicated useful information about internal states.

Charles poopyhead

• According to the text, damage to the amygdala can result in deficits processing: • Facial expressions of fear only • Facial expressions of any negative emotion • Facial expressions of negative emotions related to threat or danger • All facial expressions of m emotion

Facial expressions of negative emotions related to threat or danger

Dr. Faber explained to her students that holding a pen in their teeth would make them feel happier. What is the main reason for this?

Holding a pen in your teeth contracts the muscles of the face in the same way as a smile.

Which of the following is the best example of negative reinforcement?

You will continue to receive annoying emails until you complete your course evaluation.

• According to the text, which adjective does NOT describe sincere expressions of emotion • Brief • Abrupt • Symmetrical • Smooth

abrupt

• Movements of facial muscles that contribute reliably to emotional expressions are termed _____ units.

action

• When people are presented with a stimulus, the brain processes the information in two pathways. The "fast" pathway goes from the thalamus directly to the _____.

amygdala

• With respect to emotional experience, excitation is to inhibition as the _____ is to the _____. • Cortex; thalamus • Thalamus; amygdala • Amygdala; cortex • Amygdala; thalamus

amygdala, cortex

• Lee was walking home at night and saw something moving out of the corner of his eye. He was initially startled, but when he turned to look, he noticed a cat in the shadows. He kept walking and was no longer anxious. Lee's decision to ignore the movement as something fearful BEST illustrates: • Emotion regulation • Drive • A reappreaisal • An appraisal

an appraisal

which of the following research designs is approparat to explore the hypothesis, turning your head to the left causes you to feel happier than turning your head to the right?

an experiment (cause = experiment)

o According to the early psychologists, an unlearned tendency to seek a particular goal is called • An instinct • A drive • A motivation • A corrective action

an instinct

what happens when the ventromedial hypothalamus is destroyed

animals gorge themselves until they are ill

what happens when the lateral hypothalamus is destroyed

animals in cage filled with food will still starve themselves

• When Heinrich Kluver removed the amygdala of a monkey in the 1930s, he found that the monkeys

appeared to lack fear

o Which of the following is NOT a dimension on which psychological motivations vary? • Intrinsic-extrensic • Conscious-unconscious • Avoid-approach • Appraisal-reappraisal

appraisal-reappraisal

hedonic principle describes

approach vs avoidance

o Emotions can be described by their location on the two dimensions of • Motivation and scaling • Arousal and valence • Stimulus and reaction • Pain and pleasure

arousal and valence

needs

basic human urges

o According to Maslow, our most basic needs are • Self actualization and self esteem • Biological • Unimportant until other needs are met • Belongingness and love

biological

• According to the text, Nancy is MOST likely to believe that she is going to get the highest grade on the next psychology test on a: • Foggy day • Warm rainy day • Cold rainy day • Bright sunny day

bright sunny day

o Which theorists claimed that that a stimulus simultaneously causes both an emotional experience and a physiological reaction? • Cannon and bard • James and lange • Schacter and singer • Kluver and bucy

cannon and bard

• In the _____ theory of emotion, physiological reactions occur simultaneously with emotional experiences.

cannon bard

• Detailed observation of a single patient with damage to the amygdala exemplifies a research method in psychology called the _____.

case study

• Charles Darwin believed that facial and postural expressions:

communicated useful info about internal states

according to the ajmes lange throw of emotion, an emotional experience is the _ of physiological activity in the autonomic nervous system

consequence

Kelly sustained a severe head injury in a skiing accident. Following a limited recovery from the accident, the family has been advised that damage to Kelly's ________ would likely make it difficult for her to inhibit her emotions.

cortex

different cultures may have

different display rules

• The norms that cause people to regulate how they express their emotions are termed _____.

display rules

• Following a stroke, Dorothy's ability to experience emotion seems impaired. According to the text, how might her decision-making be affected?

dorothy may make riskier decisions

• Although Jessica said nothing was wrong, her shaking voice and tensed body said otherwise. Jessica's _____ gave external clues to reveal her true emotions.

emotional expression

• According to the text, emotion _____ decision making. • Enables • Slows • Impairs • Eliminates

enables

the ability to make more things _ is a good predictor of a child's grades in school

extrinsic

• In 1983, Donna Summer's working class heroine "work[ed] hard for the money." This woman MOST likely was driven by _____ motivation. • External • Intrinsic • Extrinsic • Implicit

extrinsic

• According to _____, the act of smiling will probably make a person feel happier. • The facial feedback hypotheis • Emotion regulation theory • Extrinsic motivation • The universality hypothesis

facial feedback hypothesis

o Which of the following activities is most likely the result of extrinsic motivation? • Completing a crossworld puzzle • Pursuing a career as a musician • Having ice cream for dessert • Flossing one's teeth

flossing one's teeth

survival is the motivation for

food

• The stomach produces a substance called _____ that signals the brain to switch on hunger.

ghrelin

Compared to women, men demonstrate all of the following EXCEPT to: • Fantasize about sex more often • Seek sex earlier in a relatinship • Have a shorter refractory period after sex • Have a more permissive attidude toward sex

have a shorter refractory period after sex

• The idea that people are motivated to seek pleasurable experiences and avoid negative painful experiences is known as the _____ principle.

hedonic

The idea that people seek pleasurable experiences and avoid painful experiences is the:

hedonic principle

arousal

how active or passive the experience is

valence

how positive or negative the experience is

Evidence suggests that all of the following emotions are universal EXCEPT:

humility

primary receiver of food signal

hypothalamus

o Which of the following does NOT provide any support for the universality hypothesis? • Congenitally blind people make the facial expressions associated with the basic emotions. • Infants only days old react to bitter tastes with expressions of disgust. • Robots have been engineered to exhibit emotional expressions. • Researchers have discovered that isolated people living a Stone Age existence with little contact with the outside world recognize the emotional expressions of Westerners.

Robots have been engineered to exhibit emotional expressions.

o Which of the following statements is inaccurate? • Certain facial muscles are reliably engaged by sincere facial expressions. • Even when people smile bravely to mask disappointment, their faces tend to express small bursts of disappointment. • Studies show that human lie detection ability is extremely good. • Polygraph machines detect lies at a rate better than chance, but their error rate is still quite high.

Studies show that human lie detection ability is extremely good.

• Most people can accurately judge the facial expressions of members of other cultures, and people who have never seen a human face make the same facial expressions as sighted individuals. These observations support the _____ hypothesis.

universality

• In 1872, Charles Darwin published his book "The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals," in which he suggested that emotional expression has evolutionary significance. The claim that emotions seemed to have similar meanings for everyone led him to propose the: • Cannon bard theory • Universality hypothesis • Facial feedback hypothesis • James lange theory

universality hypothesis

• Emotional experiences are difficult to describe, but psychologists have identified two underlying dimensions. Based on this knowledge, astonished is to alarmed, as positive is to negative _____.

valence

neutralizing example

when a judge tries not to betray his leanings while lawyers are making their arguments

intensification example

when a person pretends to be more surprised by a gift than she really is

masking example

when a poker player tries to look distressed rather than delighted as she examines a hand with four aces

• According to the text, Carmelita is MOST likely to feel she will win the lottery: • When she is in a good mood • When she is in a bad mood • When she is hungry • After she buys a lot of tickets

when she is in a good mood

deintensification example

when the loser of a contest tries to look less distressed than he really is

• The muscle that raises the corners of the human lips is the _____.

zygomatic major

• What part, if any, of the two-factor model of emotion has been subject to doubt after further research?

• All emotional experiences are essentially caused by the same physiological process in the body

multidimensional scaling

• Asking people to realte the similarity of dozens of emotional experiences

• After an upsetting day at work, Jack stops at the bar for a few shots of whiskey. Beth views her recent layoff as a chance to pursue her dream career, instead of the one that would please her parents. Which of these individuals is engaged in emotion regulation? Which is engaged in reappraisal?

• Both jack and beth are engaged in emotion regulation; only beth is engaged in reappraisal

• A serenity prayer encourages one to remain serene and calm in situations that might normally make one angry, annoyed, or frustrated. The objective of the prayer, therefore, is to:

• Change the valence of one's experience as well as to decrease one's arousal

undifferiented physiological arousal

• Different emotionas are merely different interpretations of a single pattern of bodily activity