Emotion and Social Cognition

mood congruent judgment

supporting this type of effect on judgment comes from judgment of object, events, persons, and self.

mood congruence effects

these on the content of cognition must be handled with care because people are not passive recipients of mood induction

emotional states

these should be considered an integral part of information processing models

mood congruence effect

this effect is supported if individuals in happy states can name happy words faster than other words and if sad individuals can name sad words faster than other individuals

mood-incongruent recall

this is a mood regulation strategy used by repressors to cope with negative events

happiness

this makes us see life through rose colored glasses

greater semantic structure

this means less affective input

mood state depdnent

this type of recall should be more robust if the to-be-remembered information is generated by the participant rather than furnished by the experimenter

perception experiment

Compared to neural and sadness conditions, happiness did not facilitate word naming for love words, neither did sadness facilitate responses to anger words.

emotion node

Each one of these is linked by associative pointers to the presentation of emotionally related objects and events, as well as autobiographical memories

mood congruence

Events or objects that have the same emotional significance as the current affective state of the individual, are perceived with greater efficiency than other stimuli

emotions

Most languages have expressions that convey the everyday belief that these can effect how we see things and how we think about them

affective priming experiment

Murphy et al (1995) exposed participants to affective primes (smiling or angry faces presented for 4 milliseconds) before very brief presentations of Chinese ideographs. They were then shown some of the ideographs again, and asked to rate how much they liked each.

mood regulation effects experiment

Parrott and Sabini (1990) utilized an ecological elicitor of mood induction (return of a graded midterm exam). After getting their exam back, participants were asked to recall autobiographical memories of high school.

likelihood estimates experiment

Participants in a positive affective state were more optimistic in their risk estimates than neutral participants

mood judgment experiment on self

Participants in a study who had been induced to feel happiness nominated more positive (less negative) behaviors and traits as descriptive of themselves than participants who had been induced to feel sadness

mood dependent experiment

Participants learned a list of words (List A) in either a happy or sad affective state that was induced with hyponsis Then they learned a second list (List B) either in the same or in the opposite affective state Participants completed a free recall test of the words on list A while in either the same affective state as they were during the learning of list A or the same affective state as they were in when they learned list B

mood congruent experiment

Participants who had been put in induced happy or sad affective states recalled more happy or sad events from the previous week than control participants

perception experiment

Participants who had been put into a sad, neutral, or happy affective state with the use of classical music completed a work naming task

Mood congruent judgmnet experiment

People with a music-induced happy or sad mood were read homophones with a neutral or emotional meaning, and asked to write them down as they heard them.

mood congruent judgment experiment

People with a music-induced happy or sad mood were read homophones with a neutral or emotional meaning, and asked to write them down as they heard them.

Mood state dependence

Phenomenon characterized by enhanced retrieval during a particular affective state of any information that was learned or encoded during the same affective state

likelihood estimates experiment

Put experimental participants in a negative affective state by having them read a short, depressing text

Mood congruent memory

Refers to enhanced retrieval of information whose affective meaning itself matches, compared to matches an individuals current affective state

unstructured

Researchers found that only when participants were provided with this type of material, for which, the affective meaning became the single unifying theme

mood congruent memory

Researchers propose that the effects of affective state on memory are stronger for information tat cannot be structured by means other than its affective meaning

mood dependent experiment

Results revealed that participants were best at recalling the words on list A when they had learned and recalled that list in the same affective state and had learned list B in a different affective state

mood congruent judgments about other people experiment

Results showed that people in happy moods evaluated M's feelings and experiences as happier than did the participants in the other experimental groups

perception experiment

Results suggest that affective states facilitate the perceptual processing of words categorically associated with the induced affective sate activated, not all words of the same valence

mood congruent judgments about other people experiment

Sad individuals tended to read M as having experienced more sadness

mood and judgment of self experimnet

Sedikides placed people into a sad, neutral, or happy mood through guided imagery. They then completed self-descriptiveness ratings (from 'definitely me' to 'definitely not me') on a series of behaviors, previously distilled to reflect central positive, central negative, peripheral positive and peripheral negative self-conceptions.

mood congruent memory

Studies show either a greater number of mood congruent memories recalled or a decrease in latency for recalling these memories compared with incongruent memories

mood congruent judgment experimnet

Study found that students and unemployed participants studied sociopolitical slogans more positively when they had just received a free lunch than when they had to evaluate them in a room with an unpleasant odor

mental context

can serve as a cue for later retrieval of new information that has been learned during that affective state

affective states

cause mood-congruent self-descriptions

judgment

could be explained by the impact of mood on the way incoming information is encoded and interpreted

low negative mood regulators

displayed mood-congruent effects, that is, recalled more negative memories when in a sad than when in a neutral mood.

mental context

entire set of representations that can be potentially be active during a mental state

Associative network models of emotion

(also known as spreading activation models) provide an influential theoretical account of mood congruence.

mood congruence effects

Affective states influence the content of information that appears in cognitive processes, including memory, perception, and thought

associative network models of emotions

Among other phenomena, these models account for semantic priming effects.

perception of predictability and control

An additional factor is _______ associated with different emotional states. People made angry gave more optimistic risk evaluations than people made fearful.

mood-congruence effects

Another study found that ______ on the evaluation of one's own behaviors were even greater than on evaluation of the behavior of others

mood congruent on judgment of self

Found that individuals in happy states rate themselves as having high levels of self-esteem at least at the moment

associative network models of emotion

If activation exceeds a given threshold, the activated concept/s reach consciousness.

inhibitory links

In these models, the notes that represent "opposite states" are connected by these such that the activation of one emotion node leads to the inhibition of the other

affective stimuli

Individuals do not have to be aware of the _______ to be influenced by them in their judgments

likehood estimates experiment

Individuals estimated that disease, hazards and violence were more likely to occur in general than participants in a neutral affective state

mood state dependence

Information can be neutral, but the important factor is a match been affective state at encoding and recall

mood congruent judgments about other people experiment

Innes-Ker and Niedenthal (2002) put participants into a happy, sad, or neutral emotional state. They were asked to read a story about a woman called M, and then rated M's feelings and various events in the story according to sad-happy and unpleasant-pleasant.

associative network models of emotion

The assumption is that human knowledge including emotions can be represented by a network of linked concept nodes, somewhat similar to neural networks

likelihood estimates

The judgments we make of probabilities of diseases, hazards, and violence are influenced by our emotional state. People in an induced sad state estimated the probability of negative events occurring as higher than people in a neutral state

associative network models of emotions

The model general includes five emotions: anger, disgust, fear, happiness and sadness

peripheral self-conceptions

These are relatively low in personal descriptiveness and importance; they are less polarized; less consolidated and more adaptive to ongoing circumstances.

emotion-specific

These effects are _______ rather than just driven by valence. Sadness increases estimates of sad evens, whereas anger increases estimates of angry events ('lemon' car).

mood judgment experiment on self

These effects were restricted to peripheral aspects of self and not to central ones (i.e., information about the self that is high in both personal descriptiveness and importance)

affective priming

This definition therefore does not include phobias where we are aware of the target. A good example might be 'free-floating anxiety'.

perception experiment

To perform the task, they had to pronounce words presented on a computer screen as quickly and accurately as possible (seeing the word smile on the screen, must say smile out loud) The words that the participants had to pronounce were related to sadness, anger, happiness and love and the remaining words had neutral meanings The time from word presentation to pronunciation by the participants was the respond of interest

affective priming

We can think of affect as nonconscious when the person is not aware of its source, its target, or both.

associative network models of emotion

When a concept is activated, activation spreads along the paths of the network, such that close concept nodes receive strong activation and more remote ones only weak activation

associative network models of emotions

When an emotional unit is activated above some threshold, activation spreads throughout the network to associated information

mood congruent hypothesis

affective state is associated with an increase in perceptions and thoughts that have the same emotional tone as the affective state

mood regulation process

aimed at putting the sad individual in a happier state and keeping the already happy individual in a happy state too

sad states

in these states people try to improve their mood by retrieving pleasant thoughts and memories

negative mood regulators

individuals who believe that they successfully regulate negative moods

affective states

influence the content of information that appears in cognitive processes, including memory, perception, and thought

mood congruence in perception

less perceptual information is required from the object for it to be consciously perceived.

mood regulation processes

may be more evident in social situations where people want to facilitate interactions by regulating their affective state

Perceptual facilitation

occurs as a result of specific emotional states, not of general valence (positive or negative)

perception experiment

pResults revealed that indeed happiness facilitated the time to name happy compared to neural words, where sadness facilitated the naming of sad compared to neural words

mood-incongruent, mood congruent

people show _____ recall when they anticipate social interactions, but _____ recall when not anticipating interactions

repressors

people who show a strong tendency to prevent thoughts of threatening experiences or information from becoming conscious

mood congruent memory

predicted as the superior retrieval of memories or ideas associated with the current affective state in memory because such ideas receive activation from the presentation of the affective state itself

emotions

reactions to specific eliciting objects and affective states or moods are the longer term consequences of these objects or events

repressors

recalled happy memories more quickly after an unpleasant compared to a neutral event

high negative mood regulators

recalled more positive autobiographical memories when in a sad mood than in a neutral mood

emotion cognition

relationship between these two are fundamental for understanding human social behavior

structured material

that can be encoded economically with the use of already oft used mental representations such as categories or scripts

mood congruent judgment

the most robust effect reported in research on affect and cognition

mood congruence

there are important mood regulation processes that interfere with certain types of _______

emotions

these affect the way almost all people thing

Mood congruent judgments

these are due to selective retrieval of mood-congruent information

central self-conceptions

these are high in personal descriptiveness and importance; they are polarized in valence (very positive, very negative); finally they are cumulative (the end result of self-elaboration). They are 'cognitively glued to the self".

congruence effects

these are most evident with unstructured materials.

Discrete emotions

these conception of emotion structure and the semantics of emotion, affect congruency in perception may only be observed when the perceived stimuli are associated with the same discrete affective state as the one experienced by the perceiver

emotional state

when you are in a this particular _____, your perceptions and thoughts are affect and are congruent with your feeling state