Emotion and Social Cognition
mood congruent judgment
supporting this type of effect on judgment comes from judgment of object, events, persons, and self.
mood congruence effects
these on the content of cognition must be handled with care because people are not passive recipients of mood induction
emotional states
these should be considered an integral part of information processing models
mood congruence effect
this effect is supported if individuals in happy states can name happy words faster than other words and if sad individuals can name sad words faster than other individuals
mood-incongruent recall
this is a mood regulation strategy used by repressors to cope with negative events
happiness
this makes us see life through rose colored glasses
greater semantic structure
this means less affective input
mood state depdnent
this type of recall should be more robust if the to-be-remembered information is generated by the participant rather than furnished by the experimenter
perception experiment
Compared to neural and sadness conditions, happiness did not facilitate word naming for love words, neither did sadness facilitate responses to anger words.
emotion node
Each one of these is linked by associative pointers to the presentation of emotionally related objects and events, as well as autobiographical memories
mood congruence
Events or objects that have the same emotional significance as the current affective state of the individual, are perceived with greater efficiency than other stimuli
emotions
Most languages have expressions that convey the everyday belief that these can effect how we see things and how we think about them
affective priming experiment
Murphy et al (1995) exposed participants to affective primes (smiling or angry faces presented for 4 milliseconds) before very brief presentations of Chinese ideographs. They were then shown some of the ideographs again, and asked to rate how much they liked each.
mood regulation effects experiment
Parrott and Sabini (1990) utilized an ecological elicitor of mood induction (return of a graded midterm exam). After getting their exam back, participants were asked to recall autobiographical memories of high school.
likelihood estimates experiment
Participants in a positive affective state were more optimistic in their risk estimates than neutral participants
mood judgment experiment on self
Participants in a study who had been induced to feel happiness nominated more positive (less negative) behaviors and traits as descriptive of themselves than participants who had been induced to feel sadness
mood dependent experiment
Participants learned a list of words (List A) in either a happy or sad affective state that was induced with hyponsis Then they learned a second list (List B) either in the same or in the opposite affective state Participants completed a free recall test of the words on list A while in either the same affective state as they were during the learning of list A or the same affective state as they were in when they learned list B
mood congruent experiment
Participants who had been put in induced happy or sad affective states recalled more happy or sad events from the previous week than control participants
perception experiment
Participants who had been put into a sad, neutral, or happy affective state with the use of classical music completed a work naming task
Mood congruent judgmnet experiment
People with a music-induced happy or sad mood were read homophones with a neutral or emotional meaning, and asked to write them down as they heard them.
mood congruent judgment experiment
People with a music-induced happy or sad mood were read homophones with a neutral or emotional meaning, and asked to write them down as they heard them.
Mood state dependence
Phenomenon characterized by enhanced retrieval during a particular affective state of any information that was learned or encoded during the same affective state
likelihood estimates experiment
Put experimental participants in a negative affective state by having them read a short, depressing text
Mood congruent memory
Refers to enhanced retrieval of information whose affective meaning itself matches, compared to matches an individuals current affective state
unstructured
Researchers found that only when participants were provided with this type of material, for which, the affective meaning became the single unifying theme
mood congruent memory
Researchers propose that the effects of affective state on memory are stronger for information tat cannot be structured by means other than its affective meaning
mood dependent experiment
Results revealed that participants were best at recalling the words on list A when they had learned and recalled that list in the same affective state and had learned list B in a different affective state
mood congruent judgments about other people experiment
Results showed that people in happy moods evaluated M's feelings and experiences as happier than did the participants in the other experimental groups
perception experiment
Results suggest that affective states facilitate the perceptual processing of words categorically associated with the induced affective sate activated, not all words of the same valence
mood congruent judgments about other people experiment
Sad individuals tended to read M as having experienced more sadness
mood and judgment of self experimnet
Sedikides placed people into a sad, neutral, or happy mood through guided imagery. They then completed self-descriptiveness ratings (from 'definitely me' to 'definitely not me') on a series of behaviors, previously distilled to reflect central positive, central negative, peripheral positive and peripheral negative self-conceptions.
mood congruent memory
Studies show either a greater number of mood congruent memories recalled or a decrease in latency for recalling these memories compared with incongruent memories
mood congruent judgment experimnet
Study found that students and unemployed participants studied sociopolitical slogans more positively when they had just received a free lunch than when they had to evaluate them in a room with an unpleasant odor
mental context
can serve as a cue for later retrieval of new information that has been learned during that affective state
affective states
cause mood-congruent self-descriptions
judgment
could be explained by the impact of mood on the way incoming information is encoded and interpreted
low negative mood regulators
displayed mood-congruent effects, that is, recalled more negative memories when in a sad than when in a neutral mood.
mental context
entire set of representations that can be potentially be active during a mental state
Associative network models of emotion
(also known as spreading activation models) provide an influential theoretical account of mood congruence.
mood congruence effects
Affective states influence the content of information that appears in cognitive processes, including memory, perception, and thought
associative network models of emotions
Among other phenomena, these models account for semantic priming effects.
perception of predictability and control
An additional factor is _______ associated with different emotional states. People made angry gave more optimistic risk evaluations than people made fearful.
mood-congruence effects
Another study found that ______ on the evaluation of one's own behaviors were even greater than on evaluation of the behavior of others
mood congruent on judgment of self
Found that individuals in happy states rate themselves as having high levels of self-esteem at least at the moment
associative network models of emotion
If activation exceeds a given threshold, the activated concept/s reach consciousness.
inhibitory links
In these models, the notes that represent "opposite states" are connected by these such that the activation of one emotion node leads to the inhibition of the other
affective stimuli
Individuals do not have to be aware of the _______ to be influenced by them in their judgments
likehood estimates experiment
Individuals estimated that disease, hazards and violence were more likely to occur in general than participants in a neutral affective state
mood state dependence
Information can be neutral, but the important factor is a match been affective state at encoding and recall
mood congruent judgments about other people experiment
Innes-Ker and Niedenthal (2002) put participants into a happy, sad, or neutral emotional state. They were asked to read a story about a woman called M, and then rated M's feelings and various events in the story according to sad-happy and unpleasant-pleasant.
associative network models of emotion
The assumption is that human knowledge including emotions can be represented by a network of linked concept nodes, somewhat similar to neural networks
likelihood estimates
The judgments we make of probabilities of diseases, hazards, and violence are influenced by our emotional state. People in an induced sad state estimated the probability of negative events occurring as higher than people in a neutral state
associative network models of emotions
The model general includes five emotions: anger, disgust, fear, happiness and sadness
peripheral self-conceptions
These are relatively low in personal descriptiveness and importance; they are less polarized; less consolidated and more adaptive to ongoing circumstances.
emotion-specific
These effects are _______ rather than just driven by valence. Sadness increases estimates of sad evens, whereas anger increases estimates of angry events ('lemon' car).
mood judgment experiment on self
These effects were restricted to peripheral aspects of self and not to central ones (i.e., information about the self that is high in both personal descriptiveness and importance)
affective priming
This definition therefore does not include phobias where we are aware of the target. A good example might be 'free-floating anxiety'.
perception experiment
To perform the task, they had to pronounce words presented on a computer screen as quickly and accurately as possible (seeing the word smile on the screen, must say smile out loud) The words that the participants had to pronounce were related to sadness, anger, happiness and love and the remaining words had neutral meanings The time from word presentation to pronunciation by the participants was the respond of interest
affective priming
We can think of affect as nonconscious when the person is not aware of its source, its target, or both.
associative network models of emotion
When a concept is activated, activation spreads along the paths of the network, such that close concept nodes receive strong activation and more remote ones only weak activation
associative network models of emotions
When an emotional unit is activated above some threshold, activation spreads throughout the network to associated information
mood congruent hypothesis
affective state is associated with an increase in perceptions and thoughts that have the same emotional tone as the affective state
mood regulation process
aimed at putting the sad individual in a happier state and keeping the already happy individual in a happy state too
sad states
in these states people try to improve their mood by retrieving pleasant thoughts and memories
negative mood regulators
individuals who believe that they successfully regulate negative moods
affective states
influence the content of information that appears in cognitive processes, including memory, perception, and thought
mood congruence in perception
less perceptual information is required from the object for it to be consciously perceived.
mood regulation processes
may be more evident in social situations where people want to facilitate interactions by regulating their affective state
Perceptual facilitation
occurs as a result of specific emotional states, not of general valence (positive or negative)
perception experiment
pResults revealed that indeed happiness facilitated the time to name happy compared to neural words, where sadness facilitated the naming of sad compared to neural words
mood-incongruent, mood congruent
people show _____ recall when they anticipate social interactions, but _____ recall when not anticipating interactions
repressors
people who show a strong tendency to prevent thoughts of threatening experiences or information from becoming conscious
mood congruent memory
predicted as the superior retrieval of memories or ideas associated with the current affective state in memory because such ideas receive activation from the presentation of the affective state itself
emotions
reactions to specific eliciting objects and affective states or moods are the longer term consequences of these objects or events
repressors
recalled happy memories more quickly after an unpleasant compared to a neutral event
high negative mood regulators
recalled more positive autobiographical memories when in a sad mood than in a neutral mood
emotion cognition
relationship between these two are fundamental for understanding human social behavior
structured material
that can be encoded economically with the use of already oft used mental representations such as categories or scripts
mood congruent judgment
the most robust effect reported in research on affect and cognition
mood congruence
there are important mood regulation processes that interfere with certain types of _______
emotions
these affect the way almost all people thing
Mood congruent judgments
these are due to selective retrieval of mood-congruent information
central self-conceptions
these are high in personal descriptiveness and importance; they are polarized in valence (very positive, very negative); finally they are cumulative (the end result of self-elaboration). They are 'cognitively glued to the self".
congruence effects
these are most evident with unstructured materials.
Discrete emotions
these conception of emotion structure and the semantics of emotion, affect congruency in perception may only be observed when the perceived stimuli are associated with the same discrete affective state as the one experienced by the perceiver
emotional state
when you are in a this particular _____, your perceptions and thoughts are affect and are congruent with your feeling state