endocrine problems

The nurse providing care for a patient who has an adrenocortical adenoma causing hyperaldosteronism should a. monitor the blood pressure every 4 hours. b. elevate the patient's legs to relieve edema. c. monitor blood glucose level every 4 hours. d. order the patient a potassium-restricted diet.

A Hypertension caused by sodium retention is a common complication of hyperaldosteronism. Hyperaldosteronism does not cause an elevation in blood glucose. The patient will be hypokalemic and require potassium supplementation before surgery. Edema does not usually occur with hyperaldosteronism.

The nurse is caring for a patient admitted with diabetes insipidus (DI). Which information is most important to report to the health care provider? a. The patient is confused and lethargic. b. The patient reports a recent head injury. c. The patient has a urine output of 400 mL/hr. d. The patient's urine specific gravity is 1.003.

A The patient's confusion and lethargy may indicate hypernatremia and should be addressed quickly. In addition, patients with DI compensate for fluid losses by drinking copious amounts of fluids, but a patient who is lethargic will be unable to drink enough fluids and will become hypovolemic. A high urine output, low urine specific gravity, and history of a recent head injury are consistent with diabetes insipidus, but they do not require immediate nursing action to avoid life-threatening complications.

A 72-year-old patient is diagnosed with hypothyroidism and levothyroxine (Synthroid) is prescribed. Which assessment is most important for the nurse to make during initiation of thyroid replacement? A. Apical pulse rate B. Nutritional intake C. Intake and output D. Orientation and alertness

ANS: A Apical pulse rate Feedback In older patients, initiation of levothyroxine therapy can increase myocardial oxygen demand and cause angina or dysrhythmias. The medication also is expected to improve mental status and fluid balance and will increase metabolic rate and nutritional needs, but these changes will not result in potentially life-threatening complications.

During routine postoperative assessment of a client who has undergone hypophysectomy, the client complains of thirst and frequent urination. Knowing the expected complications of this surgery, the nurse would next check the A. Urine specific gravity B. Serum glucose C. Respiratory rate D. Blood pressure

ANS: A D-Urine specific gravity rationale Following hypophysectomy, diabetes insipidus can occur temporarily because of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) deficiency. This deficiency is related to surgical manipulation. The nurse should assess specific gravity and notify the registered nurse if the results are less than 1.005. Although options B, C, and D may be components of the assessment, the nurse would next check urine specific gravity.

The nurse explains that the negative feedback system controls hormone release by communication between: a. the pituitary and the target organ. b. the thymus and the blood stream. c. lymphatic system and the target organ. d. central nervous system and the blood stream.

ANS: A The amount of hormone released is controlled by a negative feedback system. When the level of the particular hormone is appropriate, the target organ signals the pituitary to stop the stimulation of the target organ.

The nurse is caring for a patient admitted with diabetes insipidus (DI). Which information is most important to report to the health care provider? a. The patient is confused and lethargic. b. The patient reports a recent head injury. c. The patient has a urine output of 400 mL/hr. d. The patient's urine specific gravity is 1.003.

ANS: A The patient's confusion and lethargy may indicate hypernatremia and should be addressed quickly. In addition, patients with DI compensate for fluid losses by drinking copious amounts of fluids, but a patient who is lethargic will be unable to drink enough fluids and will become hypovolemic. A high urine output, low urine specific gravity, and history of a recent head injury are consistent with diabetes insipidus, but they do not require immediate nursing action to avoid life-threatening complications

In order to assist an older diabetic patient to engage in moderate daily exercise, which action is most important for the nurse to take? A. Determine what type of activities the patient enjoys. B. Remind the patient that exercise will improve self-esteem. C. Teach the patient about the effects of exercise on glucose level. D. Give the patient a list of activities that are moderate in intensity.

ANS: A Because consistency with exercise is important, assessment for the types of exercise that the patient finds enjoyable is the most important action by the nurse in ensuring adherence to an exercise program. The other actions will also be implemented but are not the most important in improving compliance.

A female patient is scheduled for an oral glucose tolerance test. Which information from the patient's health history is most important for the nurse to communicate to the health care provider? a. The patient uses oral contraceptives. b. The patient runs several days a week. c. The patient had a viral illness 2 months ago. d. The patient has a family history of diabetes.

ANS: A The patient uses oral contraceptives.

A client with diabetes mellitus is scheduled to have a fasting blood glucose level determined in the morning. The nurse tells the client not to eat or drink after midnight. When the client asks for further information, the nurse clarifies by stating that which of the following would be acceptable to take before the test? A. Water B. Coffee without any milk C. Tea without any sugar D. Clear liquids such as apple juice

ANS: A rationale When a client is scheduled for a fasting blood glucose level, the client should not eat or drink anything except water after midnight. This is needed to ensure accurate test results, which form the basis for adjustments or continuance of treatment. Options 2, 3, and 4 are inaccurate, and the client should not consume these items before the test.

The health care provider suspects the Somogyi effect in a patient whose 7:00 AM blood glucose is 220 mg/dL. Which action will the nurse plan to take? a. Check the patient's blood glucose at 3:00 AM. b. Administer a larger dose of long-acting insulin. c. Educate about the need to increase the rapid-acting insulin dose. d. Remind the patient about the need to avoid snacking at bedtime.

ANS: A Check the patient's blood glucose at 3:00 AM If the Somogyi effect is causing the patient's increased morning glucose level, the patient will experience hypoglycemia between 2 and 4 AM. The dose of insulin will be reduced, rather than increased. A bedtime snack is used to prevent hypoglycemic episodes during the night.

Which finding for a patient who has hypothyroidism and hypertension indicates that the nurse should contact the health care provider before administering levothyroxine (Synthroid)?a.Increased thyroxine (T4) level b.Blood pressure 112/62 mm Hg c.Distant and difficult to hear heart sounds d.Elevated thyroid stimulating hormone leve

ANS: AAn increased thyroxine level indicates the levothyroxine dose needs to be decreased. The other data are consistent with hypothyroidism and the nurse should administer the levothyroxine.

what instruction should a nurse give to a diabetic patient to prevent injury to the feet? a. soak feet in warm water everyday b. avoid going barefoot and walks wear shoes with soles c. use of commercial keratolytic agent to remove corn and calluses are preferred to cutting off corn and calluses d. use a heating pad to warm feet when they feel cool to the touch

ANS: B

A client is admitted with a diagnosis of pheochromocytoma. The nurse would monitor which of the following to detect the most common sign of pheochromocytoma? a. skin temperature b. blood temperature c. urine ketones d. weight

ANS: B Blood temperature rationale Hypertension is the major symptom that is associated with pheochromocytoma. The blood pressure status is monitored by taking the client's blood pressure. Glycosuria, weight loss, and diaphoresis are also clinical manifestations of pheochromocytoma, but hypertension is the major symptom.

A long term complication of diabetes mellitus is? A. Diverticulitis b. Renal failure c. hypthyroidism d. hyperglycemia

ANS: B Renal failure

The nurse will plan to monitor a patient diagnosed with a pheochromocytoma for a. flushing. b. headache. c. bradycardia. d. hypoglycemia.

ANS: B The classic clinical manifestations of pheochromocytoma are hypertension, tachycardia, severe headache, diaphoresis, and abdominal or chest pain. Elevated blood glucose may also occur because of sympathetic nervous system stimulation. Bradycardia and flushing would not be expected

What extra equipment should the nurse provide at the bedside of a new postoperative thyroidectomy patient? a.Large bandage scissors b.Tracheotomy tray c.Ventilator d.Water-sealed drainage system

ANS: B There should be a suction apparatus and tracheotomy tray available for emergency use.

A client with a pituitary tumor will undergo transsphenoidal hypophysectomy. The nurse includes which priority item in the preoperative teaching plan for the client? A. Brushing the teeth vigorously and frequently is important to minimize bacteria in the mouth. B. Blowing the nose following surgery is prohibited. C. A small area will be shaved at the base of the neck. D. It will be necessary to cough and deep breathe following the surgery.

ANS: B rationale The approach used for this surgery is the oronasal route, specifically where the upper lip meets the gum. The surgeon then uses a route through the sphenoid sinus to get to the pituitary gland. The client is not allowed to blow the nose, sneeze, or cough vigorously because these activities could raise intracranial pressure. The client also is not allowed to brush the teeth, to avoid disrupting the surgical site. Alternate methods for performing mouth care are used.

he nurse is planning postoperative care for a patient who is being admitted to the surgical unit form the recovery room after transsphenoidal resection of a pituitary tumor. Which nursing action should be included? a. Palpate extremities for edema. b. Measure urine volume every hour. c. Check hematocrit every 2 hours for 8 hours. d. Monitor continuous pulse oximetry for 24 hours

ANS: B After pituitary surgery, the patient is at risk for diabetes insipidus caused by cerebral edema. Monitoring of urine output and urine specific gravity is essential. Hemorrhage is not a common problem. There is no need to check the hematocrit hourly. The patient is at risk for dehydration, not volume overload. The patient is not at high risk for problems with oxygenation, and continuous pulse oximetry is not needed.

Which information will the nurse include when teaching a patient who has type 2 diabetes about glyburide (Micronase, DiaBeta, Glynase)? a. Glyburide decreases glucagon secretion from the pancreas. b. Glyburide stimulates insulin production and release from the pancreas. c. Glyburide should be taken even if the morning blood glucose level is low. d. Glyburide should not be used for 48 hours after receiving IV contrast media.

ANS: B Glyburide stimulates insulin production and release from the pancreas. The sulfonylureas stimulate the production and release of insulin from the pancreas. If the glucose level is low, the patient should contact the health care provider before taking the glyburide, because hypoglycemia can occur with this category of medication. Metformin should be held for 48 hours after administration of IV contrast media, but this is not necessary for glyburide. Glucagon secretion is not affected by glyburide.

The nurse obtains the following information about a patient before administration of metformin (Glucophage). Which finding indicates a need to contact the health care provider before giving the metformin? a. The patient's blood glucose level is 166 mg/dL. b. The patient's blood urea nitrogen (BUN) level is 60 mg/dL. c. The patient is scheduled for a chest x-ray in an hour. d. The patient has gained 2 lb (0.9 kg) since yesterday.

ANS: B The patient's blood urea nitrogen (BUN) level is 60 mg/dL. The BUN indicates impending renal failure and metformin should not be used in patients with renal failure. The other findings are not contraindications to the use of metformin.

A patient has just arrived on the unit after a thyroidectomy. Which action should the nurse take first? a. Observe the dressing for bleeding. b. Check the blood pressure and pulse. c. Assess the patient's respiratory effort. d. Support the patient's head with pillows.

ANS: C Airway obstruction is a possible complication after thyroidectomy because of swelling or bleeding at the site or tetany. The priority nursing action is to assess the airway. The other actions are also part of the standard nursing care postthyroidectomy but are not as high of a priority

The physician orders an 1800-calorie diabetic diet and 40 units of (Humulin N) insulin U-100 subcutaneously daily for a patient with diabetes mellitus. Why would a mid-afternoon snack of milk and crackers be given? a.To improve nutrition b.To improve carbohydrate metabolism c.To prevent an insulin reaction d.To prevent diabetic coma

ANS: C Humulin N insulin starts to peak in 4 hours. The nurse should be alert for signs of hypoglycemia (a less-than-normal amount of glucose in the blood, usually caused by administration of too much insulin, excessive secretion of insulin by the islet cells of the pancreas, or dietary deficiency) at the peak of action of whatever type of insulin the patient is taking

A client with Cushing's syndrome verbalizes concern to the nurse regarding the appearance of the buffalo hump that has developed. Which response by the nurse is appropriate? A. This is a permanent feature. B. It can be minimized by wearing tight clothing. C. It may slowly improve with treatment of the disorder. D. It will quickly disappear once medication therapy is started.

ANS: C It may slowly improve with treatment of the disorder. Rationale -The client with Cushing's syndrome should be reassured that most physical changes resolve over time with treatment. The other options are incorrect.

After radical neck surgery, a patient develops hypoparathyroidism. The nurse should plan to teach the patient about A. use of bisphosphonates to reduce bone demineralization. B. including whole grains in the diet to prevent constipation. C. calcium supplementation to normalize serum calcium levels. D. having a high fluid intake to decrease risk for nephrolithiasis

ANS: C Oral calcium supplements are used to maintain the serum calcium in normal range and preventthe complications of hypocalcemia. Whole grain foods decrease calcium absorption and will not be recommended. Bisphosphonates will lower serum calcium levels further by preventing calcium from being reabsorbed from bone. Kidney stones are not a complication of hypoparathyroidism and low calcium levels.

A 37-year-old patient is being admitted with a diagnosis of Cushing syndrome. Which findings will the nurse expect during the assessment?a.Chronically low blood pressure b.Bronzed appearance of the skin c.Purplish streaks on the abdomen d.Decreased axillary and pubic hair

ANS: C Purplish-red striae on the abdomen are a common clinical manifestation of Cushing syndrome. Hypotension and bronzed-appearing skin are manifestations of Addison's disease.

The nurse caring for a 75-year-old man who has developed diabetes insipidus following a head injury will include in the plan of care provisions for: a.limiting fluids to 1500 mL a day. b.encouraging physical exercise. c.protecting patient from injury. d.discouraging daytime naps.

ANS: C The patients need protection from injury because they are often exhausted from sleep deprivation and having to get up frequently at night. Fluids should not be limited and their energy should be preserved.

A client is brought to the emergency department with suspected diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). Which of the following findings would the nurse note as being consistent with this diagnosis? A. High serum glucose level and an increase in pH B. Low serum potassium and high serum bicarbonate level C. High serum glucose level, low serum bicarbonate level and Kussmaul's respiration D. Decreased urine output and Kussmaul's respirations

ANS: C rationale In DKA the blood glucose level is higher than 250 mg/dL, and ketones are present in the blood and urine. The arterial pH is low, less than 7.35. The plasma bicarbonate is also low. The client would exhibit polyuria and Kussmaul's respirations. The potassium level usually is elevated as a result of dehydration.

A 42-year-old female patient is scheduled for transsphenoidal hypophysectomy to treat a pituitary adenoma. During preoperative teaching, the nurse instructs the patient about the need to a. cough and deep breathe every 2 hours postoperatively. b. remain on bed rest for the first 48 hours after the surgery. c. avoid brushing teeth for at least 10 days after the surgery. d. be positioned flat with sandbags at the head postoperatively.

ANS: C To avoid disruption of the suture line, the patient should avoid brushing the teeth for 10 days after surgery. It is not necessary to remain on bed rest after this surgery. Coughing is discouraged because it may cause leakage of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the suture line. The head of the bed should be elevated 30 degrees to reduce pressure on the sella turcica and decrease the risk for headaches.

A patient is treated with demeclocycline (Declomycin) to control the symptoms of syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH). The nurse determines that the demeclocyclineis effective upon finding that the a.peripheral edema is decreased. b.patient's weight has increased. c.urine specific gravity is increased. d.patient's urinary output is increased

ANS: D Demeclocycline blocks the action of ADH on the renal tubules and increases urine output. An increase in weight or an increase in urine specific gravity indicates that the SIADH is not corrected. Peripheral edema does not occur with SIADH. A sudden weight gain without edema is a common clinical manifestation of this disorder

A glucocorticoid is prescribed for a client with adrenal insufficiency, and the nurse reinforces medication instructions to the client. The nurse determines that the client needs further teaching if the client states which action is necessary? A. limit intake of sodium b. stay away from people with infections c. eat breakfast each day d. Discontinue the medication when symptoms subside

ANS: D Discontinue the medication when symptoms subside Glucocorticoids should not be discontinued abruptly to prevent acute adrenal insufficiency. Because glucocorticoids cause sodium and water to be retained while causing loss of potassium, the client should limit sodium intake and increase potassium intake. These medications can increase the risk of infection, and the client should avoid contact with persons who are ill. Eating breakfast each day is a general health-promoting behavior.

The patient is a 20-year-old college student who has type 1 diabetes and normally walks each evening as part of an exercise regimen. The patient plans to enroll in a swimming class. Which adjustment should be made based on this information? a.Time the morning insulin injection so that the peak action will occur during swimming class. b.Delete normal walks on swimming class days. c.Delay the meal before the swimming class until the session is over. d.Monitor glucose level before, during, and after swimming to determine the need for alterations in food or insulin.

ANS: D Exercise can reduce insulin resistance and increase glucose uptake for as long as 72 hours, as well as reducing blood pressure and lipid levels. However, exercise can carry some risks for patients with diabetes, including hypoglycemia.

The nurse teaching a patient with type 1 diabetes mellitus (IDDM) about early signs ofinsulin reaction would include information about: a.abdominal pain and nausea. b.dyspnea and pallor. c.flushing of the skin and headache. d.hunger and a trembling sensation.

ANS: D The patient should be instructed to notify a member of the nursing staff if any signs of hypoglycemic (low insulin) reaction occur: excessive perspiration or trembling

A patient with type 2 diabetes is scheduled for a follow-up visit in the clinic several months from now. Which test will the nurse schedule to evaluate the effectiveness of treatment for the patient? A. Urine dipstick for glucose B. Oral glucose tolerance test C. Fasting blood glucose level D. Glycosylated hemoglobin level

ANS: D The glycosylated hemoglobin (A1C or HbA1C) test shows the overall control of glucose over 90 to 120 days. A fasting blood level indicates only the glucose level at one time. Urine glucose testing is not an accurate reflection of blood glucose level and does not reflect the glucose over a prolonged time. Oral glucose tolerance testing is done to diagnose diabetes, but is not used for monitoring glucose control once diabetes has been diagnosed.

A 28-year-old male patient with type 1 diabetes reports how he manages his exercise and glucose control. Which behavior indicates that the nurse should implement additional teaching? A. The patient always carries hard candies when engaging in exercise. B. The patient goes for a vigorous walk when his glucose is 200 mg/dL. C. The patient has a peanut butter sandwich before going for a bicycle ride. D. The patient increases daily exercise when ketones are present in the urine.

ANS: D When the patient is ketotic, exercise may result in an increase in blood glucose level. Type 1 diabetic patients should be taught to avoid exercise when ketosis is present. The other statements are correct.

A patient has returned to his room after a thyroidectomy. He is presenting with signs and symptoms of thyroid crisis. During thyroid crisis, exaggerated hyperthyroid manifestations may lead to the development of the potentially lethal complication of a. severe nausea and vomiting b. bradycardia c. delirium with restlessness d. congestive heart failure

ANS: D congestive heart failure

A patient with symptoms of diabetes insipidus is admitted to the hospital for evaluation and treatment of the condition. An appropriate nursing diagnosis for the patient is A. insomnia related to frequent waking at night to void. B. impaired gas exchange related to fluid retention in lungs. C. excess fluid volume related to intake greater than output. D. risk for impaired skin integrity related to generalized edema.

ANS:A. insomnia related to frequent waking at night to avoid.

A 35-year-old female patient with a possible pituitary adenoma is scheduled for a computed tomography (CT) scan with contrast media. Which patient information is most important for the nurse to communicate to the health care provider before the test? A. Bilateral poor peripheral vision B. Allergies to iodine and shellfish C. Recent weight loss of 20 pounds D. Complaint of ongoing headaches

ANS:B Because the usual contrast media is iodine-based, the health care provider will need to know about the allergy before the CT scan. The other findings are common with any mass in the brain such as a pituitary adenoma

The nurse identifies a need for additional teaching when the patient who is self-monitoring blood glucose A. Washes the puncture site using warm water and soap. B. Chooses a puncture site in the center of the finger pad. C. Hangs the arm down for a minute before puncturing the site. D. Says the result of 120 mg indicates good blood sugar control.

ANS:B The patient is taught to choose a puncture site at the side of the finger pad because there are fewer nerve endings along the side of the finger pad. The other patient actions indicate that teaching has been effective.

Which information about a 30-year-old patient who is scheduled for an oral glucose tolerance test should be reported to the health care provider before starting the test? A. The patient reports having occasional orthostatic dizziness. B. The patient takes oral corticosteroids for rheumatoid arthritis. C. The patient has had a 10-pound weight gain in the last month. D. The patient drank several glasses of water an hour previously.

ANS:B Corticosteroids can affect blood glucose results. The other information will be provided to the health care provider but will not affect the test results.

A 29-yr-old woman with systemic lupus erythematosus has been prescribed 2 weeks of high-dose prednisone therapy. Which information about the prednisone is most important for the nurse to include? a. "Weigh yourself daily to monitor for weight gain." b. "The prednisone dose should be decreased gradually." c. "A weight-bearing exercise program will help minimize risk for osteoporosis." d. "Call the health care provider if you have mood changes with the prednisone."

B Acute adrenal insufficiency may occur if exogenous corticosteroids are suddenly stopped. Mood alterations and weight gain are possible adverse effects of corticosteroid use, but these are not life-threatening effects. Osteoporosis occurs when patients take corticosteroids for longer periods.

A patient is admitted with diabetes insipidus. Which action will be appropriate for the registered nurse (RN) to delegate to an experienced licensed practical/vocational nurse (LPN/LVN)? a. Titrate the infusion of 5% dextrose in water. b. Administer prescribed subcutaneous DDAVP. c. Assess the patient's overall hydration status every 8 hours. d. Teach the patient how to use desmopressin (DDAVP) nasal spray.

B Administration of medications is included in LPN/LVN education and scope of practice. Assessments, patient teaching, and titrating fluid infusions are more complex skills and should be done by the RN.

The nurse is planning postoperative care for a patient who is being admitted to the surgical unit from the recovery room after transsphenoidal resection of a pituitary tumor. Which nursing action should be included? a. Palpate extremities for edema. b. Measure urine volume every hour. c. Check hematocrit every 2 hours for 8 hours. d. Monitor continuous pulse oximetry for 24 hours.

B After pituitary surgery, the patient is at risk for diabetes insipidus caused by cerebral edema. Monitoring of urine output and urine specific gravity is essential. Hemorrhage is not a common problem. There is no need to check the hematocrit hourly. The patient is at risk for dehydration, not volume overload. The patient is not at high risk for problems with oxygenation, and continuous pulse oximetry is not needed.

The nurse is assessing a male patient diagnosed with a pituitary tumor causing panhypopituitarism. Assessment findings consistent with panhypopituitarism include a. high blood pressure. b. decreased facial hair. c. elevated blood glucose. d. tachycardia and palpitations.

B Changes in male secondary sex characteristics such as decreased facial hair, testicular atrophy, diminished spermatogenesis, loss of libido, impotence, and decreased muscle mass are associated with decreases in follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Fasting hypoglycemia and hypotension occur in panhypopituitarism as a result of decreases in adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and cortisol. Bradycardia is likely due to the decrease in thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and thyroid hormones associated with panhypopituitarism. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply (application) REF: 1158

The nurse determines that demeclocycline is effective for a patient with syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) based on finding that the patient's a. weight has increased. b. urinary output is increased. c. peripheral edema is increased d. urine specific gravity is increased.

B Demeclocycline blocks the action of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) on the renal tubules and increases urine output. An increase in weight or an increase in urine specific gravity indicates that the SIADH is not corrected. Peripheral edema does not occur with SIADH. A sudden weight gain without edema is a common clinical manifestation of this disorder.

Which nursing assessment of a 70-yr-old patient is most important to make during initiation of thyroid replacement with levothyroxine (Synthroid)? a. Fluid balance b. Apical pulse rate c. Nutritional intake d. Orientation and alertness

B In older patients, initiation of levothyroxine therapy can increase myocardial oxygen demand and cause angina or dysrhythmias. The medication also is expected to improve mental status and fluid balance and will increase metabolic rate and nutritional needs, but these changes will not result in potentially life-threatening complications.

After receiving change-of-shift report about the following four patients, which patient should the nurse assess first? a. A 31-yr-old female patient with Cushing syndrome and a blood glucose level of 244 mg/dL b. A 70-yr-old female patient taking levothyroxine (Synthroid) who has an irregular pulse of 134 c. A 53-yr-old male patient who has Addison's disease and is due for a prescribed dose of hydrocortisone (Solu-Cortef). d. A 22-yr-old male patient admitted with syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) who has a serum sodium level of 130 mEq/L

B Initiation of thyroid replacement in older adults may cause angina and cardiac dysrhythmias. The patient's high pulse rate needs rapid investigation by the nurse to assess for and intervene with any cardiac problems. The other patients also require nursing assessment and/or actions but are not at risk for life-threatening complications.

A patient who had radical neck surgery to remove a malignant tumor developed hypoparathyroidism. The nurse should plan to teach the patient about a. bisphosphonates to reduce bone demineralization. b. calcium supplements to normalize serum calcium levels. c. increasing fluid intake to decrease risk for nephrolithiasis. d. including whole grains in the diet to prevent constipation.

B Oral calcium supplements are used to maintain the serum calcium in normal range and prevent the complications of hypocalcemia. Whole grain foods decrease calcium absorption and will not be recommended. Bisphosphonates will lower serum calcium levels further by preventing calcium from being reabsorbed from bone. Kidney stones are not a complication of hypoparathyroidism and low calcium levels.

Which information will the nurse include when teaching a 50-yr-old male patient about somatropin (Genotropin)? a. The medication will be needed for 3 to 6 months. b. Inject the medication subcutaneously every day. c. Blood glucose levels may decrease when taking the medication. d. Stop taking the medication if swelling of the hands or feet occurs.

B Somatropin is injected subcutaneously on a daily basis, preferably in the evening. The patient will need to continue on somatropin for life. If swelling or other common adverse effects occur, the health care provider should be notified. Growth hormone will increase blood glucose levels.

The nurse will plan to monitor a patient diagnosed with a pheochromocytoma for? a. flushing. b. headache. c. bradycardia. d. hypoglycemia.

B The classic clinical manifestations of pheochromocytoma are hypertension, tachycardia, severe headache, diaphoresis, and abdominal or chest pain. Elevated blood glucose may also occur because of sympathetic nervous system stimulation. Bradycardia and flushing would not be expected.

A 37-yr-old patient has just arrived in the postanesthesia recovery unit (PACU) after a thyroidectomy. Which information about the patient is most important to communicate to the surgeon? a. Difficult to awaken. b. Increasing neck swelling. c. Reports 7/10 incisional pain. d. Cardiac rate 112 beats/minute.

B The neck swelling may lead to respiratory difficulty, and rapid intervention is needed to prevent airway obstruction. The incisional pain should be treated but is not unusual after surgery. A heart rate of 112 beats/min is not unusual in a patient who has been hyperthyroid and has just arrived in the PACU from surgery. Sleepiness in the immediate postoperative period is expected.

Which nursing action will be included in the plan of care for a patient with Graves' disease who has exophthalmos? a. Place cold packs on the eyes to relieve pain and swelling. b. Elevate the head of the patient's bed to reduce periorbital fluid. c. Apply alternating eye patches to protect the corneas from irritation. d. Teach the patient to blink every few seconds to lubricate the corneas.

B The patient should sit upright as much as possible to promote fluid drainage from the periorbital area. With exophthalmos, the patient is unable to close the eyes completely to blink. Lubrication of the eyes, rather than eye patches, will protect the eyes from developing corneal scarring. The swelling of the eye is not caused by excessive blood flow to the eye, so cold packs will not be helpful.

A patient with primary hyperparathyroidism has a serum phosphorus level of 1.7 mg/dL (0.55 mmol/L) and calcium of 14 mg/dL (3.5 mmol/L). Which nursing action should be included in the plan of care? a. Restrict the patient to bed rest. b. Encourage 4000 mL of fluids daily. c. Institute routine seizure precautions. d. Assess for positive Chvostek's sign.

B The patient with hypercalcemia is at risk for kidney stones, which may be prevented by a high fluid intake. Seizure precautions and monitoring for Chvostek's or Trousseau's sign are appropriate for hypocalcemic patients. The patient should engage in weight-bearing exercise to decrease calcium loss from bone.

A patient who had a subtotal thyroidectomy earlier today develops laryngeal stridor and a cramp in the right hand upon returning to the surgical nursing unit. Which collaborative action will the nurse anticipate next? a. Suction the patient's airway. b. Administer IV calcium gluconate. c. Plan for emergency tracheostomy. d. Prepare for endotracheal intubation.

B The patient's clinical manifestations of stridor and cramping are consistent with tetany caused by hypocalcemia resulting from damage to the parathyroid glands during surgery. Endotracheal intubation or tracheostomy may be needed if the calcium does not resolve the stridor. Suctioning will not correct the stridor.

A 56-yr-old patient who is disoriented and reports a headache and muscle cramps is hospitalized with possible syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH). The nurse would expect the initial laboratory results to include a(n) a. elevated hematocrit. b. decreased serum sodium. c. increased serum chloride d. low urine specific gravity.

B When water is retained, the serum sodium level will drop below normal, causing the clinical manifestations reported by the patient. The hematocrit will decrease because of the dilution caused by water retention. Urine will be more concentrated with a higher specific gravity. The serum chloride level will usually decrease along with the sodium level.

A patient who was admitted with myxedema coma and diagnosed with hypothyroidism is improving. Discharge is expected to occur in 2 days. Which teaching strategy is likely to result in effective patient self-management at home? a. Delay teaching until closer to discharge date. b. Provide written reminders of information taught. c. Offer multiple options for management of therapies. d. Ensure privacy for teaching by asking the family to leave.

B Written instructions will be helpful to the patient because initially the hypothyroid patient may be unable to remember to take medications and other aspects of self-care. Because the treatment regimen is somewhat complex, teaching should be initiated well before discharge. Family members or friends should be included in teaching because the hypothyroid patient is likely to forget some aspects of the treatment plan. A simpler regimen will be easier to understand until the patient is euthyroid.

A patient develops carpopedal spasms and tingling of the lips following a parathyroidectomy. Which action will provide the patient with rapid relief from the symptoms? a. Administer the prescribed muscle relaxant. b. Have the patient rebreathe from a paper bag. c. Start the PRN O2 at 2 L/min per cannula. d. Stretch the muscles with passive range of motion.

B The patient's symptoms suggest mild hypocalcemia. The symptoms of hypocalcemia will be temporarily reduced by having the patient breathe into a paper bag, which will raise the PaCO2 and create a more acidic pH. Applying as-needed O2 or range of motion will have no impact on the ionized calcium level. Calcium supplements will be given to normalize calcium levels quickly, but oral supplements will take time to be absorbed.

The nurse is caring for a patient following an adrenalectomy. The highest priority in the immediate postoperative period is to a. protect the patient's skin. b. monitor for signs of infection. c. balance fluids and electrolytes. d. prevent emotional disturbances.

C After adrenalectomy, the patient is at risk for circulatory instability caused by fluctuating hormone levels, and the focus of care is to assess and maintain fluid and electrolyte status through the use of IV fluids and corticosteroids. The other goals are also important for the patient but are not as immediately life threatening as the circulatory collapse that can occur with fluid and electrolyte disturbances.

A patient has just arrived on the unit after a thyroidectomy. Which action should the nurse take first? a. Observe the dressing for bleeding. b. Check the blood pressure and pulse. c. Assess the patient's respiratory effort. d. Support the patient's head with pillows.

C Airway obstruction is a possible complication after thyroidectomy because of swelling or bleeding at the site or tetany. The priority nursing action is to assess the airway. The other actions are also part of the standard nursing care postthyroidectomy but are not as high of a priority.

After a patient with a pituitary adenoma has had a hypophysectomy, the nurse will teach about the need for a. sodium restriction to prevent fluid retention. b. insulin to maintain normal blood glucose levels. c. oral corticosteroids to replace endogenous cortisol. d. chemotherapy to prevent malignant tumor recurrence.

C Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), cortisol, and thyroid hormone replacement will be needed for life after hypophysectomy. Without the effects of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and cortisol, the blood glucose and serum sodium will be low unless cortisol is replaced. An adenoma is a benign tumor, and chemotherapy will not be needed.

Which information will the nurse teach a patient who has been newly diagnosed with Graves' disease? a. Exercise is contraindicated to avoid increasing metabolic rate. b. Restriction of iodine intake is needed to reduce thyroid activity. c. Antithyroid medications may take several months for full effect. d. Surgery will eventually be required to remove the thyroid gland.

C Medications used to block the synthesis of thyroid hormones may take 2 to 3 months before the full effect is seen. Large doses of iodine are used to inhibit the synthesis of thyroid hormones. Exercise using large muscle groups is encouraged to decrease the irritability and hyperactivity associated with high levels of thyroid hormones. Radioactive iodine is the most common treatment for Graves' disease, although surgery may be used.

An expected patient problem for a patient admitted to the hospital with symptoms of diabetes insipidus is a. excess fluid volume related to intake greater than output. b. impaired gas exchange related to fluid retention in lungs. c. sleep pattern disturbance related to frequent waking to void. d. risk for impaired skin integrity related to generalized edema.

C Nocturia occurs as a result of the polyuria caused by diabetes insipidus. Edema, excess fluid volume, and fluid retention are not expected.

A patient is being admitted with a diagnosis of Cushing syndrome. Which findings will the nurse expect during the assessment? a. Chronically low blood pressure b. Bronzed appearance of the skin c. Purplish streaks on the abdomen d. Decreased axillary and pubic hair

C Purplish-red striae on the abdomen are a common clinical manifestation of Cushing syndrome. Hypotension and bronzed-appearing skin are manifestations of Addison's disease. Decreased axillary and pubic hair occur with androgen deficiency.

Which intervention will the nurse include in the plan of care for a patient with syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH)? a. Encourage fluids to 2 to 3 L/day. b. Monitor for increasing peripheral edema. c. Offer the patient hard candies to suck on. d. Keep head of bed elevated to 30 degrees.

C Sucking on hard candies decreases thirst for a patient on fluid restriction. Patients with SIADH are on fluid restrictions of 800 to 1000 mL/day. Peripheral edema is not seen with SIADH. The head of the bed is elevated no more than 10 degrees to increase left atrial filling pressure and decrease antidiuretic hormone (ADH) release.

Which assessment finding for a 33-yr-old female patient admitted with Graves' disease requires the most rapid intervention by the nurse? a. Heart rate 136 beats/min b. Severe bilateral exophthalmos c. Temperature 103.8° F (40.4° C) d. Blood pressure 166/100 mm Hg

C The patient's temperature indicates that the patient may have thyrotoxic crisis and that interventions to lower the temperature are needed immediately. The other findings also require intervention but do not indicate potentially life-threatening complications.

A 62-yr-old patient with hyperthyroidism is to be treated with radioactive iodine (RAI). The nurse instructs the patient a. about radioactive precautions to take with all body secretions. b. that symptoms of hyperthyroidism should be relieved in about a week. c. that symptoms of hypothyroidism may occur as the RAI therapy takes effect. d. to discontinue the antithyroid medications taken before the radioactive therapy.

C There is a high incidence of postradiation hypothyroidism after RAI, and the patient should be monitored for symptoms of hypothyroidism. RAI has a delayed response, with the maximum effect not seen for 2 to 3 months, and the patient will continue to take antithyroid medications during this time. The therapeutic dose of radioactive iodine is low enough that no radiation safety precautions are needed.

A patient is scheduled for transsphenoidal hypophysectomy to treat a pituitary adenoma. During preoperative teaching, the nurse instructs the patient about the need to a. cough and deep breathe every 2 hours postoperatively. b. remain on bed rest for the first 48 hours after the surgery. c. avoid brushing teeth for at least 10 days after the surgery. d. be positioned flat with sandbags at the head postoperatively.

C To avoid disruption of the suture line, the patient should avoid brushing the teeth for 10 days after surgery. It is not necessary to remain on bed rest after this surgery. Coughing is discouraged because it may cause leakage of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the suture line. The head of the bed should be elevated 30 degrees to reduce pressure on the sella turcica and decrease the risk for headaches.

An 82-yr-old patient in a long-term care facility is newly diagnosed with hypothyroidism. The nurse will need to consult with the health care provider before administering the prescribed a. docusate (Colace). b. ibuprofen (Motrin). c. diazepam (Valium). d. cefoxitin (Mefoxin).

C Worsening of mental status and myxedema coma can be precipitated by the use of sedatives, especially in older adults. The nurse should discuss the use of diazepam with the health care provider before administration. The other medications may be given safely to the patient.

During a physical examination, the nurse finds that a patient's thyroid gland cannot be palpated. The most appropriate action by the nurse is to a. document that the thyroid was nonpalpable. b. notify the health care provider about the finding. c. teach the patient about the purpose of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) testing. d. palpate the patient's neck more deeply.

Correct Answer: A Rationale: The thyroid is frequently nonpalpable; the nurse should simply document the finding. There is no need to notify the health care provider about a normal finding. There is no indication for TSH testing unless there is evidence of thyroid dysfunction. Deep palpation of the neck is not appropriate

A patient with type 2 diabetes has sensory neuropathy of the feet and legs and peripheral vascular disease evidenced by decreased peripheral pulses and dependent rubor. The nurse teaches the patient that a. the feet should be soaked in warm water on a daily basis. b. Choose flat-soled leather shoes. c.heating pads should always be set at a very low temperature. d. over-the-counter (OTC) callus remover may be used to remove callus and prevent pressure.

Correct Answer: B Rationale: The patient is taught to avoid high heels and that leather shoes are preferred. The feet should be washed, but not soaked, in warm water daily. Heating pad use should be avoided. Commercial callus and corn removers should be avoided; the patient should see a specialist to treat these problems.

Which information is most important for the nurse to communicate rapidly to the health care provider about a patient admitted with possible syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH)? a. The patient has a recent weight gain of 9 lb. b. The patient complains of dyspnea with activity. c. The patient has a urine specific gravity of 1.025. d. The patient has a serum sodium level of 118 mEq/L.

D A serum sodium of less than 120 mEq/L increases the risk for complications such as seizures and needs rapid correction. The other data are not unusual for a patient with SIADH and do not indicate the need for rapid action.

Which assessment finding of a 42-yr-old patient who had a bilateral adrenalectomy requires the most rapid action by the nurse? a. The blood glucose is 192 mg/dL. b. The lungs have bibasilar crackles. c. The patient reports 6/10 incisional pain. d. The blood pressure (BP) is 88/50 mm Hg.

D The decreased BP indicates possible adrenal insufficiency. The nurse should immediately notify the health care provider so that corticosteroid medications can be administered. The nurse should also address the elevated glucose, incisional pain, and crackles with appropriate collaborative or nursing actions, but prevention and treatment of acute adrenal insufficiency are the priorities after adrenalectomy.

A 44-yr-old female patient with Cushing syndrome is admitted for adrenalectomy. Which intervention by the nurse will be most helpful for the patient problem of disturbed body image related to changes in appearance? a. Reassure the patient that the physical changes are very common in patients with Cushing syndrome. b. Discuss the use of diet and exercise in controlling the weight gain associated with Cushing syndrome. c. Teach the patient that the metabolic impact of Cushing syndrome is of more importance than appearance. d. Remind the patient that most of the physical changes caused by Cushing syndrome will resolve after surgery.

D The most reassuring and accurate communication to the patient is that the physical and emotional changes caused by the Cushing syndrome will resolve after hormone levels return to normal postoperatively. Reassurance that the physical changes are expected or that there are more serious physiologic problems associated with Cushing syndrome are not therapeutic responses. The patient's physiological changes are caused by the high hormone levels, not by the patient's diet or exercise choices.

Which statement by a 50-year-old female patient indicates to the nurse that further assessment of thyroid function may be necessary? A. "I notice my breasts are tender lately." B. "I am so thirsty that I drink all day long." C. "I get up several times at night to urinate." D. "I feel a lump in my throat when I swallow."

D - Difficulty in swallowing can occur with a goiter. Nocturia is associated with diseases such as diabetes mellitus, diabetes insipidus, or chronic kidney disease. Breast tenderness would occur with excessive gonadal hormone levels. Thirst is a sign of disease such as diabetes.

A 61-year-old female patient admitted with pneumonia has a total serum calcium level of 13.3 mg/dL (3.3 mmol/L). The nurse will anticipate the need to teach the patient about testing for _____ levels. A. Calcitonin B. Catecholamine C. Thyroid hormone D. Parathyroid hormone

D - Parathyroid hormone is the major controller of blood calcium levels. Although calcitonin secretion is a countermechanism to parathyroid hormone, it does not play a major role in calcium balance. Catecholamine and thyroid hormone levels do not affect serum calcium level.

When evaluating the laboratory findings of a patient with increased secretion of the anterior pituitary hormones, the nurse would expect to find a. an increase in urinary free cortisol. b. decreased serum thyroxine levels. c. elevated serum aldosterone levels. d. low urinary excretion of catecholamines

Correct Answer: A Rationale: Increased secretion of ACTH by the anterior pituitary gland will lead to an increase in serum and urinary cortisol levels. An increase, rather than a decrease, in thyroxine level would be expected with increased secretion of TSH by the anterior pituitary. Aldosterone and catecholamine levels are not controlled by the anterior pituitary.

The nurse determines that additional instruction is needed for a patient with chronic syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) when the patient makes which statement? a. "I need to shop for foods low in sodium and avoid adding salt to food." b. "I should weigh myself daily and report any sudden weight loss or gain." c. "I need to limit my fluid intake to no more than 1 quart of liquids a day." d. "I should eat foods high in potassium because diuretics cause potassium loss."

A Patients with SIADH are at risk for hyponatremia, and a sodium supplement may be prescribed. The other patient statements are correct and indicate successful teaching has occurred.

In diabetes insipidus, a deficiency of which hormone causes clinical manifestations a. antidiuretic hormone (ADH) b. follicle-simulating hormone(FSH) c. thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) d.adrencocorticotropic hormone(ACTH)

ANS: A

The nurse admits a patient to the hospital in Addisonian crisis. Which patient statement supports the need to plan additional teaching? a. "I frequently eat at restaurants, and my food has a lot of added salt." b. "I had the flu earlier this week, so I couldn't take the hydrocortisone." c. "I always double my dose of hydrocortisone on the days that I go for a long run." d. "I take twice as much hydrocortisone in the morning dose as I do in the afternoon."

B The need for hydrocortisone replacement is increased with stressors such as illness, and the patient needs to be taught to call the health care provider because medication and IV fluids and electrolytes may need to be given. The other patient statements indicate appropriate management of the Addison's disease.

Which laboratory value should the nurse review to determine whether a patient's hypothyroidism is caused by a problem with the anterior pituitary gland or with the thyroid gland? A. Thyroxine (T4) level B. Triiodothyronine (T3) level C. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) level D. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) level

C - A low TSH level indicates that the patient's hypothyroidism is caused by decreased anterior pituitary secretion of TSH. Low T3 and T4 levels are not diagnostic of the primary cause of the hypothyroidism. TRH levels indicate the function of the hypothalamus.

Which prescribed medication should the nurse expect will have rapid effects on a patient admitted to the emergency department in thyroid storm? a. Iodine b. Methimazole c. Propylthiouracil d. Propranolol (Inderal)

D b-Adrenergic blockers work rapidly to decrease the cardiovascular manifestations of thyroidstorm. The other medications take days to weeks to have an impact on thyroid function.

A patient is admitted with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and has a serum potassium level of 2.9 mEq/L. Which action prescribed by the health care provider should the nurse take first? a. Infuse regular insulin at 20 U/hr. b. Place the patient on a cardiac monitor. c. Administer IV potassium supplements. d. Obtain urine glucose and ketone levels.

NS: B Place the patient on a cardiac monitor. Hypokalemia can lead to potentially fatal dysrhythmias such as ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation, which would be detected with ECG monitoring. Since potassium must be infused over at least 1 hour, the nurse should initiate cardiac monitoring before infusion of potassium. Insulin should not be administered without cardiac monitoring, since insulin infusion will further decrease potassium levels. Urine glucose and ketone levels are not urgently needed to manage the patient's care

A client is newly diagnosed with hypothyroidism. Levothyroxine (Synthroid) is prescribed. The nurse should reinforce to the client which instructions about the medication? a. with milk b. with fruit juice c. with food d. on empty stomach

ans: D-Take on an empty stomach in the morning Levothyroxine should be taken on an empty stomach to enhance absorption. The client also is instructed to take the medication in the morning before breakfast.

As the nurse is shaving a patient who is 2 days postoperative from a thyroidectomy, the patient has a spasm of the facial muscles. What should the nurse recognize this as? a.Chvostek sign b.Montgomery sign c.Trousseau sign d.Homans sign

ANS: A The spasm of facial muscles when stimulated is the Chvostek sign, an indication of hypocalcemic tetany.

A patient has come to the clinic because of enlarged hands and feet, amenorrhea, and increased hair growth. These symptoms most likely indicate problems with the: a. pituitary gland. b. adrenal glands. c. thyroid gland. d. pancreas.

ANS: A The pituitary gland may produce an overabundance of growth hormone. This overproduction of hormones may cause changes throughout the patient's body, including enlargement of the pituitary gland and hands and feet. Female patients may develop a deepened voice, increased facial hair growth, and amenorrhea.

Which finding for a patient who has hypothyroidism and hypertension indicates that the nurse should contact the health care provider before administering levothyroxine (Synthroid)? a. Increased thyroxine (T4) level b. Blood pressure 112/62 mm Hg c. Distant and difficult to hear heart sounds d. Elevated thyroid stimulating hormone level

A An increased thyroxine level indicates the levothyroxine dose needs to be decreased. The other data are consistent with hypothyroidism and the nurse should administer the levothyroxine.

Which finding indicates to the nurse that the current therapies are effective for a patient with acute adrenal insufficiency? a. Increasing serum sodium levels b. Decreasing blood glucose levels c. Decreasing serum chloride levels d. Increasing serum potassium levels

A Clinical manifestations of Addison's disease include hyponatremia and an increase in sodium level indicates improvement. The other values indicate that treatment has not been effective.

To which diet should a patient with Cushing syndrome adhere? a. Less sodium b. More calories c. Less potassium d. More carbohydrates

ANS: A The diet should be lower in sodium to help decrease edema

Which action taken by a nursing student when caring for patient with thyroiditis and a goiter requires that the nurse intervene immediately? a. The RN checks the blood pressure on both arms. b. The RN lowers the thermostat to decrease the temperature in the room. c. The RN palpates the neck to check thyroid size. d. The RN orders nonmedicated eye drops to lubricate the patient's eyes.

Correct Answer: C Rationale: Palpation can cause the release of thyroid hormones in a patient with an enlarged thyroid and should be avoided. The other actions by the student are appropriate when caring for a patient with an enlarged thyroid.