Endocrine System

What is its relationship to local hormones to eicosanoid

there formation is the same

process of heat generation, known as ____________.

thermoregulation

Where is calcitonin produced

thyroid -parafollicular cells (also known as C-cells) of the thyroid

Thyroid hormones are major regulators of the

thyroid hormones are T3 (triiodothyronine) and T4 (thyroxine). T3 and T4 regulate your body's temperature, metabolism and heart rate

Autocrine signals affect the same cells that secrete them. T/F

true

The cells of the nervous system communicate via action potentials, whereas the cells of the endocrine system communicate via hormones. T/F

true

The secretion of most hormones is regulated by a negative feedback system. T/F

true

Mr. Montes is a patient with type I diabetes mellitus. He presents with dizziness, rapid breathing, confusion, and weakness. You find out that he Will his blood glucose concentration be normal? Explain. Your colleague suggests that Mr. Montes needs to ingest some sugar. Is this going to help him (why or why not)?

yes. his blood glucose concentration will be above normal bc insulin decreases the levels when it's high, so not taking it will leave it high. therefore taking sugar will not help him, it'll only raise his sugar more

What is its mechanism of action of calcitonin

ts main actions are to increase bone calcium content and decrease the blood calcium level when it rises above normal

What vitamin is necessary for certain clotting factors to operate during coagulation?

vitamin K

briefly explain the difference between a negative and a positive feedback loop

• negative feedback reverses change to return conditions to their set points • positive feedback increases the rate of change away from the set points

describe the 3 different types of hormone interactions.

(1) Synergistic interaction- occurs when the activity of one hormone reinforces the activity of another hormone. Synergy means "working together". (2) Permissive interaction- takes place when the activity of one hormone requires a second hormone -as if one hormone "gives permission" for a different hormone to function. (3) Antagonistic interaction- occurs when the effects of one hormone oppose the effects of another hormone.

Describe the formation and general role of an eicosanoid

(1)Phospholipase A2 acts on a phospholipid molecule within the plasma membrane to release a fatty acid molecule called arachidonic acid. (2) Various other enzymes act on arachidonic acid to produce eicosanoids -A major function of eicosanoids is their role in inflammation as part of the body's defense & initiation of smooth muscle contraction and stimulation of pain receptors (Pic #15 endocrine)

autocrine paracrine and endocrine

(Three basic signaling pathways) Based on anatomy, what stands out immediately when describing endocrine vs paracrine or autocrine secretions from a cell? Notice than in Paracrine and Autocrine secretion there is no need to use a vascular capillary network. The hormone is designed to generate an effect locally and the interstitial fluid can be used as a transport medium. (Pic # 12 endocrine)

Predict the effects of a pancreatic tumor that secretes insulin. How would the effects change if the tumor secreted glucagon instead?

- insulinoma tumor-causes problems by secreting too much insulin. - glucagonoma tumor-cells produce large amounts of glucagon, and these high levels create severe, painful, and life-threatening symptoms.

multiple tiers meaning:

-Each tier includes a stimulus, receptor, control center, and response/effector -First tier - neuroendocrine cells of hypothalamus secrete releasing and inhibiting hormones in response to change in homeostatic variable (tropic hormones) -Second tier - involves hypothalamus tropic hormones' effect on anterior pituitary; stimulates or inhibits anterior pituitary hormone secretion -Third tier - involves actions of anterior pituitary hormones at target tissues; target tissue glands secrete hormones that can affect various homeostatic variables

Can you describe the process of erythropoiesis beginning with the bone marrow stem cell? What hormone is strictly required for erythropoiesis?

-Early erythroblat-late erythroblast -reticulocyte- erythrocyte. Epo is strictly required for erythropoiesis. (Slides 53 and 62 blood)

What are the advantages of multiple tiers of control in hormone secretion

-Hormones of hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, and their target tissues are maintained at normal levels by negative feedback loops with multiple levels (tiers) of control -Allow endocrine system to tightly regulate conditions within body -Critical for maintaining homeostasis

What stimulates the release of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

-Hypocalcemia -in response to declining calcium ion levels in blood; triggers following effects:Increases release of calcium ions from bone by stimulating osteoclast activity Increases absorption of dietary calcium ions by small intestine (pic #131 endocrine)

(short term and long term effects of Growth Hormone)

-Short-term effects - generally metabolic; include promotion of fat breakdown, generation of new glucose in liver, and inhibition of glucose uptake by muscle fibers, all of which increase blood glucose and fatty acid levels; -Long-term effects are not all directly mediated by GH: GH acts on the liver and other target tissues to promote production of hormone insulin-like growth factor

What are the 3 different chemical types of hormones

-Steroid hormone -Protein hormone -Biogenic amine (pic #17 endocrine)

What happens to each one of them when an aged red blood cell undergoes phagocytosis in the spleen

-What happens to each one of them when an aged red blood cell undergoes phagocytosis in the spleen -they turn into global, iron ion, and heme

What is a neurohormone?

-a hormone produced by nerve cells and secreted into the circulation. -acts as hormone -produced by hypothalamus then stored and released from posterior pituitary

Why is blood red? What makes venous blood darker than arterial blood?

-because of hemes in the hemoglobin protien. -Arterial blood is richer in oxygen, glucose, and nutrients compared to venous blood.

Who was the 2nd messenger discussed in class? Can you describe how it is formed (hint: G proteins)?

-cAMP serves as the "second messenger" by activating protein kinase A. -G-protein activates an enzyme; enzyme catalyzes formation of a second messenger; initiates series of events in cell that leads to changes in its activity

What is a colony forming unit? What formed elements are produced from the myeloid and lymphoid lines?

-committed to forming only one cell type. -cells commited to forming only one cell type. megakaryoblasts, erythrocytes & leukocytes (except lymphocytes) are all produced by myeloid lines. lymphoid lines form lymphocytes.

What is the meaning of "protein kinase" What results in amplification of the signal?

-enzymes that catalyze transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to another molecule, called phosphorylation - (activation )which then phosphorylates multiple protein substrates by attaching phosphate groups to them.

Is thyroid hormone water or fat soluble? How does this explain its mechanism of action?

-fat soluble. - is it binds to its receptor and the hormone-receptor complex interacts with specific sequence of dna causing to modulate gene expression (stimulating/inhibiting transcription of certain genes)

Can you briefly describe what happens in each one of these steps? Go over slides 93-95. vascular spasms coagulation clot retraction thrombolysis

-vascular spasm-begins immediately when a blood vessel is injured and blood leaks into extracellular fluid, increases tissue pressure. - coagulation-blood, changing to a solid or semi-solid state. -Clot retraction is the "shrinking" of a blood clot over a number of days. In doing so, the edges of the blood vessel wall at the point of injury are slowly brought together again to repair the damage. -thrombolysis a treatment to dissolve dangerous clots in blood vessels, improve blood flow, and prevent damage to tissues and organs.

Go over slide 98 and remember what a circadian rhythm is.

.A circadian rhythm is a roughly 24 hour cycle in the physiological processes of living beings,

A mature erythrocyte consists of a plasma membrane surrounding cytosol filled with the protein ______________. This large protein consists of four polypeptide subunits: two ______________ chains and two ______________ chains. Each polypeptide chain has a ______________, group which contains an ______________ ion. When this ion binds to oxygen, the overall protein is called ______________. Binding to oxygen causes the ion to become ______________, which is what gives blood its ______________ color. When this ion is not bound to oxygen, it is called ______________.

1)hemoglobin 2)alpha 3)beta 4)neme 5)iron 6)Hbo2 (oxyhemoglobin) 7)oxidized 8)bright red 9)deoxyhemoglobin

Thyroid hormones are major regulators of the _______ _______ and the process of heat generation, known as ______________. One way they accomplish this is to cause the ______________ ______________ pumps to function at a faster rate and increasing the rate of ______________ reactions. Thyroid hormones also promote ______________ and ______________, and have synergistic actions with the ______________ ______________ ______________.

1)metallic rate 2)thermoregulation 3)AtP consumption 4)energy-requiring 5)growth 6)development 7)sympathetic nervous system

What type of stimulus results in the release of the hormones from the 3 zones of the adrenal gland

(1) Hormonal stimulation: Release of a hormone in response to another hormone. (2) Humoral stimulation: Release of a hormone in response to changes in level of nutrient or ion in the blood. (3)Nervous system stimulation: Release of a hormone in response to stimulation by the nervous system (pic #38 endocrine)

Go carefully over slides 183 and 184

Go carefully over slides 183 and 184

What is the role of Tissue thromboplastin

Mature megakaryocytes, when stimulated by hormones (thrombopoietin), send cytoplasmic extensions through clefts in bone marrow sinusoids into bloodstream; break off into thousands of platelets (((Its role in the clotting process is the initiation of thrombin formation from the zymogen prothrombin.)))

Where is melatonin produced

Melatonin is produced by various tissues in the body, although the major source is the pineal gland in the brain.

whole process of secretion as discussed in class.

Slide 123

General Stress Response. Slide 160 endocrine

Slide 160 endocrine

Remember TP-FLAG Slide 81? In the worksheet go over:

Summary of the Hypothalamic and Anterior Pituitary Hormones (Everything) Hypothalamic:Releasing hormones: TRH, PRH, GnRH, CRH, GHRH Inhibiting hormones: PIH, GIH Anterior Pituitary:TSH,PRL,FSH&LH,ACTH,GH

--The intrinsic and extrinsic pathway result in activation of factor X. --The clot retracts. --Thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin, and fibrin glues the plug together. --Platelets are activated, and the platelet plug forms. --Vasoconstriction and increased tissue pressure decrease blood flow through the vessel. --Tissue plasminogen activator activates plasmid, which degrades fibrin. --The common pathway produces thrombin

1-Vasoconstriction and increased tissue pressure decrease flow through the vessel. 2-Platelets are activated, and the platelet plug forms. 3-The intrinsic and extrinsic pathway result in activation of factor X. 4-The common pathway produces thrombin 5-Tissue plasminogen activator activates plasmid, which degrades fibrin. 6-The clot retracts. 7-Thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin, and fibrin glues the plug together.

endocrine secretion

Endocrine glands are glands of the endocrine system that secrete their products, hormones, directly into the blood rather than through a duct.

Go over slides 66 and the description of the recycling of aging RBC

Erythrocyte become traped, then digested, then broken down into amino acids, iron, and billirubin. Billrubin sent to liver for excreation, then irons ions and amino acides as recycled to make new hemoglobin

Steroid hormones are hydrophilic molecules that bind to plasma membrane proteins as part of a second-messenger system. T/F

False Most amino acid-based hormones are hydrophilic molecules that bind to plasma membrane proteins as part of a second-messenger system.

The pancreas, thyroid gland, and parathyroid glands secrete neurohormones. T/F

False The pancreas, thyroid gland, and parathyroid glands secrete endocrine hormones

What type of hormone can cross the plasma membrane to bind to a receptor in the cytosol or nucleus?

Hydrophobic hormones

How does insulin growth factor affect blood glucose levels?

IGF and insulin can work together to rapidly reduce the level of glucose in your blood

How do cortisol and growth hormone affect blood glucose levels?

Like cortisol, growth hormone counterbalances the effect of insulin on muscle and fat cells.

Ms. Jones has her thyroid gland removed to treat hyperthyroidism. One day later she developed symptoms of severe hypocalcemia. What has happened? How would you correct this problem?

Parathyroid hormone (PTH): the hormone that regulates the body's calcium levels. Low levels of PTH cause hypocalcemia or too little calcium in the blood. i would give her Vitamin D.

Can you explain the significance of the primary and secondary plexus of the hypothalamus-hypophyseal portal system?

Primary plexus- porous capillary network associated with hypothalamus Secondary plexus- capillary network associated with anterior pituitary - allows transportation and exchange of hormones to allow a fast communication between both glands.

hydrophilic hormones the G proteins (slide 26) and in Hydrophobic hormones the carriers outside and inside the cell (hormone response element; slide 33).

Remember that hydrophobic hormones will mainly result in DNA translation.

paracrine

chemicals are secreted by cells into extracellular space to affect nearby but different types of cells

autocrine

chemicals are secreted by cells into interstitial fluid; elicits effects from same cell or cell type

describe the steps of the Common Pathway in detail?

during coagulation (clotting) when the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways meet and continue together

What is Thyroid Binding globulin.Why is it needed?

is a globulin that binds thyroid hormones in circulation.responsible for carrying the thyroid hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) in the bloodstream.

coagulation cascade

is the process by which blood changes from a liquid to a gel, forming a blood clot.

what is the role of calcium

keep your bones and teeth strong and roles in cell signaling, blood clotting, muscle contraction and nerve function.

Write out the steps of the processes by which hydrophobic and hydrophilic hormones exert their effects in In addition, label and color-code all key components of these processes.

slides 21 and 29

What are the overall goals of the common pathway of coagulation?

To turn fibrinogen into stable fibrin clots.

What is the stimulus for erythropoietin production and release? What action does erythropoietin trigger, and how does this return the variable to the homeostatic range?

is a hormone produced by the kidney and hypoxemia, low blood volume, low plasma pH, and infection are stimulus for the release of erythropoietin. Erythropoietin triggers a signaling pathway in endothelial cells

Is pH one of the parameters maintained under strict homeostatic control?

?

What is the main effect of altering the pH in blood?

Acidosis

Why does a hydrophilic hormone generally have difficulty crossing the plasma membrane? Why does a hydrophobic hormone generally cross the plasma membrane easily?

Because the phospholipid membranes that make up the cell membrane have an extremely hydro-phobic core. If something is water soluble (hydrophilic), and not soluble in fats (lipids), it would be unable to pass through the membrane. the only way in which polar molecules can move through a cell membrane is via aqueous pores. hydrophobic hormone generally cross the plasma membrane easily because its a lipid-soluble hormone so it can diffuses readily through the plasma membrane and binds with an intracellular receptor.

How do the intrinsic and extrinsic coagulation pathways differ? How are they similar?

The extrinsic pathway is activated by external trauma that causes blood to escape from the vascular sys-tem. This pathway is quicker than the intrinsic pathway. -Both converge at a common pathway; leads to activation of fibrin

Select the appropriate pathway for the steps of hemostasis.

Vascular spasms, platelet plug formation, coagulation, clot retraction, thrombolysis

What for components make up the molecule of hemoglobin

amino acids, iron ions, and heme

it Platelet Plug Formation

platelets stick together to form a temporary seal to cover the break in the vessel wall.

What is its mechanism of action of melatonin

promote sleep by regulating the sleep/wake rhythm

What is prostacyclin?

prostaglandin; inhibits platelet coming together

Write out the steps by which thyroid hormone is produced. In addition, label and color-code all key components of these processes.

slide 117 endocrine 1) iodide ions and thyroglobin are secreted into the colloid 2)Iodide ions are converted to iodine atoms that attach to thyroglobuin 3)iodinated thyroglobuin enters the follicle cell by endocytosis and is converted to T3 and T4 by lysosomal enzymes. 4)T3 and T4 are released into the blood