Endocrine System
4 ways hormones alter cellular metabolic processes
1. Altering membrane permeability or electrical state 2. Stimulates the production of proteins or regulatory molecules 3. Activating/deactivating enzymes in cells 4. Stimulating target cell to secrete itself
5 major processes of the endocrine system
1. Reproduction 2. Growth and development 3. Mobilization of defenses 4. Maintenance of homeostasis 5. Regularion of metabolism
The 2 lobes of the pituitary gland together produce how many hormones?
8
Pituitary hormone that controls the release of glucocorticoids from the suprarenal cortex is...
ACTH
Hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary
ACTH, TSH, LH, FSH, PRL, GH, MSH
Pituitary hormone that causes the kidneys to reduce water loss
ADH
What is NOT an anterior pituitary hormone
ADH
The 2 hormones released by the posterior pituitary
ADH and oxytocin
Too little secretion of cortisol causes...
Addison's disease
In response to stress, the concentration of epinephrine...
And cortisol increases
Target cells of the releasing and inhibiting hormones are located in the...
Anterior pituitary
What gland produces GH?
Anterior pituitary
Peptides
Bind to specific receptors on cell surface, activate certain enzymes, produced by all other glands
What is NOT a symptom of Cushing's syndrome?
Bronze skin
Hormone that lowers blood levels of calcium ion is...
Calcitonin
What is the primary hormone mediating the stress response?
Cortisol
Addison's disease is associated with what endocrine malfunction?
Decrease in cortisol
Inability of the pancreas to produce insulin results in
Diabetes mellitus
The exocrine portion of the pancreas produces
Digestive enzymes
A hormone that is released during the alarm phase of the GAS is...
Epinephrine
The suprarenal medulla produces
Epinephrine
What hormone increases and prolongs the effects of the sympathetic nervous system?
Epinephrine
What hormone is NOT a steroid based hormone?
Epinephrine
What is NOT produced in the suprarenal cortex?
Epinephrine
The suprarenal medulla produces the hormones...
Epinephrine and nonepinephrine
The pituitary hormone that promotes egg development in ovaries and sperm development in testes is
FSH
Two hormones referred to as gonadotropins are...
FSH and LH
True or false: Cortisol suppresses the release of ACTH from the anterior lobe of the pituitary
False
True or false: The adrenal cortex is made up of neural tissue
False
Pituitary hormone that stimulates increases in bone and muscle mass
GH
The only hormone to target ALL cells to some degree is...
GH
When blood glucose levels fall...
Glucagon is released
Cushing's disease results from an excess of...
Glucocorticoids
To what class of hormones does cortisol belong?
Glucocortoids
What disease results from the overproduction of thyroid hormone?
Grave's disease
Where are the hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary made?
Hypothalamus
Mental and physical sluggishness and low body temperature may be signs of...
Hypothyroidism
Mental and physical sluggishness and low body temperature may be sings of
Hypothyroidism
Insulin directly causes...
Increased glycogen storage
Releasing hormones (RH) directly cause...
Increased secretion from the anterior pituitary
How is body weight correlated to thyroid levels?
Increased thyroid hormone causes the body to burn food at a faster rate, reducing the chance that calories from a food will be stored as fat and lead to weight gain
Hormone that causes blood sugar levels to fall is...
Insulin
Thyroid hormone contains the element...
Iodine
The thyroid gland is located
Just below the Adam's apple
Pituitary hormone that promotes testosterone release in males and estrogen release in females
LH
The pituitary gland that promotes testosterone release in males and ovulation in females is
LH
Tropic hormones from the anterior pituitary include
LH, FSH, ACTH, TSH
____ helps to release testosterone and estrogen; while ____ helps to produce sperm and mature the egg
LH; FSH
Goiters can result from too...
Little iodine in the diet
Steroids
Made from cholesterol, bind to specific receptors in the cytoplasm on the cell, turn on specific genes, produce ovaries, testes and adrenal cortex
Prostaglandins
Made from highly active lipids
The hormone released from the suprarenal medulla is
None of the above
Which hormones are produced by the parathyroid gland?
Only PTH
Hormone that may be administered slowly by an IV drip to accelerate labor and delivery
Oxytocin
Hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary
Oxytocin, ADH
Hormone that causes the activation of osteoclasts is...
PTH
Increased levels of this hormone will lead to increased levels of calcium ion in the blood
PTH
What organ has both endocrine and exocrine functions?
Pancreas
This gland is located in the cranial cavity and produces the hormone melatonin
Pineal
Melatonin is produced by the
Pineal gland
Melatonin is produced by the...
Pineal gland
Term used to describe excess production of urine
Polyuria
Hormones released from this gland include ADH and oxytocin
Posterior pituitary
What organ produces oxytocin?
Posterior pituitary
The corpus lutuem secretes____
Progesterone
Pituitary hormone that stimulates milk production by the mammary glands
Prolactin
PRL is to ____ as ACTH ____ is to
Prolactin; corticoltropin
Amino acid based hormones
Proteins, peptides, amines
ACTH causes the release of
Steroids by the suprarenal cortex
What produces aldosterone?
Suprarenal cortex
Pituitary gland that triggers the release of thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland
TSH
Pituitary hormone that increases the metabolic activity in most body cells
TSH
The pituitary hormone that increases the metabolic activity in most body cells
TSH
The pituitary hormone that triggers the release of thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland is
TSH
What gland produces T4?
Thryoid
Hormone responsible for the maturation of white blood cells known as T-lymphocytes
Thymosin
Normal development of the immune response is due in part to hormones produced by the...
Thymus gland
Normal development of the immune system response is due in part to hormones produced by the
Thymus gland
The gland that produces calcitonin
Thyroid
The gland that signals nearly all other body cells
Thyroid
Thyroxine and calcitonin are secreted by ____
Thyroid
This gland signals nearly all other body cells
Thyroid gland
Thyroxine and calcitonin are secreted by the...
Thyroid gland
Hormone that plays a vital role in setting the metabolic rate and thus impacting body temperature is...
Thyroxine
True or false: Adrenaline is also known as epinephrine
True
True or false: Exocrine glands are considered ductless glands because they release their hormones into the blood or lymph
True
True or false: Glucocorticoids, glucagon, and epinephrine are hyperglycemic hormones
True
True or false: Releasing and inhibiting hormones produced by the hypothalamus travel to the anterior pituitary through the blood of the portal circulation
True
True or false: The adrenal medulla and posterior pituitary are both composed of nervous tissue
True
True or false: The glucocorticoids help the body handle long-term stress primarily by increasing blood glucose levels
True
Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus is also known as...
Type 1 diabetes
Insensitivity of cells to insulin would result in...
Type 2 diabetes mellitus
Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus is also known as
Type I
Insensitivity of cells to insulin would result in
Type II diabetes mellitus
Cells of the suprarenal cortex produce...
aldosterone
Steroid hormones...
bind to receptors in the nucleus of their target cells
The major targets of growth hormone are...
bones and skeletal muscle
Peptide hormones are...
composed of amino acids
Inability of the pancreas to produce insulin results in...
diabetes mellitus
The exocrine portion of the pancreas produces...
digestive enzymes
The suprarenal medulla produces the hormones ____
epinephrine and norepinephrine
Hormone that appears to help regulate our sleep-awake cycles
melatonin
PRL is to ____ as ACTH is to ____
prolactin; corticotropin
What gland produces epinephrine?
suprarenal medulla
