Endocrine System

How does the Hormone Progesterone affect the body?

Causes breast development and control of menstrual cycle.

What are target cells?

Cells with specific receptors on which a hormone exerts its effect.

How does the Antidiuretic (same as Vasopressin) Hormone affect the body?

Hormone of the posterior pituitary gland that enhances water conservation in the kidneys. Increases water retention in kidneys, decreasing urine production.

How does the Hormone Oxytocin affect the body?

Hormone of the posterior pituitary gland that plays a role in childbirth by contracting muscles of the uterine wall.

How does the Hormone Epinephrine affect the body?

Hormone released from the adrenal medulla during times of stress. Fight or Flight response, increases heart rate, increased pupil dilation, etc.

How does the Hormone Estrogen affect the body?

Hormone released from the ovaries that is primarily responsible for the development of female sex characteristics.

How does the Parathyroid Hormone affect the body?

Hormone secreted by parathyroid glands that helps regulate the levels of blood calcium by bringing calcium out of the bones and into the bloodstream.

How does the Hormone Aldosterone affect the body?

Hormone that causes kidneys to conserve sodium ions and thus water and to excrete potassium ions.

How does the Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone affect the body?

Hormone that controls the secretion of hormones from the Thyroid gland. Causes thyroid to produce thyroxine.

How does the Hormone Norepinephrine affect the body?

Hormone that increases heart rate, blood pressure, blood flow, intake of oxygen for immediate energy

How does the Hormone Gonadotropins (LH and FSH) affect the body?

Hormone that is apart of the anterior pituitary gland. It luteinizing hormones, is a follicle stimulating hormone, stimulates a release of sex hormones, and stimulates egg or sperm production.

How does the Hormone Prolactin affect the body?

Hormone that promotes milk production following the birth of an infant.

How does the Growth Hormone affect the body?

Hormone that stimulates body cells to grow and reproduce.

How does the Hormone Calcitonin affect the body?

Hormones released from the thyroid gland that helps to regulate blood calcium concentrations by taking calcium from the blood and storing it in the bones lowering blood calcium levels.

How does the Parathyroid affect the Blood Calcium Levels?

Increases the Blood Calcium levels in the blood.

What does the pancreas secrete?

Insulin and Glucagon

What is the function of the Testes Gland?

Male reproductive glands responsible for development of male sex characteristics.

How does the Hormone Androgens (Testosterone) affect the body?

Maturation of reproductive organs and secondary sex characteristics, production of sperm

What does the pineal gland secrete?

Melatonin

What is the proper type of gland for the prolactin hormone?

Pituitary Gland

What is the proper gland for the oxytocin hormone?

Posterior Pituitary Gland

What is the proper type of gland for the antidiuretic hormone?

Posterior Pituitary Gland

TSH

Thyroid- Stimulating Hormone

What is the difference between steroid hormones and nonsteroid hormones?

Steroids can pass directly through the target cell membrane, forming a hormone-receptor complex, which alters the actions of the cell. Nonsteroid hormones bind to receptors on the outside of the target cell, which release chemicals that bind to other receptors inside the target cell.

What does the anterior pituitary secrete?

TSH,ACTH,GH,Melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH),PRL, and Gonadotropins

What is the relationship between hormones and target cells?

Target cells have receptors for specific hormones. If the hormones contact cells without these target cells, they will have no effect.

What is the proper type of gland for the testosterone hormone?

Testis Gland

When the carnival came to a small town, the local health professionals and consumer groups joined forces to enforce truth in-advertising laws to protect selected employees of the carnival. They demanded that the fat man, the dwarf, the giant, and the bearded lady be billed as "people with endocrine system disorders" (which of course removed all the sensationalism usually associated with these attractions). Identify the endocrine disorder in each case.

The Fat Man = Thyroid The Dwarf = Hyposecretion The Giant = Hypersecretion (as a child) The Bearded Woman = Testosterone pills (Adrenal Cortex)

What is a Goiter?

an enlarged, malfunctioning thyroid gland. (Iodine deficiency)

How does Glucagon affect the Blood Glucose Levels?

increases

What is diabetes mellitus and its treatment?

is a disorder in which the body produces too little insulin. Keeping the blood glucose levels at a very high level and the kidneys excreting some excess glucose in urine. instead of using the glucose, the body breaks down proteins and fats for energy. The treatment for this disease is to monitor the blood glucose level and diet with exercise.

How does Insulin affect the Blood Glucose Levels?

lowers

What does Hypersecretion mean?

too much hormones is released

What does the parathyroid secrete?

Parathyroid hormone

What is the proper gland for the calcitonin hormone?

Thyroid Gland

What is the proper gland for the thyroxine hormone?

Thyroid Gland

What is the function of the Pineal Gland?

A small endocrine structure that is a tiny-cone shaped gland near the cerebellum. Secretes melatonin, which controls regulation of circadian rhythms. Rise and fall during day and night causing sleep and wake cycles.

What does the posterior pituitary gland secrete?

ADH/Vasopressin and Oxytocin

What is the proper type of gland for the Glucocorticoids hormone?

Adrenal Cortex Gland

What is the proper gland for the epinephrine hormone?

Adrenal Medulla Gland

What does the adrenal glands secrete?

Adrenal medulla (epinephrine and norepinephrine) and Adrenal cortex (Glucocorticoids)

ACTH

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone

What is the proper gland for the Growth Hormone?

Anterior Pituitary Gland

ADH

Antidiuretic Hormone

What is Diabetes Type 2

At age 20 adult-onset, blood sugar monitoring and insulin injections can regulate or reduce the effects of the disease. Happens by eating unhealthy food since childhood.

What does the thyroid gland secrete?

Calcitonin and Thyroxine/Triiodothyronine

What is the function of the Pituitary Gland?

Endocrine gland attached to the base of the brain consisting of anterior or posterior lobes. Controls many of the releasing hormones responsible for different types of hormones being released into the bloodstream.

What is the function of the Adrenal Glands?

Endocrine glands located on top of the superior portion of the kidney. Medulla of this gland will secrete epinephrine.

What is the function of the Thyroid Gland?

Endocrine located just below the larynx and in front of the trachea that secretes hormones responsible for the rate at which cells release energy from carbohydrates, enhances protein synthesis, and stimulates the breakdown and mobilization of lipids.

What are two examples of menstrual hormones?

Estrogen and Progesterone

What does the Gonads secrete?

Estrogen, Progesterone, and Testosterone

What are two hormones essential for the development of the female characteristics?

FSH (Follicle stimulating hormone) and LH (Luteinizing Hormone)

What is the function of the Ovaries Gland?

Female reproductive gland responsible for development of female sex characteristics.

FSH

Follicle Stimulating Hormone

What is the function of the Thymus?

Glandular endocrine gland located behind the sternum and between the lungs. Secretes thymosin that affects the production and differentiation of T lymphocytes that are important in immunity.

What is the function of the Pancreas Gland?

Glandular organ in the abdominal cavity that secretes both hormones and digestive enzymes. Secretes hormones through the Islets of Langerhans, regulating blood glucose levels.

GH

Growth Hormone

What is Gigantism?

Hypersecretion of Growth Hormone before puberty.

What is Dwarfism?

Hyposecretion of growth hormone in childhood.

How does the Follicle-Stimulating Hormone affect the body?

In women, this hormone stimulates the growth of ovarian follicles in the ovary before the release of an egg from one follicle at ovulation. It also increases oestradiol production. In men, the hormone acts on the Sertoli cells of the testes to stimulate sperm production.

What is Diabetes Type 1

Juvenile-onset

What is the function of the Hypothalamus Gland?

Located just above the pituitary gland and is about the size of an almond. Controls the pituitary and is often called the "master gland" because it has wide-reaching effects on the whole body.

LH

Luteinizing Hormone

What is the function of the endocrine system?

Maintains homeostasis through the secretion of hormones.

What is the function of the Parathyroid Glands?

One of our small endocrine glands located on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland. Secretes hormones regulating blood calcium levels.

What is the proper type of gland for the estrogen hormone?

Ovary Gland

OXY

Oxytocin

What is the proper gland for the glucagon hormone?

Pancreas Gland

What is the proper type of gland for the insulin hormone?

Pancreas Gland

How does the Hormone Insulin affect the body?

Pancreatic hormone that decreases the blood levels of glucose by stimulating the liver to form glycogen, increasing protein synthesis, and stimulating adipose cells to store fat.

How does the Hormone Glucagon affect the body?

Pancreatic hormone that increases blood levels of glucose by stimulating the breakdown of glycogen and the non- carbohydrates into glucose.

What is the proper gland for the parathyroid hormone?

Parathyroid Gland

PTH

Parathyroid Hormone

What are Gonads?

Produce sex cells and secrete sex hormones.

PRL

Prolactin

How does the Thyroid affect the Blood Calcium Levels?

Reduces the Blood Calcium levels in the blood.

How does the Hormone Inhibin affect the body?

Reduces the effects of menstrual hormones

How does the Hormone Glucocorticoids affect the body?

Regulates ion levels for quick energy

How does the Hormone Triiodothyronine (T3) and Thyroxine (T4) affect the body?

Regulates metabolism and body heat production, controls cellular oxygen usage, and maintains blood pressure. (Increases metabolism)

A young girl is brought to the clinic by her family. The girl fatigues easily and seems mentally sluggish. You notice a slight swelling in the anterior neck. What condition do you suspect?

The has an iodine deficiency, which means the lump in her neck is called a goiter.

When reactor 4 at the chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant in Ukraine exploded at 1:23 PM on April 26, 1986, a great plume of radioactive isotopes erupted into the air and spread for thousands of miles. Most of the isotopes emitted immediately following the blast were of the element iodine. Which gland of the endocrine system would be most seriously and immediately affected by the blast?

The thyroid

TRH

Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone

T4

Thyroxine

Tom is an avid fitness enthusiast and wants to be a bodybuilder. Lately, he has gained a good amount of body tissue and loss of body fat but his behavior has become more erratic and has moments of rage bordering on violence. Tom is obviously abusing what substance? What hormone is affected by this?

Tom is abusing steroids, which affects the hormone testosterone

What does Hyposecretion mean?

not enough hormone is released