Enlightenment and the American Revolution Chp. 17 (Mr. Kibs)

Who produced the 28-volume set of books known as the 'Encyclopedia'?

Denis Diderot. His purpose was to change the general way of thinking by explaining ideas on topics (government, philosophy and religion.)

When was the scientific revolution?

In the 1500 and 1600s.

What brought enormous wealth to British merchants?

The slave trade in Spanish America, which the British had monopolized.

Both Thomas Hobbes and John Locke lived through what?

The upheavals of the English Civil War. They were both 17th century English thinkers.

In the 1700s, what side of the war was Britain usually on?

The winning side. With the treaty of Utrecht, France gave nova-scotia and Newfoundland to Britain. In 1763, the end of the French had Indian war and the 7 years' war brought Britain all of French Canada.

What happened as a result of literature gaining a wider audience?

There was an outpouring of novels and long works of prose fiction. English novelists wrote many stories. Daniel Defoe wrote 'Robinson Crusoe', a tail about a shipwrecked sailor and Sam Richardson wrote 'pamela' a story about a servant girl. These authors' styles were adopted by other authors of the period.

How did the French government handle this?

They argued that the encyclopedia was an attack on public morals. The pope even threatened to excommunicate Roman Catholics who bought or read the volumes.

How did gov/church officials wage a censorship war?

They banned/burned books and imprisoned writers.

Why did physiocrats reject mercantilism?

They didn't want the government getting in business or economical affairs. Instead these thinkers urged a policy of laissez faire.

Where did he put his faith?

Rousseau put his faith in the "general will" or best conscience of the people. The good of the community as a whole should be placed above individual interests. Rousseau's work is a hatred of all forms of political & economic oppression. They also influenced people for more than 200 years.

How did Catherine the great (II) implement enlightenment ideas?

She made limited reforms in government. She abolished to route and established religious tolerance. She granted nobles a charter of rights and criticized serfdom. Still, she didn't intend to give up power

How did Catherine the Great, empress of Russia use enlightenment ideas?

She read the philosophe's works and exchanged letters with Voltaire and Diderot. She praised Voltaire as someone who had "fought the United enemies of humankind: superstition, fanaticism, ignorance, and trickery."

Who was Mary Wollstonecraft?

She was a well-known British critic. She accepted that a woman's first duty was to be a good mother but she felt that women should be able to decided what was in her own interest without depending on her husband. Mary published "A vindication of the rights of women." In it she called for equal education of girls and boys.

Enlightenment thinkers thought a just society would ensure what?

Social justice and happiness for all.

Radical ideas such as equality and social justice in the 1700s started to seep into peasant villages, what was the result?

Some peasants sought eagerly to topple the old order. Others resisted efforts to bring about change. In the 1800s, war, changing economic conditions and political upheaval transformed peasant life in Europe.

What was John Locke's radical idea?

That if a government failed its obligations to the people or violated natural rights, people could overthrow the government.

What did Frederick the Great see himself as?

The "First servant of the state", with a duty to work for the common good.

What is Handel's most famous work?

The 'Messiah' which combines instruments and voices and is performed at Christmas and Easter.

What was the enlightenment slogan?

"Free and equal" This slogan didn't apply to women. Although the philosophes said that women had natural rights, their rights were limited to the areas of home and family.

What book did Thomas write?

"The Leviathan"

When _______ occurred, the encyclopedia helped spread enlightenment ideas throughout Europe and across the Atlantic Ocean to the Americas:

(translated into other languages)

Who was George Frederic Handel?

A German-born composer who spent much of his life in elegant. H wrote 'Water Music' and other pieces for George I as well as thirty operas.

What government did John Locke oppose?

Absolute monarchy.

When was serfdom canceled?

After Joseph II's death

Where did Maria Theresa rule as an absolute monarch?

In Austria. She worked to improve peasant's way of life but she did NOT push for reforms.

What government did Thomas Hobbes want?

An absolute monarchy, which could impose order order and compel obedience.

What was her main political contribution to Russia?

An expanded empire

The Scientific Revolution led to what?

Another revolution of thinking, called the 'Enlightenment'.

How did music change?

Classical music became more common. Ballets & operas (plays and concerts) were performed at Royal courts and opera houses sprang up everywhere. Usually only the wealthy could afford to go to opera houses, but in the early to mid-1700s, the middle class could afford to pay for concerts.

The rococo style of music was known as what?

Classical.

What did philosophes' ideas attack?

Divine-right theory and traditional religions.

What was different about Europe in the Middle Ages and during the Enlightenment?

During the Middle Ages, most Europeans didn't question a society based on divine-right, a strict class system and a belief in heavenly reward for earthly suffering. During the Enlightenment or (Age of Reason), these ideas send irrational and unscientific.

Only ____ could give women the tools they needed to participate equally with men in public life.

Education

Who developed a vaccine against smallpox?

Edward Jenner

How did location help Britain become such a prominent power?

England controlled trade because of its great location. In the 1500 and 1600s, merchants set ships across oceans and planted outposts in the West Indies, North America and India. From these tiny settlements, England would build a global empire.

Monarchs that accepted philosophes' ideas were called what?

Enlightened despots, or absolute rulers who used their power to bring about political & social change.

Why did more and more people start to see that reform was necessary in order to achieve a just society?

Enlightenment ideas spread quickly through many levels of society. People all over Europe read the 'Encyclopedia' and small pamphlets that printers made on a broad range of issues.

How did Voltaire influence Frederick II of Prussia?

Frederick reduced the usage of torture and allowed a free press. He also ended religious persecution. "In my kingdom, everyone can go to heaven in his own fashion."

Frederick the second was also known as whom?

Frederick the Great. He ruled Prussia from 1740 to 1786 and exerted tight control over his subjects.

What created a larger market for farmers & manufacturers?

Free trade with Scotland.

In 1760, who was ruling England?

George III, who ruled for 60 years. Unlike his father and his grandfather, George III was born in England. He love his country and was eager to recover the powers that the crown had lost.

In the mid-to-late 1700s, what women argued for their rights in the social contract?

Germaine de Stael in France and Catherine Macauley and Mary Wollstonecraft in Britain. These ladies' arguments were ridiculed and sharply condemned.

What did Jean-Jacques Rousseau believe?

He believed that people in their natural state were basically good. Their natural innocence was corrupted by the evils of society such as the unequal distribution of property.

What did Joseph do for Austria?

He continued his mother's work and modernized Austrian government. He supported religious equality or Protestants and Jews in his Catholic empire. He ended censorship by allowing free press and attempted to bring the Catholic Church under his royal control. He abolished serfdom and sold the property of monasteries that weren't involved in education or care of the sick and he used their proceeds to help those in need.

What did Frederick truly desire, even though people believed he had a genuine belief in enlightened reform?

He desired a stronger monarchy and more power for himself.

What did Rousseau say in his book 'the social contract'?

He felt that society place too many limitations on people's behavior and that some controls were necessary but should be minimal. Additionally, only governments that had been freely elected should impose these controls.

In 1748, when 'The Spirit of Laws' was published, what did Montesquieu believe?

He felt that the best way to protect Liberty was to divide the various functions and powers of government among three branches. He said that each branch should serve as a check of power on the other two (checks and balances).

Even though Smith supported laissez faire, what did he feel?

He left that government had a duty to protect society, administer justice and provide public works. Adam Smith's ideas helped shape productive economies in the 1800 and 1900s.

Even though Mozart died when he was 35 in poverty, what did he do?

He produced an enormous amount of music during his lifetime and his musical legacy thrives today.

Describe the Scottish economist Adam Smith's work in "The Wealth of Nations."

He said that a fred market should be allowed to regulate business activity. He greatly admired physiocrats and tried to show host trade, wages, manufacturing, profits and economic growth were all linked the forces of supply and demand. Where there was a demand for goods or services, suppliers would seek to meet that demand in order to gain profits.

What did John Locke argue in his book 'Two Treaties of Government'?

He said that people formed governments to protect their natural rights. The best kind of government had limited power and was accepted by ALL citizens.

Who did Voltaire target?

He targeted corrupt officials and idle aristocrats. He battled inequality, injustice and superstition with his pen.

Who was Francois-Marie Arouet?

He took the name "Voltaire" and spoke his mind whenever he had the chance. He used biting wit as a weapon to expose abuses of his day.

Who was Immanuel Kant?

He was a German philosopher best known for his work "The Critique of Pure Reason."

Who was Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart?

He was a child prodigy who was popular as a composer and performer. He had brilliant operas, graceful symphonies and moving religious music. He helped define a new style of composition.

Who was Johann Sebastian Bach?

He was a devout German Lutheran who wrote beautiful religious music for organs and choirs. He also wrote sonatas for violin and harpsichord.

Who was Joseph II?

He was an eager student and he traveled in disguise to learn his people's problems.

Who was Baron de Montesquieu?

He was an early influential thinker who studied the governments of Europe. He read about ancient medieval Europe and learned about Chinese and Native American cultures. His sharp criticism of absolute monarchy opened doors for later debate.

What was John Locke's view on human nature?

He was more optimistic. He thought people were basically reasonable and moral. He said that people have 'natural rights'.

How did Thomas Hobbes outline his ideas about humanity?

He wrote that people were naturally greedy, cruel and selfish. If they weren't controlled they would hurt, rob and oppress one another.

Who was the first to call this period of time 'the enlightenment'?

Immanuel Kant.

What does natural law govern?

It governs scientific forces such as gravity and magnetism.

Unlike some of Britain's neighbors, what did Britain offer that was favorable to business?

It had a favorable climate and commerce. It put fewer restrictions on trade.

What is laissez faire?

It is a system that allows business to operate with little or no government interference. Physiocrats also supported freed trade and greatly opposed tariffs.

What is life "in the state of nature"?

It is life without laws or other control. Hobbes said that life like this would be solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short.

How did the salon originate?

It originated in the 1600s when a group of noblewomen in Paris invited a few of their friends to their homes for poetry readings. By the 1700s some middle-class women began owning salons. Here middle-class people could meet with the nobility on an equal footing to discuss and spread enlightenment ideas.

When was Ireland united with Great Britain?

It was brought under English control during the 1600s and was united with Great Britain in 1801.

How did this idea of Locke's affect the world?

It would influence leaders of the American Revolution and other leaders across Europe and Latin America.

Before the American Revolution, what was Britain like?

Its power stretched throughout the world and an ambitious new ruler sought to expand the monarchy's powers.

Why did Locke think that James II (king during the Glorious Revolution) deserved to be dethroned?

James II violated the rights of the English.

Catherine II believed in what two enlightenment ideas?

Liberty and equality.

What were these 'natural rights'?

Life, liberty, and property.

Describe the rococo style:

Louis XV led a much less formal lifestyle and architects designers reflected this change by creating the rococo style. The style moved away from religion and was lighter, elegant, and charming. Rococo art in salons encouraged the imagination and featured delicate shells and flowers.

Who ran one of the most respected salons?

Madame Geoffrin. In her home on the Rue St. Honore, she brought together the brightest and most talented people of her day. Mozart played there and Diderot (author of the encyclopedia) was a regular at her weekly dinners.

Who adopted rousseau's belief?

Many revolutionaries and reformers. Even Thomas Paine and marquis de Lafayette, who were leading figures in the American and French revolutions.

Who was the most radical of the enlightened despots?

Maria Theresa's son, Joseph II.

Why did prose fiction get created?

Middle-class readers liked stories about their own time told in a straightforward prose.

What were topics of discussion at salons?

New literature, the arts, science and philosophy. People often exchanged ideas here.

What did rococo paintings glorify?

Noble subjects in charming, rural settings surrounded by happy servants and pets.

Scientific successes convinced educated Europeans of what?

Of the power of human reason

How did France influence the enlightenment?

Paris, as the heart of the enlightenment, drew many intellectuals to it to debate new ideas. Reforms were quickly discussed and enlightenment ideas flowed from France, across Europe and beyond. Thinkers found traditional beliefs and customs flawed and even some monarchs experimented with Enlightenment ideas, but often drew back.

Most Europeans were untouched by courtly or middle-class culture. The majority of these people were what?

Peasants living in small, rural villages. Echoes of serfdom still remained and peasant's culture based on centuries-old traditions changed slowly.

What was the name for French thinkers who only focused on economic reforms?

Physiocrats. These thinkers based their ideas off of natural laws. They claimed that their rational economic system was based on the natural laws of economics.

Who was one of the most important figures in the development of classical music?

The Composer Franz Joseph Haydn. He developed forms for the string quartet and the symphony.

What did Voltaire detest?

The slave trade and religious prejudice.

What could natural law help explain?

The aspects of humanity.

Who did his beliefs profoundly affect?

The framers of the United States constitution.

What did baroque paintings glorify?

The lives of saints or historical battles.

How could people escape that 'brutish' life, according to Thomas Hobbes?

The people would have to enter a social contract or an agreement by which they give up their freedom for an organized society. Hobbes believed that only a powerful government could ensure an orderly society.

Why did the arts evolve in the 1600 and 1700s?

They evolve to meet changing tastes. During Louis XIV's rule, courtly art and architecture was either in the Greek or Roman tradition or in a grand, ornate style known as baroque. These paintings were full of life, excitement and color.

By the early 1700s, what did many european thinkers feel?

They felt that nothing was beyond the reach of the human mind. They believed that through the use of reason; people and their governments could solve every social, political and economic problem.

In essence what did these writers, scholars and philosophers feel?

They felt that they could change the world.

How did some philosophes escape censorship?

They hid their works in fiction. In 'The Persian Letters' Montesquieu used Persian characters to mock the government and society of France. Voltaire used the novel 'Candide' to express a hero traveling to the Americas and Middle East in search of the best of all possible worlds. He uses this tale to expose the corruption and hypocrisy of society.

What was the French government and Catholic Church's response to this?

They imprisoned Voltaire and exiled him. His books became outlawed and burned. Yet h continued to defend the principle of the freedom of speech.

Using new methods of science, what did reformers set out to do?

They set out to study human behavior and solve society's problems.

Why was rococo criticized by philosophes?

They thought it was too superficial. But rococo did have a vast audience in the upper class and with the growing middle class.

What were philosophes?

They were French thinkers in the 1700s who had a flowering of thought. They believed that the use of reason could lead to reforms of government, law and society. Their ideas soon spread beyond France and even beyond Europe. These people applied methods of science to understand and improve society.

What were most of Frederick's reforms directed at?

They were directed at making the Prussian government more efficient. He did this by reorganized the government's civil service and by simplifying laws.

Most, but not all government and church officials felt the need to do what?

To defend the old order and old ways. They believed that God had set up the old order and to protect against the Enlightenment attacks they waged a war of censorship.

True or False: Britain's territory expand close to home.

True. In 1707, England and Wales united with Scotland to become the U.K of Great Britain.