Enlightenment, French Revolution, 18th Century Europe

Ancien Regime

"old order" patterns of social, political, and economic relationships in France pre-Revolution. Characterized by the rule of absolute monarchies w/bureaucracy & aristocratic army, scarcity of food, predominant agriculture, slow transport, competitive commercial overseas empires, unsophisticated financial institutions. Stuck to tradition, hierarchy, corporate feeling & noble privileges.

resistance to napoleonic rule- where, strongest

. Spain - popular resistance to the rule of Napoleon's brother Joseph was immediate. There were demonstrations and riots in Madrid. The brutal repression with which Napoleon's troops met these demonstrations only stiffened opposition. Opposition to French domination grew into what has been called the first example of guerrilla warfare, as loosely organized pockets of opposition carried out raids throughout Spain in a sporadic and unpredictable way which the French could do little to prevent.

girondists

A group of Jacobins who took control of the Legislative Assembly. . They became in control of the Legislative Assembly, and, in control, they became devoted to suppressing the counterrevolutionaries. They ordered the émigrés to return and the clergy to accept the civil constitution of the clergy. However, these moves were both vetoed by the king. They also declared war on Austria in order to preserve the Revolution. These acts were radical attempts to continue the revolution.

Laissez-faire

An economic doctrine that holds that an economy is best served when the government does not interfere but allows the economy to self-regulate according to the forces of supply and demand. ADAM SMITH

emigres

Aristocrats that fled France to countries near the french border in order to support counter-revolution

Tabula Rasa

John Locke's theory about humans said we all enter the world with a tabula rasa - (blank slate) personality is a product of the sensations only experiences shape your character human nature is changeable rejected the christian belief that people are flawed by sin

fall of the bastille

July 11, 1789- louis dismissed his popular finance minister, jacques necker who was sympathetic to the middle class; his dismissal was seen as an attempt to undermine the NA Louis refused to become a const. monarch the bastille was a royal prison and symbol of despotism July 14, 800 Parisians storm the Bastille seeking ammunition for a militia act of revolt against the king 200 killed or wounded revolution spreads signaled that the NA would decide France's political future July 15- militias of Paris (national guard) asks the marquis de lafayette to be its commander

civil constitution of the clergy

NA changed the Catholic church into a branch of the state bishops and priests could be elected and became salaried state employees used church lands to lower debt did not consult with the pope or clergy about changes Louis reluctantly approved it created bad blood w the church condemned by the pope

women's march to versailles

Parisian women walk to Versailles and demand reforms some of Marie Antoinette's guards were killed royal family was brought back to Paris and put under house arrest people were starving and tired of hearing about lavish banquets ex. of popular insurrection France was then stable and peaceful until the summer of 1792

Crane Brinton's Stages of the Revolution

Stage 1 Fall of the Old Order Revolutions usually cannot occur until a ruler becomes week. weakness means starvation and unfair taxes Stage 2 Rule by Moderates The people relax because they think that goal has been achieved. A moderate group rules. overthrowing the old order rarely works. Stage 3 The Terror Once people realize old problems still exist they look for someone to blame. Radicals take control, push for more extreme changes and execute "enemies of the revolution" Stage 4 Turn from Radical Rule In time violence sickens people and the use of terror ends. The former radicals adopt a more gradual plan for effecting change. Stage 5 Military Rule Terror kills most of country's leaders. Then the turn from radicalism makes people doubt revolutionary ideals. A military leader steps into the gap and becomes dictator. Stage 6 Restoration When the dictatorship ends, through death or overthrow, a power vacuum results. The order that existed before the revolution (or something similar) is restored.

diplomatic revolution

The Seven Years' War was caused by Maria Theresa's refusal to accept the loss of Silesia. She prepared her army while her foreign minister worked diplomatically to separate Prussia from France. In 1756, Austria achieved a diplomatic revolution.

scorched-earth policy/invasion of Russia

The scorched-earth policy is a military strategy. When troops go through an area, their general will command them to burn everything around them down. This means that the next army to come through the area will have no shelter, food and there may not be any clean water. The Russian armies used this extensively against Napoleon. When he reached Moscow with his troops, he found it totally burned down and worthless to him and his army. After seeing Moscow, he was forced to retreat back to France.

napoleon's continental system

The system organized by Napoleon that intended to cripple Britain economically. He hoped to cut off British trade with the European continent. Britain survived proving the success of their markets in North and South America; it also badly hurt European economies, greatly injuring trade in France; this led to Napoleon's ruin

tennis court oath

Was a pivotal event during the first days of the french revolution. The oath was a pledge signed by 567 of the 577 members from the third Estate who were locked out of a meeting of the Estate-General on 20 june 1789 "never to separate and to meet wherever the circumstances might require until we have established a sound and just constitution"

declaration of the rights of woman

Written in 1791 by Olympe de Gouges, a Parisian radical addressed it to Marie Antoinette reprinted the dec. of the rights of man and added women to its clauses demanded women be regarded as citizens too outlined rights that would permit women to own property and have an equal education as men

Locke

Wrote Two Treatsies of Government: all men are naturally free, equal, independent, and no one can be forced into political relations without his/her consent. Since people want to "preserve their property by forming their government," the people are allowed to revolt if the authorities take away their objectives. Scottish economist who advocated private enterprise and free trade (1723-1790) (classical economic theory)

Smith +lassiez-faire MAIN IDEAS Believes it is beneficial to the state to participate in open trade. States and Power: Commerce, Trade Enlightenment caused Smith to think outside the box to convince the public to participate in something productive and positive for the state.

Wrote the Wealth of Nations: 1. What benefit does open trade bring to the state? It regulates the industry and when the state receives more imports than the number of exports it sends out, the state gets a positive net profit from the goods that are being traded. When the quantity of gold and silver imported into any country exceeds the effectual demand, no caution of the government can prevent their exportation. 2. Do you think Smith views human nature in a positive or negative way? Smith believes people seek material comfort and are naturally sociable as they are motivated to succeed in commerce. The processes that come with trade are guided by human nature which begins with the expansion of productivity in making necessities, then switching to making international luxuries. 3. What is "enlightened" about Smith's theories? Smith's theories are enlightened because he is informing, sharing knowledge, enlightening the people on a topic that should be of great use to the Europeans. His ideas for commerce and trade are in the Wealth of Nations to benefit the economy of the European states.

sans culottes

a group made up of working class French citizens who had experienced hardship because of the assignats. This group was important to the economy of France. Their main goal was to overcome social inequality and have food available to all citizens. Mob rule was their primary instrument for action, and they used the Paris Commune for politics. They were a very effective group that advocated revolution.

Rousseau: Which of the following aspects of the Enlightenment is Rousseau's argument based upon? a.The concept of natural rights b.Principles of equality c.New philosophies of skepticism d.An increased reliance upon reason 9. Which of the following thinkers would have had the most influence on the excerpt above? a.Voltaire b.Denis Diderot c.Adam Smith d.John Locke 10. Rousseau's ideas as reflected in the excerpt above contributed most to which of the following? a.Challenges from women who wanted to be included in political life b.The policies of the enlightened monarchs such as Catherine the Great c.The ideals of the French Revolution d.The subsequent Romantic movement, which challenged exclusive reliance upon reason

a, d, c. Wrote the Social Contract Rousseau believes women were created to please men and bear children. Their purpose is to please men, be useful to them, make herself loved and honored by them, counsel her husband, make his life sett and agreeable, and to raise her children and care for them until they are grown.

Catherine the Great

after peter became the czar, he was deposed and later murdered and she became empress of russia est. a school for daughters of nobles est. commission to revise laws and gov befriended nobles exports grew dramatically expanding middle class- vital for russian trade 1771- army gains control of lands on the danube river and crimean coast of the black sea most of crimea became ind. from ottoman empire, annexed in 1783 by russia 1785- issued the charter of the nobility- guaranteed nobles many rights and privileges 1772- 1st partition of Poland 1793- Prussia and Russia partition Poland and do so again in 1795 along w Austria Poland's political weakness left it vulnerable she censored enlightenment books during the french rev.

seven years' war

aka the french and indian war 1st truly global conflict commercial interests of france and britain clash in n. america began when frederick II invaded saxony austria allied with france and later with sweden and russia britain allied with prussia british troops forced french canadians to emigrate to new orleans and captured montreal in 1760 britain's national debt doubled treaty of paris- prussia kept silesia, saxony, and got its independence from HRE; britain got canada and florida; spain got louisiana frederick became the great and prussia grew france was no longer a colonial power britain became a world power ALSO: 1740-48)Conflict caused by the rival claims for the dominions of the Habsburg family. Before the death of Charles VI, Holy Roman emperor and archduke of Austria, many of the European powers had guaranteed that Charles's daughter Maria Theresa would succeed him.

war of the Austrian succession

began after maria theresa became HR empress frederick II of prussia invaded silesia the habsburgs' wealthiest province invasion shattered the pragmatic sanction bohemian nobles rebelled against the habsburg rule maria theresa convinced the hungarian diet to provide an army and cavalry of 40,000 men hungarian troops put down revolt prussian allies were france, saxony, bavaria, and spain britain supported austria and sought to preserve its territory of hanover war ends in a stalemate treaty of aix-la-chapelle: prussia got silesia and nobles gain new rights maria theresa preserved the habsburgs as a major political power

spread of enlightenment ideas

began in paris and spread throughout europe

A Vindication of the Rights of Woman

by Mary Wollstoncraft: rejected distinct and separate spheres for men and women denying good education to women would impede the progress of humanity demanded liberty for women that men had advocated for themselves power of men over women was wrong women have reason and are entitled to equal rights

effects of the french revolution

central political event of modern european history expansive view of human rights marxists view it as the rise of the bourgeoisie emergence of the middle class france experiences diff. types of gov't changes society, religion, and politics class system ends and catholic church lost power

the Agricultural Revolution

changes in the european diet raised productivity and increased supply of food new techniques resulted in a rise in production more farm profits provided capital for investment landlords commercialized agriculture and challenged trad. peasant ways of production pressures of growing pop and shortage of land req. changes in land cultivation dutch created better ways to build dikes and drain land experiment w clover and turnips to increase the supply of animal food and restore soil jethro tull rejects using manure as fertilizer and intro the iron plow to longer cultivate land charles townsend instituted crop rotation crop rotation restored nutrients to the soil, supplied animal food, leading to more food for landowners in england, rising price of wheat encouraged landlords to consolidate or enclose their lands to increase production in prussia, austria, poland and russia agricultural improvement was limited

committee of public safety

est. by the convention in 1793 led by anon and robespierre anyone could be arrested for no reason ran france silenced political oppression believed they would create a republic of virtue- new in world history, people would sacrifice their self-interests for the good of the republic

count wenzel von kaunitz

foreign minister of Austria under Maria Theresa who seperated Prussia from it's ally France

constitution on 1791

france's 1st written constitution est. a constitutional monarchy with a unicameral legislature NA had most of the power political authority no longer achieved by hereditary privilege of purchased titles abolished the parlements

Louis XVI

grandson of Louis XV marriage of marie antoinette of austria united rival bourbon and habsburg dynasties wasn't interested in ruling and was ill suited to be king court dominated by factions vying for power helped colonists win the american revolution unable to grasp financial details forced to call on the estates general

Causes of the French Revolution

growing middle class tensions between classes bad harvests famine led to inflation urban riots a growing population lots of debts

Joseph II

habsburg emperor of austria son of maria theresa who co-ruled with her until 1780 wanted to improve lives of his subjects and ended hereditary privileges granted freedom of worship to lutherans, calvinists, and orthodox extended private worship to jews and revoked special taxes on them sought to bring catholic institutions under royal control dissolved monasteries and took away their land made priests state employees brought mozart to his court, commissioning the 1st opera in german freed serfs, alienating nobles proposed new system of land taxation- blocked by the nobles and didn't go into effect because he died reforms were too much for austria issued 6000 decrees and 11000 laws during his reign died at 49 and his brother leopold II undid his reforms wrote his own epitaph: here lies joseph II, who was unfortunate in everything that he undertook

napoleonic code

in 1902 when Napoleon was elected consul for life, he produced a constitution that essentially granted him total authority and power; it protected the benefits gained during the revolution and kept the suffrages abolished; however, it gave women less rights and influence

declaration of the rights of man and the citizen

issued by the NA in 1789 declared men are born and remain free mirrors our declaration of independence limited monarchy's role and power emphasized equality and individual rights radical for its time included presumption of innocence until proven guilty, freedom of religion, taxation based on ability to pay condemned absolute monarchy and social hierarchy ended privileges of nobles excluded women (seen as inferior)

Frederick the Great

king of prussia directed attention to agriculture turned his court into a center of learning freed the serfs allowed catholics and jews to settle in his predominantly lutheran country revamped the legal system, reducing influence of the junkers instituted reforms to make prussia more powerful

robespierre

leading figure on the committee jesuit trained lawyer said france needed a temporary dictatorship to gain freedom favored a republic and used the jacobin club to advance his ideas and gain power

national assembly

liberal nobles and clergy supported the 3rd estate- shared interests and reforms sought was created by the 3rd estate as a new legislative body June 20- locked out of their meeting place, they went to a nearby tennis court to continue working until France had a constitution Louis XVI declared their deliberations invalid Louis asked the 1st and 2nd estates to meet with them and vote by head rather than by order

the reign of terror

lots of fear, confusion and death unusual and defining event of the rev. gov't sought to defend its political and social order carried out by a small minority of politicians who declared they were looking out for the people

Philosophes views of Christianity

many philosophes believed religion stood in the way of human improvement and happiness criticized catholics churches hindered the pursuit of rational life and scientific study of humanity and nature deism- most philosophes believed the life of religion and reason could be combined, leading to this new movement; promoted religion as a rational and natural phenomenon rather than supernatural deists regarded god as a divine watchmaker who created nature and then left deists hoped their faith would end rivalry, conflict and persecution among christian sects

napoleon bonaparte

military leader who rose to power in France when they needed a leader to pull them out of the slums of the Revolution; he conquered a great mass of Europe and ruled one of the largest kingdoms in all of history

Voltaire: Voltaire's analysis most directly reflects his philosophy about which of the following issues during the Enlightenment era? a) The rise of deism b) Religious toleration c) An increase in atheism d) An increase in warfare 5. The actions of ecclesiastical authorities as described by Voltaire in this excerpt contributed to which of the following? a) The Edict of Nantes being used as a model of religious tolerance throughout the continent b) State exploitation of religious conflicts to promote political and economic interests c) Anabaptists refusing to recognize the authority of the state d) The revival of the Catholic Church through the Council of Trent 6. Voltaire and other Enlightened thinkers would have been most directly influenced by a) earlier intellectual movements that focused on studying the classics, such as Italian humanism. b) the principles of the Scientific Revolution and their application to society. c) new economic ideas such as Adam Smith's, which espoused free trade and a free market. d) the use of Baroque art and music to glorify state power. 7. Which of the following, based on the above excerpt, would be a result of the Enlightenment era? a) The triumph of mercantilism over economic policies such as Adam Smith's b) Literary movements based upon the idea of reason and natural law c) Extended religious toleration in many areas of Europe d) A policy of de-Christianization throughout the continent

most famous for his book candide: his attacks on the established Catholic Church, and his advocacy of freedom of religion, freedom of expression, and separation of church and state. and On Toleration. b, b, b, & c MAIN IDEAS Believes in religious toleration; without it, people are constantly fighting for their beliefs. Individual and Society: Religious Toleration. Religious toleration would prevent Europe from having another Thirty Years' War.

deism

most philosophes believed the life of religion and reason could be combined, leading to this new movement; promoted religion as a rational and natural phenomenon rather than supernatural

enlightened absolutism

most philosophes did not favor montesquieu's reforms or rousseau's democracy as a solution to political problems philosophes looked to existing monarchs to reform their countries' economic and political structures voltaire and diderot visited catherine the great monarchs embraced some reforms advocated by the philosophes search for new revenues and internal political support was an incentive promoting the enlightened reforms of monarchs in russia, austria, and prussia

the great fear

movement that swept across the countryside rumors spread that royal troops were coming peasants burned the chateaux, destroyed records and refused to pay feudal dues- many sought food, supplies, and control of the land NA declared on Aug 4th that all french citizens were subject to the same and equal laws high food prices due to poor harvest cold winter saw food riots and starvation

the directory

political system of civic equality instead of social status prevailed victory of bourgeoisie and peasants who now owned land showed secular idea of nationhood and representation for all citizens france was still at war w britain and austria there wasn't much support for the directory the directory relied on army's power to govern- later replaced by the consulate and napoleon

empress maria theresa

r. 1740-1780) Won the War of Austrian Succession after defeating Frederick II of Prussia, but losing Silesia.

constitution of 1795

reflected thermidorian determination to reject monarchy and democracy bicameral legislature and 5 executives (directors) ran France all men over 21 were citizens

Thermidorian reaction

response to the Reign of Terror- cooling off began in july 1794 new regime that destroyed the machinery of terror result of widespread belief that the rev. had become too radical return of law and order to france jacobin clubs were closed revival of catholic worship moderates returned to power new constitution written

Estates-General

rough estimate of a rep. body 1st.clergy, 2nd.nobility, 3rd.middle class peasants 3rd estate= 95% of france's population who wanted more say in the gov. aristocracy sought to limit the thirds influence by seeking an equal number of reps for each estate parlement of paris ruled voting in the estates general should be done by the estate, rather than each member having a vote 3rd estate faced discrimination from nobility royal council decided because of the monarchy and fiscal reform, it would be best served by strengthening the 3rd estate

classical economic theory

the idea that free markets can regulate themselves, government should not involve itself.

metric system

the invention of the Assembly that allowed for uniform weights and measures

Views of the philosophes on society, government, and religion

were not just philosophers because they sought to apply rules of reason and common sense to institutions and social practices called for reforms (slavery violated the principle of human freedom) came from different social classes, generations and nations disagreed on best type of gov and religion supported economic growth, expanding trade, new manufacturing they all shared a common desire to reform religion, political thought, society and gov

jacobins

were one of the most known political clubs formed by the deputies of the third estate. They advocated for a republic as opposed to the traditional monarchy. They were influenced largely by the Enlightenment and the radical thinker, Rousseau.

Montesquieu MAIN IDEAS: Believes the government should be separated into different branches that are assigned objectives. Knowledge and Visions: Different types of Governments The role of Parliament in the British government was being debated before this.

wrote the spirit of the laws: developed separation of powers: a doctrine that separated executive, legislative, and judicial powers serve to limit and control each other. 1. Why does Montesquieu include so many references to classical Greece and Rome? Montesquieu presents many examples to past rulers of Greece and Rome to inform the public that rulers before them used many different tactics, and followed different structures of governments. He is informing the public of the outcomes of the different types of governments so that they can decide for themselves which end result they would like. 2. What influences did this study of law have on the United States as it developed its own law code? This influenced the development of a democracy in the United States because he states that in order for one to run in an election, that man must be presented as a valid candidate. A person will be elected when the majority vote says so. This is different from the monarchies and dictators Europe had seen in its past. A president would be selected based on merit. People that were utterly unqualified would be sent back to the beginning before being given another chance to run for office. 3. Find an example in which Montesquieu discusses the separation of powers. What does he say? "Again, there is no liberty, if the judiciary power be not separated from the legislative and executive." Montesquieu is saying that the judicial branch should be separate from the legislative and executive. Each branch has its own responsibilities and functions that it, specifically, needs to carry out. Personnel of the three branches should not coincide.