ENTO 3003 Exam 1 Review

Theobald Smith and F.L. Kilbourne

1890's researchers with the USDA that established that the pathogen causing Texas Cattle Fever was transmitted by a tick

Continuous System

A blood meal is stored in the anterior midgut before portions are gradually passed down through the digestive and absorbtive regions of the midgut

Diapause

A resting state for insects and arthropods in which a very low metabolism is maintained.

Mechanoreceptors

A sensory structure that perceives pressure, vibration, stretching or compression of body parts associated with muscular activity

Histolysis

Activates Imaginal Discs Larval tissue are digested by phagocytic hemocytes and are carried in the hemolymph

Imaginal Discs + Histolysis + Histogenesis =

Adult

The sexual stage of the Arthropod Life Cycle

Adult

The four forms of metamorphosis in Arthropods

Ametabolous Paurometabolous Hemimetaboulous Holometabolous

The mosquito genus, __________________________, identifiable by its ____________________ wings, was found to be the transmitter of malaria.

Anopheles, dappled

The three things all blood-feeding arthropods have in their saliva:

Anticlotting mechanism Vasodilator mechanism Anti platelet mechanism

Name the two basic patterns of digestion in Blood Sucking insects

Batch System Continuous System

System created by Carl Linneaus that classifies plants and animals

Binomial Nomenclature

Systematics research creates a classification that: - ______________________________________ - Develops characters for identification - Allows for scientific predictions - _____________________________________

Clarifies relationships, Provides a unifying structure in biology

Holometabolous

Complete Metamorphosis, in which the life stages are: Egg - Larva - Pupa - Adult

3 Stages of Parasite Life Cycles

Developmental Stage Pre-Adult Stage Adult Stage

Aestivation

Diapause occurring in the summer

Hibernation

Diapause occurring in the winter

Batch System

Digestion of blood proceeds almost simultaneously over the surface of the food bolus

Alimentary Canal

Digestive tube that extends from the mouth to the anus

The midgut contains what 4 cell types?

Digestive, Regenerative, Endocrine, Goblet

All Arthropods go from:

Eggs Immature (Larva, Nymph, or Naiad) Adult Egg

Growth stages of ticks and mites

Eggs - Larva - Nymph - Adult

Apolysis III

Epidermal cells secrete a new layer of epicuticle

Where does the Midgut start and end?

Extends from the Stomedeal valve to the proctodeal valve.

The three components of the Alimentary Canal

Foregut, Midgut, Hindgut

What branches in the insect Nervous System composed of?

Frontal, thoracic, and abdominal ganglia

In Latin Binomial , the __________________________ is a larger unit, which includes several species

Genus

Latin Binomial gives all organisms a _________________ and __________________ name, in Latin. In Latin Binomial all organisms fit into a HIERACHY

Genus and Species

Paurometabolous

Gradual metamorphosis in which the life stages are: Egg - Nymph - Adult

Father of Livestock Entomology

Herbert Osborn

What insects utilize a continuous system in blood meal digestion?

Higher order Diptera and Hemiptera

What is the framework when a insect goes from complete change from the larval stage to the adult stage?

Imaginal Discs

Visceral Nervous System

Includes the involuntary motion of viscera

Hemimetabolous

Incomplete metamorphosis in which the life stages are: Egg - Naiads - Adults

The two main hormones involved in Ecdysis

Juvenile Growth Hormone Ecdysone

What is the mnemonic device for memorizing Taxonomic Hierarchy?

Keep Putting Coffee On For Good Students

List the Tanonomic Hierachy from large to small

Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

All living things are related through evolution. As such, these relations can be seen through similar structures/shapes or genes. Therefore, it can be assumed that more closely related things/organisms _____________ alike. We use this observation to

LOOK

Ventriculous

Main site of digestion and absorption of food

Apolysis IV

Molting fluid from Apolysis II becomes active and begins to digest and recycle the old endocuticle

A Larval Instar stage ends when the larva __________________

Molts

The first classifying traits used

Morphological

What insects utilize a batch system in blood meal digestion?

Mosquitoes, sand flies, and fleas

Malaria, a human disease, is transmitted only by certain types of __________________, which carry the disease causing parasite in their guts.

Mosquitos

In what insect growth stage is the Ecdysone Hormone most involved?

Most involved in the Pupa to Adult molt stages

In what insect growth stage is JGH hormone most involved?

Most present in the Larva and Pupa molt stages

Classifying an organism involves naming things "______________" or "_________________"

Nomeclature, Taxonomy

Imaginal Discs

Primordial Cells in holometabolous larvae that encode for imaginal organs

When do imaginal discs become active?

Pupa Stage

Ecdysis

Remains of old cuticle are split open by insect and insect emerges, shedding old skin

Name the 4 important worms

Roundworms Tapeworms Flukes Coccidia

Theobald Smith and F.L. Kilbourne

Saved the United States $3 billion dollars with their discovery of the Texas Cattle Fever Tick

The three structural neuron types

Sensory, Motor, Interneuron

The basis for all classification

Similarity

In Latin Binomial the ____________________ is the unit of classification

Species

What arthropod undergoes indeterminate growth

Spiders

Where does the foregut start and end?

Starts at the mouth, ends at the proventriculus

Subclinical parasitism

Subtle signs exhibited by host that are not as visible or noticeable as clinical parasitism. Such as reduced weaning weight, milk production, reproductive performance, growth rate, etc.

Apolysis I

Swelling and multiplying of Epidermal cells causes the separation of the epidermis from the endocuticle, creating a space.

Classification also involves the relationship between things; "phylogenetics" or "____________________"

Systematics

Oviposition

The act of laying or depositing eggs

Hypermetamorphosis

The availability of holometabolous insects to have different morphological instars that are different from other instars

Neurons

The basic functional unit of the nervous system

Molting

The end result of apolysis and ecdysis

Discovery of the Texas Cattle Fever Tick

The first time arthropods were proven to be the transmitter of a disease affecting livestock

What does the Foregut do?

The foregut is primarily involved with the grinding and digestion of food

Histogenesis

The formation of adult structures from larval tissues

What is the function of the midgut?

The midgut absorbs and utilizes food that was digested in the foregut.

Voltinism

The number of generations of organisms per year

Type I Peritrophic Matrix

The peritrophic envelop I secreted from cells along the midgut ONLY when a blood meal is present

Type II Peritrophic Matrix

The peritrophic envelop is produced by the proventriculous and is continuously secreted, forming a cylinder lining the midgut of both FED AND UNFED bloodfeeders

The _______________________________________ is key to unlocking all biological information associated with an organism

The right name

Apolysis

The separation of the cuticle from the underlying epidermis

Apolysis II

The space between the endocuticle and epidermis created in Apolysis I is filled with a "molting fluid," a gel that contains inactive enzymes which will later activate to form a new procuticle.

Veterunary Parasitiology

The study of animal parasites , especially relationships between parasites and animal hosts

Systematics

The study of the different kinds of and diversity of organisms and their relationships to one another

Phenology

The timing of life cycles

Why do we classify organisms?

To identify species. Predict characteristics. Find evolutionary links. Allows us to better understand the relationships between

3 Divisions of Veterinary Parasitiology

Vet Protozoology Vet Helminthology Vet Entomology

Clinical Parasitism

When host is no longer able to compensate for parasitic load & animal is showing overt signs of disease

Ametabolous

undergoing slight or no metamorphosis