ENTOMOLOGY

Migratory Locust (Locusta migratoria)

- Acrididae Family - Most widespread Locust species - Afriaca, Autrailia, Asia, New Zealand - Locust swarms vary from less than one square kilometer to several hundred square kilometer with 40 to 80 million per square kilometer? - For every million locusts, 1 ton of food is eaten

Differential Grasshopper (M. differentialis)

- Acrididae Family? - Northern Mexico, central U.S. - Brownish or greenish, color darkens w/ age - Black grooves on Pronotum? - Inverted chevrons along hind femur

Two-striped Grasshopper (Melanoplus bivittatus)

- Acrididae Family? - common across U.S. - relatively large, 30 to 55 mm - pair of pale yellow stripes running along the top of body from above eyes to the hind tip of wings

Major Families in the Order Dictyoptera

- Blattidae (Oriental Cockroach, American Cockroach) - Blatellidae (German Cockroach)

COLLEMBOLA

- Collembola/Springtails are in the sub-phylum Hexapoda, but are NOT insects - Very small .25-6 mm -live in soil, leaf litter, under bark, fungus - Eat vegetation, fungi, bacteria, pollen, algae - Have Collophore (for water uptake) - Furcula allows them to jump

ENDOPTERYGOTA

- Complete metamorphosis / Holometabola - Larval and adult stages very different in structure and behavior

Gryllidae (true crickets)

- Family under Order Orthoptera - Antennae thread-like, length equal to body or longer - Tarsi 3 segmented - Tympanum on front tarsi - Females have cylindrical or needle shaped ovipositor - Omnivorous scavengers

Tettigoniidae (Long-horned Grasshoppers, Katydids)

- Family under Order Orthoptera - Antennae thread-like, length equal to body or longer - Tarsi 4 segmented - Tympanum on front tibia - eat plants and other insects - females have long, blade-like ovipositor

Gryllotalpidae (mole crickets)

- Family under Order Orthoptera - Front legs adapted for digging - Feed on roots of plants, some predatory - Spend lives underground in extensive tunnel systems

Tetrigidae (Pygmy Grasshoppers)

- Family under Order Orthoptera - Less than 20 mm, often smaller - Pronotum is highly elongated, tapered, extends to back of abdomen - Coloration and pattern, even within a single species, are variable - Temperate regions, along streams, ponds, they feed on algae and diatoms

Phasmatidae

- Family under Order Phasmida - Walking Sticks - include biggest insects in existence. Phobaeticus chani, i.e., Chan's Megastick (hahaha!) is almost 2 feet long - temperate zones/climates - seldom abundant enough to cause harm to host plants, but some in tropics can defoliate trees and cause economic loss

Major Families in the Order Dermaptera

- Forficulidae (common) - Labiduridae (reddish brown??) - Carcinophoridae (dark brown or black??)

EXOPTERYGOTA

- Incomplete metamorphosis / Hemipterodea - The young resemble adults (but have externally developing wings?)

DERMAPTERA

- Order Dermaptera (Earwigs) - scavengers or herbavores - tarsi 3 segmented - front wings short, leathery - hind wings semicircular, pleated - cerci enlarged to form pincers (harmless to humans) - no economic importance

Blattella germanica / German Cockroach

- Order Dictyoptera, Family Blatellidae - 0.51-0.63 in. long - has wings but cannot sustain flight

Periplaneta americana / American Cockroach

- Order Dictyoptera, Family Blattidae - introduced species from Africa - avg. length 1.6 in. - one of the fastest running insects

Blattella asahinai / Oriental Cockroach

- Order Dictyoptera, Family Blattidae - wings longer than German Cockroach - strong flyer - attracted to light prefers to live outdoors

Gromphadorhina portentosa / Madagascar Hissing Roach

- Order Dictyoptera, Family? - one of the largest species of cockroaches, 2-3 in. - wingless - males distinguished from females by their thicker, hairier antennae and pronounced "horns" on pronotum

Supella longipalpa / Brown Banded Cockroach

- Order Dictyopteran, Family ? - small species, 5/8 in. long - females have wings that don't cover abdomen completely

GRYLLOBLATTARIA

- Order Grylloblattaria / Rock Crawlers - high elevation, active only when cold, follow cold temps. - body cylindrical - tarsi, 5 segments - wingless (not pterygote???) - cerci long, 8 segments

Phasmida Families include...

- Phasmatidae (walking sticks) - Timemidae (leaf insects)

Major Families in the Order Isoptera

- Rhinotermitidae (Subterranean termites) - Hodotermitidae (Rottenwood termites) - Kalotermitidae (drywood and dampwood termites) - Termitidae (largest family of termites)

ISOPTERA

- Termites - digestive systems contain symbiotic protozoa or bacteria that digest cellulose in wood - US losses d/t termite infest. Est. at more than 800 million $ - important decomposers (break down and recycle up to 1/3 of annual production of dead wood) - the only hemimetabolous insects that exhibit true social behavior (eusocial) - body pale in color, ant-like in appearance (immatures) - body may be dark (adult reproductives?) - antennae beaded - chewing mouth parts, sometimes large mandibles (soldiers) -tropical, sub-tropical environment

ORTHOPTEROID INSECTS - Characteristics

- special, unspecialized body-plan - abdominal cerci - chewing mouthparts - long multi-segmented antennae - adults have 4 wings - front wings (tegmina) are thickened or leathery - in flight, front and hind wings operate independently

Timemidae (leaf insects)

- use camouflage to take on appearance of a leaf - when insect walks, also sways to mimic real leaf being blown in the wind - live in South Asia through Southeast Asia to Australia

DIPLURA

-Diplura/Two-Pronged Bristletails are in in the sub-phylum Hexapoda, but are NOT insects -2-5 mm long, eyeless, unpigmented, live in moist soil and leaf litter

PROTURA

-Protura/Coneheads are in the sub-phylum Hexapoda, but are NOT insects - <2mm long, no eyes, no antennae, no pigment, live in soil

Insecta Body Plan

-head -thorax (3 segmented) -abdomen (11 segmented) *appendages are on the thorax, never on abdomen

Acrididae Family (short-horned grasshoppers and locusts)

-pronotum does not extend beyond base of wings -wings usually well-developed, but short (brachypterous) or absent (apterous) in some species -antennae short, typically about one-half body length -tympana (hearing organs), if present, are on the sides of the first abdominal segment -hind femora greatly enlarged (for jumping), typically about as long as hind wings -ovipositor short and stout -tarsi have three segments, often w/ conspicuous pad (arolium) between claws - includes many pest species Phylum - Arthropoda Class - Insecta Order - Orthoptera Family - Acrididae

Phylum Arthropoda includes these non-insects

1. Arachnida (spiders, scorpions) 2. Myriapoda (centipedes, millipedes) 3. Crustacea (lobsters, crabs) 4. Trilobitomorpha (?)

Exopterygota includes these orders

1. Dermaptera - earwigs 2. Orthoptera - grasshoppers, crickets 3. Phasmatodea - stick insects 4. Blattaria - roaches 5. Isoptera - termites 6. Hemiptera - true bugs

Characteristics of Class Insecta

1. Distinctive antennal structure (no muscles beyond two basal segments?) 2. Exoskeleton composed of chitin 3. Wax layer covering the exoskeleton 4. Complete respiratory (tracheal) system with external valves (spiracles) 5. Compound eye (some have "simple eye")

Endopterygota includes these orders

1. Hymenoptera - bees, wasps 2. Coleoptera - beetles 3. Diptera - flies 4. Lepidoptera - butterflies, moths 5. Neuroptera - lacewings 6. Siphonaptera - fleas

Orthoptera characteristics

1. robust femur - for jumping 2. antennae filiform 3. pronotum shield like, covers most of thorax 4. tarsi - 3 or 4 segments 5. cerci short, unsegmented, pair at end of abdomen

Chevrons

>>>>>>>>>>>>

Orthoptera - Major Families

Acrididae - short horned grasshoppers and locusts Gryllidae - true or field crickets Tetrigidae - pygmy grasshoppers Gryllotalpidae - mole crickets Tettigoniidae - long-horned grasshoppers and katydids

What is a compound eye?

All insects have a compound eye (some also have a "simple eye"). The compound eye is made up of multiple lenses - good for detecting movement, not detail.

What Phylum are insects in?

Anthropoda

CERCI

Cerci (singular Cercus) are paired appendages on the abdomen of many species of insect. Cerci perform a sensory function. The size of cerci varies between species with some having barely discernible cerci while others, like earwigs, having stout and obvious cerci (sometimes called pincers).

Sub-Phylum Hexapoda include these non-insects

Collembola Diplura Protura

What Sub-Phylum are insects in?

Hexapoda

What Class are insects in?

Insecta

How do insects breath?

Insects have a complete respiratory (tracheal, i.e. tubes) system with external valves called spiracles. Insects breath through openings/spiracles in the abdomen - lead into trachea. Insects can open and close spiracles (why hard to kill certain insects with fogger?)

MICROCORYPHIA

Insects in the Order Microcoryphia (also called Archaeognatha) / "Jumping Bristletails" 1. WINGLESS (i.e. sub-class Apterygote) 2. elongated? 3. pair of antennae 4. End of the abdomen they have two cerci and a central caudal filament 5. segmented abdominal stylets 6. monocondylic 7. subcoxa 8. found under leaf litter, stones and logs

THYSANURA

Insects in the Order Thysanura / Silverfish Firebrats 1. WINGLESS (sub-class Apterygote) 2. flattened bodies, elongated or oval shape 3. fast-running 4. emerge after dark to search for food 5. like damp corners, books and paper 6. EAT PASTE! Alos, cereals, paper, starch in clothes, rayon and dried meats

ORTHOPTERA

Insects within the Order Orthoptera are often called grasshoppers and crickets but have many other names such as locusts and katydids. Grasshoppers and crickets often posses large hind legs which they use for jumping. Many species are capable of "singing". In grasshoppers this is often achieved by rubbing the legs together or against the side of the body. In crickets it is often the wings that are rubbed together to make a distinctive call.

TAXONOMY - List Groupings

Kingdom, Phylum Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species (Kinky People Come Over For Group Sex)

PHASMIDA

Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Subphylum: Hexapoda Class: Insecta *Sub-class: Pterygote *Division: Exopterygota Order Phasmida (Walkingsticks, leaf insects) - All are herbivores - slender, cylindrical shape - colored to resemble twigs and branches on which they live - slow moving - most are brachypterous (have reduced wings) or secondarily wingless - tarsi 5 segmented - cerci short, unsegmented

FILIFORM

thread-like antennae?

Insect Leg

coxa, trochanter, femer, tibia, tarsus (tarsal segments)

DICTYOPTERA

Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Subphylum: Hexapoda Class: Insecta *Sub-class: Pterygote *Division: Exopterygota Order: Dictyoptera (Cockroaches) - scavengers or omnivores - abundant in tropical or subtropical climates, also found in temperate and boreal regions - oval, somewhat flattened body, adapted for running and squeezing into narrow openings (5 tarsi) - tarsi 5 segmented - instead of flying they scurry into cracks and crevices - most of the head and thorax covered and protected by large pronotum - females produce ootheca (also in mantids) - front wings thickened, hind wings membranous - cerci short, multi-segmented - 50 species in 5 families in North America

Locust Swarms

Locusts are sometimes solitary insects but have behavioral phase called the gregarious phase. When environmental conditions produce many green plants and promote breeding, locusts can congregate into thick, mobile, ravenous swarms. Locust swarms devastate crops and cause major agricultural damage and attendant human misery—famine and starvation. A desert locust swarm can be 460 square miles (1,200 square kilometers) in size and pack between 40 and 80 million locusts into less than half a square mile (one square kilometer).

Monocondylic

Mandibles connect with the head capsule in only one place?

ARACHNIDS

Non-insect Hexapods, Spiders, Scorpions

MYRIAPODS

Non-insect Hexapods, Centipedes, Millipedes

PTERYGOTE

Pterygota is the name given to the Subclass of insects that possess WINGS Within the Pterygota the Subclass is divided into two further divisions depending on how WINGS develop: Endopterygota - insects undergoing complete metamorphosis Exopterygota - insects undergoing incomplete metamorphosis * There are 12? Orders in sub-class Pterygote?*

Subcoxa

Ring-like segment at the base of each leg (e.g. Order Microcoryphia)

APTERYGOTE Characteristics

Share "primitive" characteristics with Myriapods and non-insect Hexapods: 1. Continue to molt as adults 2. Short, segmented appendages along sides of abdomen 3. Males leave spermatophores on the ground for females to pick up

FURCULA

Tail (Collembola/Springtails have a furcula)

TEGMINA

Tegmina (singular Tegmen) is the thickened fore wings of some insects. The tegmina are used to protect the more vulnerable hind wings. The tegmina offer little or no power during flight and are often held out of the way of the hind wings. Insects possessing tegmina include: Earwigs Grasshoppers and Crickets Cockroaches Mantids

APTERYGOTE

The Class Insecta contains a number of insect Orders, these Orders are categorised in to two subclasses called Apterygota and Pterygota. The Apterygota are WINGLESS insects and this subclass contains two Orders: Order: Microcoryphia / Jumping Bristletails Order: Thysanura / Silverfish, Firebrats

PRONOTUM

The pronotum is a prominent plate-like structure that covers all or part of the thorax of some insects. The pronotum covers the dorsal surface of the thorax. In some beetles the pronotum covers the whole thoracic region. In cockroaches the pronotum often covers just the first part of the thorax.

TARSI

The tarsus is the final segment (furthest from the body) in the leg of the insect. The tarsus contains five sections called tarsomeres and usually ends with one or two claws.

OOTHECA

The usually hardened egg case of certain invertebrates, such as a cockroach.

CHITIN

a carbohydrate/complex sugar that forms the hard outer layer (exoskeleton) of arthropods and other organisms.