enviro

Overfishing of stocks of fish species, like salmon and cod, in an effort to meet a growing global demand has become an international concern. A recent estimate indicates that the average annual consumption of fish globally in 2014 was about twice the consumption in 1960. Because of increased concerns about the impact of overfishing, fishery managers are looking for ways to protect wild populations while still satisfying global demand for food for human consumption. Aquaculture or fish farming can be used to increase the availability of species like salmon and shrimp for consumption. Although fish farming can have a number of negative effects, it does offer a number of advantages. Which of the following is a valid reason for promoting the use of fish farms?

Fish production can provide a consistent supply, and reduces pressure on wild fish stocks

which of the following is NOT true regarding genetic engineering?

Food manufacturers in the U.S. are required to label products that contain genetically modified ingredients

Which of the following is a negative consequence of aquaculture?

Excessive amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus can leak into surrounding waters from the location

A group of farmers want to change their pest control methods to reduce the amount of pollution in a nearby river. The data on the cost and percent pest population reduction for several methods of pest control the farmers could consider are presented in the table. Which of the following methods should the farmers choose to minimize the cost for efficient pest removal while still reaching their goal of reducing the amount of pollution in the river?

Planting genetically modified crops

Which of the following statements best identifies the author's perspective in terms of utilizing science technology for future agricultural advances

The only way to meet global demand for more food is to fully utilize new science technologies to advance agriculture

Which of the following best describes legislation that could be used to address problems with overfishing

The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) uses trade rule to protect commercially valuable species

Which of the following statements correctly explains the role of fossil fuels in the production of energy?

The combustion of fossil fuels heats water to produce steam, which then turns a turbine

Which of the following describes a fundamental characteristic of the green revolution in food resources?

The development of higher crop yields due to increased mechanization

The farming of fish such as salmon at aquaculture facilities poses a threat to marine ecosystems because

The farmed fish can escape and outcompete wild fish for food and territory

Which of the following is the best example of an economic approach to reduce overfishing for a fish species with a declining population?

The federal government sets a catch limit (per person or per boat) for the species and imposes a tax on any extra fish that are caught.

Which of the following statements is best supported by the data in the table?

The greatest effect of integrated pest management was seen in lower levels of endosulfan in both tomatoes and cucumbers

According to the data plotted in the graph shown, which of the following is true about the increase in world fossil fuel consumption between 1965 and 1980?

The increase in oil consumption outpaced the increases in coal and natural gas consumption

The land on a 100 acre farm is equally suited for grazing cattle and growing corn. Of the following ways of distributing land use, which would produce the greatest number of calories for human consumption?

e

Of the following sources, which supplies the most commercial energy in the world today?

oil

The major cause for the decline in the worldwide catch of fish since 1990 is

overfishing

Which of the following problems is best addressed with contour planting?

soil erosion

Compared to a coal-fired power plant that produces the same amount of energy, a nuclear power plant generates more

thermal pollution

In what year was the fraction of energy supplied by coal the greatest?

1910

In approximately what year did oil and gas become the dominant fuels for the United States?

1970

Burning one gallon of gasoline in a car releases approximately 20 pounds of CO2 into the atmosphere. One person drives 60,000 miles in a car that averages 30 miles per gallon (mpg), while another person drives 60,000 miles in a car that averages 20 mpg. Over the course of the 60,000 miles, how many fewer pounds of CO2 are released by the 30 mpg car than by the 20 mpg car?

20000

A sample of radioactive waste has a half-life of 10 years and an activity level of 2 curies (a curie is a unit that measures level of radioactivity). After how many years will the activity level of this sample be 0.25 curie?

30 years

An automobile travels at an average speed of 55 miles per hour ( mph ) with a maximum speed of 65mph . It travels a distance of 75 miles and consumes a total of 2.8 gallons of fuel. Which of the following represents the correct calculation for the fuel efficiency of the automobile?

75miles/2.8gallons

A major environmental problem caused by using the agricultural practice of tilling is

Excessive fertilizer use due to loss of nutrients from erosion and leaching, resulting in eutrophication

Which of the following describes an environmental problem that can result from the combustion of fossil fuels to generate electricity?

Carbon dioxide is a product of the combustion of fossil fuels, and it can lead to global climate change when released into the atmosphere

Which of the following best explains why DDT has been found in penguin eggs in Antarctica

Chemicals used in one region of Earth can circulate in the biosphere and affect organisms in a distant region

The hog-farming industry maintains production levels to satisfy the demand for pork. Which of the following methods of meat production would provide the most likely explanation for the information represented in the graph shown? The graph below shows the change in hog farming in the United States from 1955-2015

Concentrated animal feeding operations

Which of the following statements best identifies the author's assumptions in terms of a new green revolution?

Current agricultural practices and strategies need to be evaluated in order to meet the demand for increased food production

At the current rate of growth, Earth's human population could double in about 70 years. Which of the following is the LEAST viable strategy for ensuring adequate nutrition for a population of this size?

Doubling the area of arable (farmable) land on a global basis

One way that consumers can help prevent a decrease in the number of fish species that are experiencing population declines is to

Eat fish that are caught using sustainable harvesting methods, therefore ensuring fish populations remain stable and reducing the amount of bycatch harvested

In order to produce biofuels, such as ethanol, a significant amount of fossil fuels must be used in order to grow the corn used to make the fuel. The estimated energy returned on energy invested (EROEI) of corn ethanol is 0.8 to 1. In comparison, the EROEI for gasoline is anywhere between 5 to 1 up to 30 to 1, depending on the source of the oil. This means that

For every one unit of energy used to make ethanol, approximately 0.8 units of usable energy is produced

Which of the following best describes an environmental problem associated with hydraulic fracturing, or fracking?

Fracking fluids can contaminate surface and groundwater

Which of the following statements about genetic diversity is true?

Genetic resistance to diseases and pests can be increased by planting multiple varieties of a crop to increase genetic diversity

Which of the following claims is best supported by the data in the graph?

Global meat consumption will increase in all five countries between 2012 and 2022 as the countries move through the demographic transition and become more developed

Which of the following claims is best supported by the data in the graph below?

Grass-fed beef has the highest carbon-equivalent footprint because of land-use changes to create pasture land combined with contributions from transportation, processing, manure treatment, making fertilizers, and digestive fermentation processes.

Biological control methods for managing insect pests are effective for reasons that include which of the following?

II and III only

The development of dangerous strains of disease organisms represents a significant consequence of which of the following agricultural practices?

Incorporating antibiotics into the feeding regimens of densely concentrated livestock

The development of dangerous strains of disease-causing bacteria represents a significant consequence of which of the following agricultural practices?

Incorporation of antibiotics into the feeding regimens of densely concentrated livestock

Which of the following is the best illustration of the pesticide treadmill?

Increased use of pesticides to eradicate genetically resistant pests

Factors contributing to the rise in world hunger include all of the following EXCEPT

Increasing consumption of vegetable protein in place of meat protein

Switching from customary large-scale agricultural practices to which of the following is most likely to reduce the exposure of farmworkers and nearby residents to toxic chemicals?

Integrated pest management

Which of the following statements best identifies the author's perspectives in terms of government funding for future agricultural research?

More funding is continually needed because the agricultural research programs have never been completely financially supported

Which of the following is likely to minimize soil erosion?

No-till agriculture

Which of the following best exemplifies how an action within the fishing industry could lead to a tragedy of the commons?

Overfishing of threatened fish species leading to depletion of the resource.

There are various stages in the formation of coal as heat and pressure are increased and moisture content is decreased. These stages, in order, are

Peat, lignite, bituminous, anthracite

Carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e) is used to compare contributions to climate change of various greenhouse gases. A study at a farm calculated the carbon dioxide equivalent for different production stages for beef and chicken production. Which of the following statements is best supported by the data in the graph?

Raising beef contributes more to greenhouse gases than raising chickens does, primarily as a result of fermentation in cows' digestive tracts, which releases methane gas.

Which of the following is an example of an environmental benefit of aquaculture?

Raising fish using aquaculture and feeding human populations with the harvest reduces the number of fish caught from the ocean.

Which of the following would decrease with the manufacture, application, and use of synthetic fertilizers rather than organic fertilizers?

Recycling of organic matter

Which of the following would decrease with the manufacture, application, and use of synthetic fertilizers rather than organic fertilizers? *

Recycling of organic matter

An integrated pest management (IPM) approach to pest control emphasizes which of the following?

Reduction of crop damage to an economically tolerable level

Which of the following represents a correct pairing of an agricultural practice with its environmental consequence?

Rice cultivation and methane emissions

Which of the following is most likely to increase both nutrient levels and the bacterial content of lake water

Runoff of waste from a nearby hog farm

Farmers need to make many decisions about how they grow their crops. One of these decisions is whether to use synthetic fertilizer or organic fertilizer, such as manure. An advantage of using synthetic fertilizer instead of organic fertilizer is that

Synthetic fertilizer can provide more targeted macronutrients to the crops

Which of the following describes an unintended consequence that results from large-scale agricultural use of water from an inland aquifer, such as the Ogallala

The rate of water use likely exceeds the rate of recharge, leading to dropping water levels in the aquifer

Although nuclear energy is considered a cleaner energy source than fossil fuels, some scientists argue that this does not support the claim that nuclear energy is renewable. Which of the following claims best supports the argument that nuclear energy is a nonrenewable energy source?

The uranium deposits on Earth are finite

Which of the following statements best explains the relationship shown on the graph?

The use of glyphosate has been selected for herbicide resistance in weed populations

Which of the following is a drawback to using biofuels, such as ethanol, as a fuel source?

There is a high energy investment in producing and processing the crops needed for ethanol production

Which of the following is the most likely result from clearing mature, forested land and converting it into agricultural land that would be used for cattle grazing?

There will be a reduction in the uptake of atmospheric carbon dioxide

Which of the following best describes the advantages and disadvantages of drip irrigation

This method most efficiently delivers water directly to plant roots compared with other methods, and wastes less water, but it may be too costly for farmers in developing countries to use

Which of the following agricultural practices results in soil degradation and most contributes to erosion?

Tilling

Which of the following statements identifies a concern associated with the increased proportion of GM crops being grown?

Use of GM seeds can lead to loss of genetic diversity in crops.

Scientists studied the effects of three different ways to control household pests. They treated one group of pests with a conventional pesticide spray. A second group was treated using Integrated Pest Management (IPM) techniques. A third group received no treatment method at all. The success of each treatment was measured based on the change in number of pests in the traps over time. Fewer pests caught indicate fewer pests in the area after application of the technique. The results are shown in the graph. Which of the following claims would be the best solution to the pest problem, based on the data in the graph?

Use of Integrated Pest Management techniques is the most successful method because the sources for food, water, and shelter for pests are disrupted, leading to a reduced number of pests in the area

Which rock layer most likely has little to no permeability

b

Compared with people in developing countries, people in industrialized countries are more likely to eat

beef

Long-term intensive agriculture that does not add soil amendments such as manure or fertilizer has been shown to decrease soil organic matter content. Which of the following figures best shows this relationship?

c

Which of the following foods is most suitable to cultivate to minimize water consumption per kilogram of food

cereal

An industry uses natural gas for both generating electricity and heat. This is an example of which of the following processes?

cogeneration

A vegetable farmer wishes to switch to a combination of trees and vegetables (agroforestry) on several hectares of her land to reduce erosion and to diversify what she grows. She needs to assess whether her land can produce as much income by growing two crops instead of one. The farmer estimates that the new tree crop would cover 40 percent of her fields, with the vegetable crop covering the other 60 percent. Which equation should she use to calculate how much total income she would get from using the new two-crop plan?

d