Environmental Biology 1230 Final Review
On average, industrial chickens lay
300 eggs
The following items are parts of the process of eutrophication.
4. Excess nutrients enter a body of water. 1. Algae quickly reproduce, blocking sunlight to underwater plants. 3. Underwater plants die. 2. Bacteria decompose organic matter (dead algae).
The WHO estimates that about ___________ people die each year due to air pollution.
5 mil
How long are coal reserves expected to last in West Virginia?
50 years
After four half-lives, about how much radioactive parent material is left?
6.25%
Approximately ___________ people live on Earth today.
7 billion
The average person can conserve water at home by making choices like:
A & B; washing only full loads, don't rinse dishes
Which of the following would be the best land use for a riparian area in terms of reducing runoff pollution?
A forested area with lots of native trees and shrubs
Which of the following has the greatest albedo?
A light-colored roof
Which of the following is a secondary source of information?
A scholarly review article that references only peer-reviewed original research articles
An ongoing process that allows for altering policy strategies as new information is discovered or the situation itself changes is an example of
Adaptive management
Which one of the following factors reduces our ability to address many environmental health problems?
Affected regions may not have the political will or financial means to address environmental problems.
Which of the following is a consequence of uncollected waste?
Air pollution Water pollution Flooding
What is significant about 2015 Paris agreement COP21?
All of the above; huge turning point, framework, agreement of all except 1, 2 degrees
Which of the following is least compelling line of evidence in that climate is indeed changing?
An increase in the number of hurricanes
Which worldview puts humans at the center, or as most important?
Anthropogenic
In 2025, where will most of the world's megacities be found?
Asia
Which statement illustrates human overconsumption?
Average per capita daily water usage in the United States is 575 liters, while the amount needed for a reasonable quality of life is 80 liters.
Given the relationship between asthma and air pollution, where would you raise a family to decrease the risk of asthma?
Away from major highway systems
Why are toxicologists more concerned about exposure to BPA in children and infants than in adults?
BPA might interfere with normal development in the young.
Which of the following can be pathogens?
Bacteria and viruses Fungi Protozoa and worms
Habitat destruction, the #1 reason that species become endangered today, likely acts as which kind of regulator?
Bottom-up regulation
Which of the following is an example of environmental injustice?
Building garbage dumps in high-poverty, low-income areas
What part of the National Environmental Policy Act provides private citizen, individuals, or groups the right to sue in federal court, a violator for non-compliance with failure to enforce the law?
Citizen suit provision
As a member of the city council in a small town in New Mexico, you must vote on a new source of energy for your growing community. What should be the first step in determining where the energy will come from?
Conduct an assessment of available energy sources, both renewable and nonrenewable.
Why do most scientists think that we are in the midst of a sixth mass extinction?
Current extinction rates are greater than the background rate.
Which of these actions would best address the main cause of indoor pollution in developing countries?
Distributing solar ovens
What does it mean for the Earth to be energetically open but a closed system with regard to matter?
Earth receives new energy inputs but not significant new matter inputs.
Why is it important that sustainable ecosystems only rely on a renewable energy source such as the Sun?
Energy cannot be recycled, so new supplies are always needed
Which of the following is true of evolutionary processes?
Evolution acts on existing genetic variation.
True or False: A population with more older people than young people has a lot of population momentum.
False
True or False: Acid deposition has decreased across much of the eastern United States, and ecosystems are showing strong signs of recovery.
False
True or False: All sustainably grown food can be certified organic.
False
True or False: Biodiversity hotspots are areas with many endemic species that are well protected and not threatened with endangerment.
False
True or False: Current CO2 levels in the atmosphere can be measured, but there are no good methods for determining CO2 levels in the distant past.
False
True or False: Current warming can be explained by the Milankovitch cycles.
False
True or False: Currently more people live in rural areas that cities, but that is expected to change soon.
False
True or False: Fire is an example of a density-dependent factor.
False
True or False: Fracking uses a lot of water, but the wastewater produced is either recycled and used again or purified and pumped back into aquifers.
False
True or False: Garbage decomposes more quickly in a sanitary landfill than it would in an open dump.
False
True or False: Hazardous waste is an industrial waste issue and is not a problem for MSW.
False
True or False: Human recreation, hunting, and fishing are prohibited in wildlife refuges and wilderness areas in order to protect the threatened species and ecosystems within.
False
True or False: If predators are present in a community, top-down regulation will always trump bottom-up regulation.
False
True or False: In a landscape conservation approach, the single most important indicator species in a habitat is targeted for protection. By protecting or restoring the habitat it needs, other species in the area will also be protected.
False
True or False: Mine reclamation projects at mountaintop removal sites focus on re-creating the mountain habitat and then reintroducing native plants and animals.
False
True or False: On average, 95% to 100% of the oil in a conventional oil reserve can be extracted by using primary, secondary, and tertiary techniques.
False
True or False: Researchers use the IPAT model to estimate the size of an individual's ecological footprint.
False
True or False: Slattery's research suggests that the species that inhabit coral reefs all have sufficient genetic diversity to allow them to adapt to current and near-future levels of acidification.
False
True or False: The Clean Water Act focuses primarily on reducing nonpoint source pollution.
False
True or False: The construction of canals and levees to drain parts of the Everglades increased its ecosystem complexity.
False
True or False: The establishment of a marine protected area around the damaged coral reefs of the Phoenix Islands in Kiribati did little to help the reefs recover.
False
True or False: The main cause of world hunger today is underproduction of food.
False
True or False: The most serious conservation designation for a threatened species is "endangered."
False
True or False: The problems created by GMOs are much different than those created by industrial agriculture.
False
True or False: The processing of mineral ores creates some hazardous solid waste but does not generate air pollution.
False
True or False: The sector that uses the highest percentage of water globally is industry.
False
True or False: The use of fossil fuels is projected to decline in the next 50 years as the use of renewable energy sources increases.
False
True or False: To be LEED-certified, a building must be constructed with recycled materials and use sustainable energy sources such as solar panels.
False
True or False: Worldwide and in the United States, coal is used to produce more than half of all electricity.
False
Which common logical fallacy is an argument that sets up an either/or choice that is not valid?
False dichotomy
What trait determines whether a toxin can bioaccumulate in an individual and biomagnify up a food chain?
Fat/water soluble
Which of the following is not an advantage of farming with monocultures?
Fewer pest outbreaks
Which of the following threats to ocean ecosystems contributes to damage in coral reef areas?
Fishing with dynamite or using toxic chemicals to capture reef fish Overfishing Sediment runoff from land
Proponents of the "Gene Revolution" believe that:
GMOs are needed to achieve global food security.
What aspect of GBM "gives communities a perspective of how their livelihood and resource availability?
Gender livelihood and mainstream advocacy
Evolution is defined as a change in ________ ________in a population over time.
Gene frequencies
All apples belong to the species Malus domestica. The wide variety of apples available in the produce department of your local grocery store is an example of __________ diversity.
Genetic
Which of the following statements describes a grassland biome?
Grasslands are biomes with biotic and abiotic conditions that support the growth of grass and herbaceous plants but not trees.
Which biome description is correct?
Grasslands receive less rainfall than forests but more than deserts.
Which of the following is considered a penalty for not reducing pollution rather than an incentive or a reward for acting in a way that reduces pollution?
Green tax
Tiny bits of plastic gather in specific areas of the world's oceans where string currents circle around areas with very weak, or even no currents. These are called ______
Gyres
The leading human cause of species endangerment is __________ __________.
Habitat destruction
12. Which of the following should you do first if you want to lower your electric bill?
Have an energy audit done to see where your home is most inefficient
Which situation best describes the tragedy of the commons?
Herders put too many sheep in a public field because they think "if I don't use this available resource, someone else will"
Which of the following is notan example of a genetically modified organism (GMO)?
High-yield variety (HYV) corn
Which of these is not an advantage of sustainable agriculture?
Higher productivity per acre than with conventional methods
Which of the following statements about sustainability is false?
In its current form, mainstream economics is the optimal model for building sustainability because external costs are built in.
The highest percentage of destroyed coral reefs are found in the________, while the___________ has the lowest percentage of destroyed coral reefs.
Indian Ocean; Pacific Ocean
Which of the following is the correct hierarchy of life?
Individual, population, community, ecosystem, biome, biosphere
A costal area that floods during high tides but is exposed to the air at low tide is known as a(n) __________________.
Intertidal zone
Which of the following is not a current cause of desertification of rangeland?
Irrigation of farmland
How is Biosphere 2 used today?
It allows scientists to study consequences of high CO2 levels
Why is biodiversity loss a concern?
It disrupts ecological connections, potentially diminishing ecosystem services.
Which of the following is NOT true of environmental health?
It focuses only on how natural disasters impact health.
Why is an understanding of plate tectonics useful for mineral mining?
It gives clues as to the likely locations of mineral deposits.
Why is the United States so interested in extracting tight oil from shale deposits?
It has abundant supplies.
How is the increase in standing water in cities linked to increased human health hazards?
It increases habitat for vectors such as mosquitoes.
Which of the following is true of the Endangered Species Act?
It is controversial due to its restrictions on landowners.
Which of the following is not true about coal?
It is difficult to ship.
What is the purpose of photosynthesis?
It produces a form of chemical energy that the plant can use as needed.
Why should we care about ozone?
It protects the Earth's surface from UV-B and UV-C radiation
What is the correct definition of fossil fuel proven reserves?
Known sources of fossil fuels that are both economically and technologically recoverable
Some homeowners suspect that methane-contaminated water is linked to nearby fracking wells. If this is true, what is the likely source of this contamination?
Leaky pipes near groundwater supplies or improperly handled fracking fluid
Which of these is an example of acting sustainably?
Meeting today's needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs
Which of the following are considered mineral resources?
Metals like aluminum and copper Gemstones like diamonds or rubies Rare earth elements like europium and lanthanum Building materials like sandstone and limestone
Which of the following is an example of coevolution?
Moths that are preyed upon by bats can hear the ultrasonic sounds the bats use in hunting.
Why are international laws and policies necessary to address some environmental issues?
National legislation cannot address environmental problems that cross national boundaries.
Tanning beds use light that is mostly UV-A radiation and only 1%-3% UV-B radiation. Does this mean they are safe to use?
No. UV-A radiation is also damaging, so this exposure is not without risk
Which ecosystem service is estimated to have the highest annual monetary value?
Nutrient recycling
In desertification, it is the _____________ and _____________ soil horizons that are lost.
O and A
Which of the following is TRUE about ocean acidification?
Ocean acidification is harmful, as CO2 forms carbonic acid when dissolved in water, which eats away at existing calcium-based materials.
Of the three matter cycles discussed here, the only one that does not have an atmospheric component is the __________ cycle.
Phoshorus
How does current consumption of resources compare to Earth's biocapacity?
Planet wide, consumption exceeds biocapacity, we have exceeded carrying capacity for the planet
Why are many of the biodiversity hotspots around the world on islands?
Populations of island species are isolated.
When there is uncertainty about an environmental problem or severe consequences are possible, policy makers should invoke the_____________ ____________when deciding how best to proceed.
Precautionary principle
What does the term cradle-to-cradle mean when talking about product management?
Production is cyclical: "Waste" becomes the raw material once again and can be reused.
Which action below would help reduce the health problem that has the largest percentage of its occurrence attributed to environmental conditions?
Provide better sanitation and clean water.
Which of these strategies would most directly address the problem of ocean acidification?
Reduce the use of fossil fuels.
Which shows correct order of R's?
Refuse, reduce, reuse, recycle
Zero population growth occurs when the population reaches:
Replacement fertility rate
Which of the following is an example of reclamation?
Replanting the site of mountaintop removal with grass and pine trees
Consider the roach. Why does its population size never reach its biotic potential?
Resistance factors limit population size.
What problem related to nuclear power do we not yet have a workable solution for?
Safe disposal of HLRW
The best solutions to managing waste include which one of the following?
Source reduction and application of natural decomposition processes
What region of India did HPV affect crabs?
Sunderban
What generally happens to a population's total fertility rate (TFR) when the education that women receive increases?
TFR decreases
Which unconventional oil currently being commercially produced has the lowest EROEI and the highest carbon footprint?
Tar sands oil
How does ecosystem conservation differ from single-species conservation?
The ecosystem approach involves restoring and protecting an entire habitat and all the species within it.
Which disadvantage of large dams can the smaller run-of-the-river dams avoid?
The environmental damage of creating a reservoir is avoided.
In what way are grasses adapted to normal levels of grazing?
The growth area of a grass is at its base not its tip, and cropping the grass stimulates it to grow.
Which of the following statements about incinerators is false?
The heat released during burning reduces the toxic and hazardous materials in the waste stream.
Which of these is an example of a population's range of tolerance?
The hottest and coldest temperatures it can survive
Which of the following is not an advantage that solar and wind power share?
The most inexpensive renewable technologies to install
What advantage do perennial crops have over annual crops?
The soil is not disturbed to replant perennial crops each year.
Why is it that many problems are considered to be wicked problems?
Their potential solutions almost always come with trade-offs
Which of the following is true of all toxic substances?
They cause damage through immediate or long-term exposure.
Which of the following in not a characteristic of sustainable energy sources?
They must have no environmental impact.
True or False: A warmer climate should result in more heat extremes and in new record high temperatures.
True
True or False: Any vegetable based kitchen or yard scraps can be added to a compost pile but you should avoid adding meat and bones.
True
True or False: As ecosystem diversity increases, so does species diversity.
True
True or False: As one moves from the city center to the suburbs and exurbs, home size tends to increase.
True
True or False: Barring a major accident, it is less hazardous to your health to live near a nuclear reactor than a coal-fired power plant.
True
True or False: Because the pH scale is logarithmic, even a small change in pH, like the 0.1 pH unit drop in ocean pH, represents a significant change.
True
True or False: Ecosystem complexity increases as the variety of habitat and the number of species increases.
True
True or False: Hypoxic waters are waters with extremely low levels of oxygen.
True
True or False: If we internalized all the costs of finding, extracting, and using oil, the prices of fuel and petroleum-based products would go up.
True
True or False: If we paid the true costs of using fossil fuels like coal, the price of our electricity would likely go up.
True
True or False: In most areas of developing countries, indoor pollution is more of a problem than outdoor pollution.
True
True or False: Land trusts and conservation easements protect private land from future development.
True
True or False: Most aquifers are not underground lakes of water but rather are regions of porous rock saturated with water.
True
True or False: NOAA estimates that more than half of coral reefs worldwide are threatened by human activities or environmental changes.
True
True or False: Plants and other producers are the only types of species that perform photosynthesis, whereas all species perform cellular respiration.
True
True or False: Potable water is water that is safe to consume.
True
True or False: Soil formation is a slow process, taking a year or more to form just 1 mm of soil.
True
True or False: Sustainable solutions to growing oil palms must consider the needs of consumers and nearby communities
True
True or False: The amount of future warming that Earth will experience in the next 100 years depends on the choices we make now.
True
True or False: To qualify as sustainable, agriculture practices must maintain or improve the quality of the environment.
True
True or False: Urban dwellers typically have lower carbon footprints than people who live in rural or suburban areas.
True
True or False: While geothermal power plants need to be built near sources of underground heat such as hot springs, geothermal heat pumps can be installed in any homes built on land.
True
Which country has the largest coal reserves?
USA
Which country is the largest consumer of the world's energy resources in per capita use?
USA
Which of the following is an internal cost of coal mining?
Wages paid to workers
The uppermost water level of the saturated zone of an aquifer is found is known as the_________ __________.
Water table
What route of exposure represents the main infectious disease threat to humans?
Water- and vector-borne diseases
All of the following are pronatalist pressures except:
Women have many opportunities to participate in the workforce.
Which of the following is an example of low-level radioactive waste?
Worker clothing and gloves Tools used in the nuclear facility
Let's say that you are going to test whether exposure to UV-B radiation causes cells to become cancerous. Why is it necessary to have a control group in this experimental study?
You need to determine how likely it is that cells not exposed to UV-B radiation will turn cancerous
What causes microcephaly?
Zika
An example of mutualism is:
a butterfly and a flowering plant.
An example of when secondary succession would occur in a particular area would be after
a flood has removed much of the vegetation.
At low doses that don't hurt test mice, a new pesticide can effectively control an insect pest that's been ravaging local trees. However, when that pesticide is combined with another commonly used pesticide, it is very toxic to mice. In deciding to approve the pesticide for sale anyway, policy makers were applying:
a risk assessment.
Environmental justice is the concept that
access to clean and healthy environment is basic human right
An organism's habitat can be its _______while its niche is its_______
address, profession
Food security is:
all people, at all times, having physical, social, and economic access to sufficient safe and nutritious food.
A watershed includes:
all the uphill land surrounding a river and the streams that can feed water into that river.
Effective international environmental policies:
allow for revision based on science or changing needs.
One reason that ecological succession is important is because it
allows damaged areas repair themselves
Ecological succession is important because it:
allows ecosystems to respond to environmental changes.
Pesticides help increase agricultural yields, but some people oppose their use because of their inherent toxicity. An argument against pesticide use that attacks the pesticide maker on the grounds that he or she is simply profit driven is:
an ad hominem attack.
The land needed to provide the resources for and assimilate the waste of a person or population is referred to as:
an ecological footprint.
The water cycle is an example of:
an ecosystem service.
A species that naturally occurs in only one place is called:
an endemic species.
What is the premise behind a cap-and-trade program that controls pollution?
an upper limit for pollution is set, but if you make less, then you can sell allotments
Coral are:
animals
In ecological terms, a consumer is:
any organism that eats other organisms.
Nitrogen and phosphorus pollution in the Gulf of Mexico could originate from:
anywhere in the Mississippi River watershed.
Some people reject the explanation that the hole in the ozone layer is caused by CFCs on the basis that it is "just a theory". These people
are equating the term scientific theory with an untested hypothesis or a guess
Supplies of mineral resources:
are finite but can be costly to obtain.
Most mineral deposits:
are found in rocks.
Pastoralists:
are herders who graze their livestock in tight herds, moving them constantly across vast swaths of rangeland.
Zoonotic diseases:
are increasing in frequency worldwide.
Compared to those in high-income nations, people in low-income developing nations:
are more likely to die from infectious diseases.
High-elevation trees are often more affected by acid deposition than trees lower on a mountain because the high-elevation trees:
are often shrouded in acidic fog, which means they are exposed to acids longer than trees that only receive acid in rain or snow.
The exurbs are:
areas outside suburbs with even bigger houses and longer commutes.
_______is the respiratory ailment marked by chronic inflammation and narrowing airways or lungs
asthma
Organisms that live on the ocean floor are said to live in the:
benthic zone.
Jack is opposed to the selective killing of deer that have vastly overpopulated that local forest. Jill argues that the ecosystem will be destroyed if some are not removed. While Jack is _______as he sees deer as having intrinsic value, Jill is ________as she values not just the species but the ecosystem processes as well
biocentric, ecocentric
Why were the birds of Guam so vulnerable to predation by the brown tree snake?
birds never evolved with snake predators and snake evolved with birds in its separate native habitat
What is the leading cause of infant mortality?
birth defects
In response to redlining in the 1960s, landlords in the Bronx:
burned their buildings to collect insurance money.
Coal can be used to generate electricity by:
burning the coal to make steam, which turns a generator that makes electricity.
The addition of fertilizer to a body of water:
can cause algae overgrowth that leads to dissolved O2 levels to decrease, killing aquatic life
According to the stabilization wedge strategy proposed by Pacala and Socolow we:
can use a variety of currently available strategies to prevent atmospheric CO2 from exceeding 500 ppm.
In which population would individuals experience the most competition in?
clumped
Which energy source has the highest pollution rate of air and water, carbon footprint and energy death print?
coal
Methane in gas form is
colorless
Water pollution is:
contaminants or excess nutrients in surface water and in groundwater.
Which layer of the following correctly lists the layers of Earth, starting with the deepest core to surface?
core---mantle---a-sphere---l-sphere
Techniques used in sustainable agriculture practices include:
crop rotation to minimize crop pests.
Coral bleaching may result in
dead coral over time, expel of zooxanthelle
Reducing infant mortality generally:
decreases the rate at which a population grows.
The concept of minimum viable population:
describes the smallest number of individuals needed to ensure the long-term continuation of a particular population.
The conversion of a grassland into a desert is a process known as _____________.
desertification
The environmental impacts of mining can be reduced by:
developing methods to more safely process and store waste. using more energy-efficient mining equipment. avoiding mining in sensitive environments
"Blood diamonds" or conflict diamonds refer to which of the following?
diamonds taken from war zone or warlord-controlled areas
Which of the following will reduce a population's to environmental hazards?
digging wells for clean water, cleaner burning fuels, public education programs, and reducing vectors
A population of butterflies used to have small, medium, and large individuals, but several years ago a non-native bird was introduced to the butterfly's habitat. It eats butterflies but only those that are medium size. Eventually, medium-sized butterflies became rare. This is an example of:
disruptive selection.
The solution to the problem of world hunger and solutions to agriculture problems may include using:
diversity of solutions from all above
How can antibiotic resistance be prevented?
don't take for viruses, take what is prescribed, don't buy antibiotic meats, use as a last line of defense
The toxicity of a chemical is evaluated using cells in culture or live animal subjects by creating a(n) _________; a high LD50 indicates ________.
dose-response curve; low toxicity
How does dehydration affect children?
drained of energy, vulnerable to diseases, underweight, physically stunted
How is most conventional oil and natural gas extracted?
drilling
Which of the following is the message from Samso's attempt to be 1st energy community?
each community should employ diversity of choices drawing from sources that best fit
Nuclear fission reaction used in power plants produces a chain reaction. This means
each time a uranium atom is split, it releases neutrons that go on to split other atoms
One major way to reduce the carbon footprint of the foods you eat is to:
eat foods that are grown using organic methods, even if not locally grown.
When access to water is limited only by one's ability to pay for it, this is known as:
economic water scarcity.
Wildlife camera safaris have replaced hunting safaris in popularity in Africa. (Photos are taken instead of animal lives.) Some of the money from these safaris is going to conservation and to local communities. This is an example of:
ecotourism.
What is one way a consumer might impact the conservation of species and their habitats?
educated, less resources, sustainable products, reduce carbon emissions
One of the paths we must follow to address global warming is called mitigation which is
efforts intended to minimize the extent or impact of a problem such as climate change
An advantage of subsurface (underground) coal mining is that it:
employs more people than surface mining techniques and thus creates more jobs.
When we employ true cost accounting:
environmental and health costs of an action are added into the price of a product
The placement of polluting industries close to minority or low-income areas is an example of a violation of:
environmental justice
The triple bottom line is an approach to problem analysis that includes consideration of the ________,________, and ________aspects of any potential solution
environmental, economic, social
Which of the following is true about evolutionary processes?
evolution acts on existing genetic variation
Other scientists decide to add extra CO2 to tanks of ocean water that contain coral to see if the lower pH harms the animals by weakening their skeletons. This is an _________study
experimental
Which of the following is believed to contribute MOST to current climate change?
extra greenhouse gases in the atmosphere due to human actions
T/F Adaptive management focuses on finding a solution that seems best and sticking with it
false
Which of the following describes a riparian area that would be best at protecting runoff?
forested area with undergrowth and trees, shrubs, and forest floor plants
Examine Infographic 19.5. According to the data, which of the following has the highest boiling point?
fuel oil
There are different types of radiation. Which one is most energetic and can therefore penetrate many surfaces, including skin?
gamma
Which energy is one of most efficient to cool/heat homes because ground temperature is always around 55degreesF?
geothermal
If we included external costs in the cost of a good or service, we would expect the price to:
go up as the users become responsible for paying all the costs.
The most widespread use of grasslands worldwide is for:
grazing domestic livestock
In terms of its impact on species and their environment, producing palm oil may be a better option than producing soybean oil because:
growers can produce more oil per hectare with palm plantations than soybean fields.
The leading cause of species endangerment and extinction is:
habitat destruction.
Dams can be used to store water and increase water supplies, but they come with trade-offs such as:
habitat destruction. loss of water from evaporation. regional conflicts downstream from the dam.
International climate change policy:
has relied heavily on market solutions such as emissions caps and carbon credit trading.
Temperate grasslands:
have a seasonal climate with cold winters and hot summers.
Marine protected areas (MPAs) have shown to
help the protected area withstand or even recover from environmental damage
Critics say that GMOs are dangerous because:
herbicide-tolerant genes may migrate to other species and create "superweeds." beneficial insects as well as crop pests are killed. they place too much power in the hands of large corporations
Which forest plot shown here would likely have the highest species diversity of birds?
high evenness and richness
Artificial selection differs from natural selection in that:
humans are the selective pressure, choosing which traits to favor.
Why do we say "waste is a human invention"?
humans make some waster that can't easily be broken down
An industrial ecologist's goals would not include:
identifying points in the product life cycle at which waste products can be landfilled.
All of the following are consistent with the law of conservation of matter except
if we encounter dangerous matter that we don't want around, we can destroy it.
Human rights violations associated with mines:
include the use of child labor in many developing countries.
Overall goal of conservation efforts is to
increase and maintain Earth's biodiversity
The use of synthetic fertilizers on fields where crops are grown can:
increase crop yields. contribute to water pollution. deplete the soil of other nutrients
The Green Revolution:
increased world food supplies but introduced new problems.
Which of the following is not a symptom of ranavirus?
increases weight gain
Revenue neutral carbon tax is based on ______ taxes on CO2 and other green house has emissions but then ______ other taxes
increases, decreases
Leading cause of death in low-income developing countries is ________whereas the leading cause of death in high and middle-income countries is _______
infectious disease, heart disease
Exponential growth of a population:
is often seen if a population reaches a new environment that is favorable. is a J-shaped curve on a population graph. occurs when most or all females reproduce at every opportunity and most or all offspring survive.
In recent years, the world population's growth rate has declined, but it is still a positive number. This means human population size:
is still increasing but more slowly than before.
The total number of different species on Earth:
is unknown, but insects are the most numerous species.
Atoms that have the same number of protons and electrons but different numbers of neutrons are called:
isotopes
What complaint from women did Maathai hear when coming up with the Greenbelt movement?
lack of food sources and water shortage
Compared to inner city dwellers, suburban and exurban dwellers tend to:
live in lower population density communities.
Environment is a broad term that includes one's ________and ________ surroundings
living, nonliving
Most cheetahs are found in Africa but there is an isolated population in Iran. They are very similar because
low genetic diversity
Infiltration is:
made harder in urban and suburban areas by roads, buildings, and lawns.
International policies may be enforced:
mainly through voluntary compliance of the nations involved.
Bleaching of coral:
may be adaptive if it allows the coral to take up different species of zooks. results when coral expel their resident zooks.
Recent sea level rise is attributed to:
melting glaciers. thermal expansion of water.
The urban heat island effect is caused by:
minimal green space. lots of pavement and buildings. high energy use in the city as a whole
Trying to decrease the extent or impact of future climate change is known as ___________, whereas taking steps to adjust to current or inevitable climate change is known as____________.
mitigation, adaptation
A city that promotes smart growth:
mixes land uses to place residential and commercial areas together.
An advantage that low-tech farming methods have over high-tech farming methods in developing countries is that low-tech methods are
more accessible to women.
The aspect of mining that can harm the environment is:
moving earth and rock to gain access to the mineral deposit. the initial processing of the rock by crushing and washing. removing the mineral from rock through smelting and chemical treatment.
Approximately 75% of Earth's surface is covered with water. The amount of that water that is drinkable by humans is:
much less than 1%.
Burning any fossil fuel generates air pollution, but the fossil fuel that releases the least amount of air pollution when burned is:
natural gas
Readily produced resources that can be used and still leave enough natural capital behind to replace what we took are known as:
natural interest.
Environmental science relies or draws on which of the following?
natural science (ecology), applied sciences (engineering), social sciences (anthropology), and humanities (literature)
Fertilizer from your lawn and motor oil from the leaky oil pan on your car are examples of:
nonpoint source pollution.
Economic water scarcity is defined as
not having enough money to access sufficient water
Scientists want to know whether ocean water is becoming more acidic due to the extra CO2 that is released by the burning of fossil fuels. They have set up monitoring sites in the water to collect daily data on the water's pH. This is an _________study
observational
Edge effects:
occur in the areas where two or more habitats meet.
The world will reach "peak oil" when:
oil production reaches its highest levels and then starts to decline.
Society's use of minerals is:
on the increase
Which mining technique is used when the upper level of a deep mineral resource is located close to the ground's surface?
open-pit mine
Pesticides such as DDT are known to biomagnify in food chains. This means that:
organisms at higher food chain levels have more concentrated levels of toxic substances.
The most common cause of desertification of grasslands is
overgrazing
Emissions from a coal-fired power plant include all of the following except
oxygen
What is the relationship between CFCs and ozone in the stratosphere?
ozone is naturally formed and broken down in the stratosphere but substances like CFCs catalyze additional ozone breakdown, which results in increased UV radiation reaching Earth's surface
Solar technologies that capture heat without any electronic or mechanical assistance are called:
passive solar technologies.
Infectious agents that cause disease are called ____________.
pathogens
The number of individuals in a given area, such as an acre or a square mile, is a measurement known as __________ ___________.
population density
What relationship is seen between temperature and atmospheric CO2 levels?
positively correlated
An age structure diagram can be used to:
predict the future growth of a population.
The number of _____________ is unique to a given element and gives an element its atomic number.
protons
One creative way that some communities deal with wastewater is:
pumping it through a separate water system for people to use for laundry and for yard irrigation.
What type of species are more likely to have a population overshoot carrying capacity and then die back?
r-selected species
Rain gardens can be planted in areas to:
reduce the amount of stormwater runoff reaching streams.
If we were to mimic the way nature uses matter resources, we would:
reduce the waste we produce by reusing and recycling the matter resources we do use
Conservation genetics:
relies on analysis of species' DNA to make conservation decisions.
Modern U.S. environmental policy:
requires that environmental impacts be evaluated before federal action is taken.
A graph that shows human population size over the course of human history:
resembles a J-shaped curve—flat at first, with a rapid upward rise since about 1800.
The presence of ducks and azolla in Takao Furuno's rice cultivation technique has shown that:
restoring some biodiversity to rice fields reduces pest damage and increases rice yields.
The word niche refers to an organism's ________, while its habitat refers to its ________.
role and relationships in its community; environmental surroundings
If too much water is removed by a well in coastal areas:
saltwater can seep into the aquifer.
Air pollution that results when chemicals in the atmosphere react to form a new pollutant is called:
secondary pollution
The soil type that is best for growing plants, in terms of water penetration and root support, is:
silt
Which of the following is an advantage(s) of sustainable farming for the farmer and environment?
soil isn't degraded, less toxic chemicals, more genetic and species diversity
Which of the following renewable energy sources contributes the largest proportion of energy worldwide?
solar
It might be hard to restore damaged ecosystems like the Everglades because:
some important species might no longer be present.
Since the 1997 Kyoto Protocol:
some nations have decreased their carbon emissions.
When deciding how to proceed with growth of palm oil plantations, consider what?
species, people, and consumers affected
Nuclear fission is a reaction that:
splits an atom, releasing energy.
Many people say that desalination (removing the salt from ocean water) is the obvious way around our water shortages. This is:
still very expensive and uses a great deal of energy.
A consumer who buys an electric car can get a reduction in his or her income tax that year. This is an example of:
tax break
What factor of the IPAT equation can actually reduce impact as it increases?
technology
In regard to agriculture, the "dirty dozen" refers to:
the 12 conventionally grown fruits or vegetables highest in pesticide residue.
In a bottom-up regulation scenario, the size of an elk herd is determined by:
the amount of grass, aspen, and other food sources.
Ten thousand years ago, most members of Species A were killed by a series of volcanic eruptions. However, some members escaped; all modern members of Species A are descended from those 100 individuals. This is an example of:
the bottleneck effect.
The term demographic transition refers to:
the decline in death rates and then birth rates as a country becomes industrialized.
In a biological assessment of stream health, scientists collect bottom-dwelling insects and assess water quality based on:
the diversity and abundance of the species present.
The population that would have the best chance of surviving an environmental change would be the one with:
the greatest genetic diversity.
An example of species diversity might be:
the many different species inhabiting a swamp.
Community ecologists study:
the relationships between species in a given area. the way species interact with their environment. the things that increase or decrease the number of species in an area.
What program does the US have for disposal of high-level nuclear waste?
there isn't one
Surface strip mining techniques are used when:
thick coal seams are close to the surface in relatively flat areas.
What is the goal of carbon capture and sequestrian?
to pull CO2 out of the smoke from burning coal to reuse or bury it
Malnutrition is a leading cause of illness and death around the world, and it can be caused by:
too few calories. too many calories. insufficient micronutrients
When you drive a car, it releases a small amount of air pollution. You know air pollution is bad, but if you stop driving, you'll be forced to find another way to get around, and the air will still be polluted because everyone else will still keep driving. So you keep driving too. This is an example of the social trap known as
tragedy of the commons
Shelterbelts are:
trees planted at the edge of a farm or grassland that protect crops or grasses from wind and prevent encroachment of nearby deserts.
True or False: Ozone is useful in the stratosphere but is a dangerous pollutant when located in the troposphere.
true
_______is defined as not consuming enough calories to sustain proper health and growth but a person suffering from ________ has poor health due to a lack of correct nutrients aka vitamins
undernutrition, malnutrition
Urban areas tend to be warmer than nearby rural areas. This is
urban heat island effect
The main difference between high-tech and low-tech methods of wastewater treatment is that high-tech methods:
use toxic chemicals to purify water.
Biological control in an integrated pest management (IPM) system might include:
using species such as fish to eat weeds or pests.
How is W. pipientis transferred between mosquitoes?
vertical gene transfer
Day-to-day changes in meteorological conditions are known as ____________, whereas long-term patterns of meteorological conditions are known as____________.
weather, climate
Samsø used_____________,_______________, and __________energy sources to meet its energy needs.
wind, solar, biomass
Energy advisors say "the greenest kilowatt is the one:
you never use