Environmental Exam 2
23) A distinguishing feature of ecological economics is the concept of ________. A) environmental damage and also environmental benefits are external B) the only healthy economy is one that is growing C) steady-state economies that, like natural systems, neither grow nor shrink D) greenwashing to increase public acceptance of products E) cost-benefit analysis
cost-benefit analysis
10) Humus is ________. A) artificial fertilizer applied to monocultures B) one of the primary causes of desertification C) found in the E layer of a soil horizon D) the result of agricultural runoff into waterways or groundwater E) composed of organic matter and is necessary to fertility and holding soil moisture
e. composed of organic matter and is necessary to fertility and holding soil moisture
6) Raising ________ requires the most land and water. A) beef cattle B) goats C) dairy cattle D) chickens E) pigs
A) beef cattle
14) Declining death rates due to increased food production and improved medical care while birth rates remain high is characteristic of the ________ stage. A) post-industrial B) transitional C) stabilization D) revolutionary E) pre-industrial
B) transitional
20) If global fertility rates remain at 2008 levels, the United Nations predicts that world population will surpass ________ billion in 2050. A) 5 B) 9 C) 10 D) 7 E) 4
C) 10
5) If a population roughly doubles in the course of 50 years, its growth rate would be close to ________%. A) 25 B) 10 C) 20 D) 1.5 E) 5
D. 1.5
13) The Toxic Substances Control Act regulates ________. A) food additives B) pesticides C) drugs D) cosmetics E) industrial chemicals
E) industrial chemicals
33) The Conservation Reserve Program pays farmers to ________. A) experiment growing new varieties of GM crops B) grow native crops such as corn and beans C) pasture cattle instead of growing crops D) stop growing tobacco E) stop cultivating highly erodible land
E) stop cultivating highly erodible land
2) During the period ________ the world's population more than doubled. A) 1950-2000 B) 1750-1800 C) 1900-1950 D) 1800-1850 E) 1850-1900
E. 1950-2000.
2) ________ are best defined as substances that cause cancer. A) Carcinogens B) Teratogens C) Vectors D) Allergens E) Neurotoxins
A) Carcinogens
18) Pat and Terry are considering moving from near the center of a large city into the suburbs. Which of the following discussion points is valid? A) It will be easier to have a place for a vegetable garden if they move to the suburbs. B) If they move to the suburbs, it will cost much less for transportation. C) If they stay in the city, they'll probably get less exercise. D) They'll experience more stress if they move to the suburbs. E) If they stay in the city, they will contribute more to local pollution.
A) It will be easier to have a place for a vegetable garden if they move to the suburbs.
27) The role of zoning is to ________. A) classify areas for different types of urban development and land use B) promote urbanization C) run city governments like the federal government D) promote taxation according to land use E) integrate agriculture with urban land use
A) classify areas for different types of urban development and land use
23) In a country where there are increasingly more households, ________. A) consumption should increase B) consumption should decrease C) birth rates should increase D) population growth rates should increase E) birth rates should remain constant
A) consumption should increase
25) Most of the world population growth in the near future will be in ________. A) developing countries B) Europe C) developed countries D) currently uninhabited areas such as Antarctica E) North America
A) developing countries
26) Infectious diseases are a much greater problem in developing countries than in developed nations. In developing countries, such diseases account for nearly half of all deaths. This is because ________. A) developing countries generally lack many of the health and medical services found in developed countries B) most of the developing countries are in tropical climates and medicines don't work well in these climates C) virtually no developed nation is willing to help the developing countries with their infectious disease problems D) even when medical care is available, many people in developing nations do not have the money to pay for it E) Both A and D.
A) developing countries generally lack many of the health and medical services found in developed countries D) even when medical care is available, many people in developing nations do not have the money to pay for it E) Both A and D.
11) Transport of airborne toxicants, a specific problem in agricultural environments, is called pesticide ________. A) drift B) transposition C) run-off D) globalization E) leaching
A) drift
7) The world's urban populations are ________. A) growing faster than the population as a whole B) growing at about the same rate as the rural populations C) shrinking in developed nations D) shrinking, compared to rural populations E) growing most rapidly in the developed nations
A) growing faster than the population as a whole
16) Any consideration of the true costs of sprawl must include ________. A) increased use of fossil fuels B) increased use of pesticides C) the restoration of natural areas to inner cities D) the problems of decreased water and energy consumption E) more time for families to be together
A) increased use of fossil fuels
28) The effect of toxicants on fetuses and young children ________. A) is greater because of their developmental immaturity, rapid growth and smaller biomass B) has been thoroughly evaluated for every chemical released into both indoor and outdoor environments C) has not raised concern among environmental health professionals D) is less than for adults because their metabolism is higher E) is generally the same for adults
A) is greater because of their developmental immaturity, rapid growth and smaller biomass
3) All of the following factors have contributed to movement of people to suburbs except ________. A) more space B) better schools C) greater availability of mass transit D) better economic opportunities E) lower crime rates
A) more space
15) Aquatic animals such as fish and frogs are especially good indicators of water pollution because ________. A) most chemicals are water soluble so they enter these organisms through drinking or skin absorption B) these organisms are the most abundant on Earth C) they are easy to catch D) the metabolism of these organisms is most like ours E) all chemical toxicants are found in water
A) most chemicals are water soluble so they enter these organisms through drinking or skin absorption
25) Infectious disease accounts for ________% of deaths globally. A) nearly 25 B) almost 50 C) 40 D) less than 1 E) 30
A) nearly 25
1) Rachel Carson's book Silent Spring primarily focuses on the environmental problems associated with ________. A) pesticide toxicity B) loss of biodiversity C) deforestation D) overpopulation E) aquifer depletion
A) pesticide toxicity
6) A naturally occurring substance that seeps up from the ground and that is potentially toxic to people is ________. A) radon gas B) Salmonella C) DDE D) bisphenol A E) carbon dioxide
A) radon gas
20) Of the chemicals that fall under the TSCA ________% have been tested for toxicity and ________ have been tested for endocrine, nervous, or immune system damage. A) 50; one-quarter B) 10; almost none C) 25; 10% D) 10; 10% E) 50; half
B) 10; almost none
3) ________ are best defined as substances that cause birth defects. A) Neurotoxins B) Teratogens C) Vectors D) Allergens E) Carcinogens
B) Teratogens
8) Toxicants that cause harm by affecting the immune system include ________. A) antibiotics B) allergens C) teratogens D) hormones E) neurotoxins
B) allergens
12) Around the world, most major cities are situated ________. A) near mountains, usually in a valley B) along rivers, oceans, roads, or train routes C) on the more northern continents D) in agricultural areas E) at elevations above 500 m.
B) along rivers, oceans, roads, or train routes
18) Suppose that the concentration of DDT in a lake is 0.0000003 ppm (parts per million) and the concentration of DDT in the tissues of an osprey (a fish-eating bird) is 25 ppm. This is an example of ________. A) bioreduction B) biomagnification C) biotruncation D) biodegradation E) bioremediation
B) biomagnification
10) Worldwide, the fastest growing cities today are mostly ________. A) cities in the northern United States, such as Chicago, Illinois, and Portland, Oregon B) cities in developing nations, including Cairo, Egypt, and Mumbai (Bombay), India C) small cities in the southern United States, such as Austin, Texas, and Raleigh, North Carolina D) large cities worldwide, such as Paris, London, and Los Angeles E) the megacities such as Tokyo, Mexico City, and New York City
B) cities in developing nations, including Cairo, Egypt, and Mumbai (Bombay), India
24) Of the following, ________ is a method that governments use to improve urban transportation. A) making some public buildings and some communities accessible only by public transportation B) constructing light rail and expanded bus systems C) giving tax rebates to people who use only public transportation D) providing motorcycle lanes in the center of rail lines E) providing bicycle lanes on freeways
B) constructing light rail and expanded bus systems
24) During the past half-century, global food production has ________ world population growth. A) fallen behind B) grown at a faster rate than C) stayed about even with D) fallen to critical levels compared to E) surpassed by several orders of magnitude
B) grown at a faster rate than
34) The ecological footprint of a large city is ________ than/as the surrounding rural area. A) much lower B) much higher C) about the same size D) slightly lower E) slightly higher
B) much higher
27) Synergistic effects of toxicants that are mixed together ________. A) typically have simple additive effects B) often are multiplicative (the mixed toxicants may multiply each other's effects) C) always involve synthetic toxicants D) have effects that tend to cancel one another out E) are not numerous in the natural environment
B) often are multiplicative (the mixed toxicants may multiply each other's effects)
8) In developing nations, such as India and Nigeria, ________. A) very little change has occurred in the past 40 years regarding where people live B) rural people are moving to the cities in large numbers C) more people are moving to the suburbs than to the city centers D) most of the population is moving to the suburbs from the city centers E) small numbers of people have moved into the cities
B) rural people are moving to the cities in large numbers
14) The European Union's REACH (Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and restriction of chemicals) program ________. A) was originally enacted to protect endangered species B) shifts the burden of testing chemical safety from government to industry C) was ordered by the Stockholm Convention of 1949 D) is enforced by the FDA E) was originally enacted to protect agriculture
B) shifts the burden of testing chemical safety from government to industry
19) The bald eagle, osprey, and peregrine falcon all are ________. A) extinct B) top consumers susceptible to eggshell damage caused by DDT C) U.S. invasive species D) found only in Florida E) over-hunted for their feathers
B) top consumers susceptible to eggshell damage caused by DDT
31) An organism, such as a mosquito, that transmits a disease-causing organism to a host is called a ________. A) virus B) vector C) fungus D) bacterium E) vehicle
B) vector
32) LEED-certified buildings could be described by all of the following, except ________. A) built with sustainable materials B) limit pollution and recycle wastes C) construction costs much less than for conventional buildings D) reduce the ecological footprint of the building E) energy efficient
C) construction costs much less than for conventional buildings
23) Louis Guillette is most famous for his studies ________. A) on neurological effects of pesticide poisoning B) about the dangers of second-hand smoke C) describing reproductive and developmental abnormalities in alligators Florida lakes D) on gonadal abnormalities in frogs E) about the dangers of DDT
C) describing reproductive and developmental abnormalities in alligators Florida lakes
21) The goal of the Stockholm Convention is to ________. A) prevent the spread of the AIDS B) reduce the ecological footprints of people around the world C) end the use and release of 12 POPs shown to be the most dangerous D) educate women about birth control E) reduce global warming
C) end the use and release of 12 POPs shown to be the most dangerous
6) Then, in 2010, Metro Portland made a historic agreement between landowners and citizens which ________. A) gave each individual landowner an equal portion of the region's land B) converted all undeveloped land to restored natural ecosystems C) included a regional plan to identify exactly where urban growth would be allowed D) prohibited agriculture on any undeveloped land in the region E) put up undeveloped land at auction to be sold to the highest bidders, public or private
C) included a regional plan to identify exactly where urban growth would be allowed
7) PCB contamination of the environment ________. A) was the main environmental problem in Lake Apopka B) is the main focus of the book Silent Spring C) is a continuing problem because PCBs are non-biodegradable and persist in the environment D) results from over-application of pesticides E) has never been documented outside the United States
C) is a continuing problem because PCBs are non-biodegradable and persist in the environment
15) Air travel, the Internet, cheap fossil fuels and television all have allowed people to ________. A) return to an agricultural society B) live within the UDB's demanded by smart city design C) live in less centralized communities D) live more densely packed into urban areas E) consume less energy and materials
C) live in less centralized communities
16) DDT, DDE, PCBs, and PBDEs are all ________. A) biodegradable and do not persist in the environment B) teratogens C) non-biodegradable and subject to bioaccumulation and/or biomagnification D) approved for use as pesticides by the EPA E) toxic at the organism level but not at the ecosystem level
C) non-biodegradable and subject to bioaccumulation and/or biomagnification
5) Oregon's strong policy of enforcing UGB's (urban growth boundaries) to create livable cities has been exemplary for many years, but between 2004 and 2007, voters ________. A) have gone further by passing a bill capping population in all major cities B) voiced their desire to have a state as populous as neighboring California C) passed a bill giving property owners the right to ignore UGB's D) passed legislation forbidding the construction of any new single-family homes E) passed a bill promoting unregulated development everywhere in the state
C) passed a bill giving property owners the right to ignore UGB's
5) Toxicants that interrupt essential biochemical processes in organisms by blocking one or steps in important biochemical reactions are known as ________. A) neurotoxins B) insecticides C) pathway inhibitors D) mutagens E) carcinogens
C) pathway inhibitors
22) An urban growth boundary (UGB) is intended to ________. A) enforce certain restrictions within neighborhoods B) maintain low housing costs for the average homeowner C) provide guidelines for city development to separate areas desired to be urban from areas desired to be rural D) ensure that businesses do not locate in residential areas E) help an area retain its distinctive character
C) provide guidelines for city development to separate areas desired to be urban from areas desired to be rural
4) Carcinogens may be difficult to identify because ________. A) most are invisible B) they are rare in nature C) there is a long lag time between exposure to the agent and disease D) they are the least common toxicants E) there is no way to measure the carcinogenic potential of a substance
C) there is a long lag time between exposure to the agent and disease
30) Natural occurring biological hazards to people are ________. A) crude oil seeps and radon gas B) phthalates and bisphenol-A C) viruses and Salmonella D) carbon dioxide and nitrogen gas E) DDT and DDE
C) viruses and Salmonella
21) The practice of classifying areas for different types of development and land use is referred to as ________. A) boundary-setting B) urbanism C) zoning D) deregulation E) green-washing
C) zoning
16) Which of the following countries has the highest population growth rate? A) Spain B) United States C) Canada D) Pakistan E) Italy
D) Pakistan
23) The new urbanism tries to ________. A) use zoning to keep small neighborhoods intact B) use tiered taxation to maintain inner cities as vibrant, livable communities C) keep business in a central location, near transportation centers D) develop walkable communities, with homes and businesses close together E) provide low-cost, long-distance, mass transit systems
D) develop walkable communities, with homes and businesses close together
9) The book Our Stolen Future was important because it ________. A) was the first book that discussed environmental problems with DDT B) was the first book that discussed water pollution problems in Lake Apopka C) was the first book to dispute claims in Rachel Carson's book Silent Spring D) focused on the impacts of endocrine-disrupting chemicals on humans E) is credited with starting the environmental movement in the United States
D) focused on the impacts of endocrine-disrupting chemicals on humans
33) The urban heat island effect is caused by ________. A) nuclear power plants venting excess heat into the urban landscape B) air warmed over adjacent oceans blowing into urban areas C) green buildings D) heat-generating buildings and dark, heat-absorbing surfaces E) street lighting and burning of wastes in landfills
D) heat-generating buildings and dark, heat-absorbing surfaces
29) Studies of endocrine disruptors have shown that they are closely associated with all of the following except ________. A) low birth rates B) gonadal abnormalities C) male feminization D) lung cancer E) thyroid hormone abnormalities
D) lung cancer
30) People who live entirely within an urban environment ________. A) are never provided enough quality housing, even for those who can afford it B) have insufficient choices for activities and lifestyles C) pay less for food and gasoline than rural areas D) may become disconnected from nature and from the true costs of their needs and activities E) have too many luxury goods at too expensive a price
D) may become disconnected from nature and from the true costs of their needs and activities
24) Tyrone Hayes is most famous for his studies ________. A) on neurological effects of pesticide poisoning B) describing abnormalities in alligators in Lake Apopka C) about the dangers of second-hand smoke D) on gonadal abnormalities in frogs E) about the dangers of DDT
D) on gonadal abnormalities in frogs
26) The original purpose of parks in eastern U.S. cities was to ________. A) provide wildlife sanctuaries within cities B) provide protected places for hunting foxes, birds, and deer C) protect passenger pigeons, Carolina parakeets, and other rapidly declining species D) provide a European style experience of the beauty and intimacy of formal landscapes E) provide open places for picnics and games, such as football, cricket, and lawn tennis
D) provide a European style experience of the beauty and intimacy of formal landscapes
22) According to the Precautionary Principle we should ________. A) allow industry to do their own research to determine if a chemical is safe B) do extensive government scientific testing before restricting a chemical for use C) levy large fines against companies that manufacture toxic substances D) restrict any chemical that is suspected of toxicity until it is proven safe E) halt the manufacture and use of synthetic chemicals
D) restrict any chemical that is suspected of toxicity until it is proven safe
17) One of the things that contribute to sprawl is ________. A) developer's fees B) the steady state of human populations C) zoning D) the trend toward increasing land area per capita E) the steadily increasing prices for gasoline
D) the trend toward increasing land area per capita
32) No-till farming would be most beneficial for farmers ________. A) whose cropland is in the Conservation Reserve Program B) who typically experience minimal soil erosion C) who plant a cash crop every third year D) with steeply sloped fields E) using contour strip cropping
D) with steeply sloped fields
1) The human population is approximately ________. A) 10 billion B) 1.5 million C) 6.9 million D) 7 billion E) 1.5 billion
D. 6.9 million
3) Which of the following best describes the human population from early times to the present? A) Early rapid growth which has leveled off to a nearly constant rate in the last 20 years B) Rapid, explosive growth throughout the period C) Early rapid growth which has increased rapidly in the last 20 years D) Slow, uneven growth until the 1800s, then increasingly rapid growth E) Slow, steady growth throughout the period
D. Slow, uneven growth until the 1800s, then increasingly rapid growth
21) The annual global growth rate of the human population peaked in the ________ and has been declining ever since. A) 1950s B) early 1900s C) year 2000 D) 1990s E) 1960s
E) 1960s
19) Gasoline prices have doubled in a large Midwestern city and may continue to rise in the future. What may happen in this situation? A) People who live in the suburbs will want larger vehicles to drive. B) People who live in the suburbs will become active supporters of increased mass transit options. C) People who live in the suburbs may press local politicians and city planners to develop better mass transit for the area. D) Some people who live in the suburbs will search for new places to live closer to where they work. E) B, C, and D may all take place in this situation.
E) B, C, and D may all take place in this situation.
17) ________ is/are biodegradable and known to have (a) short persistence time(s). A) PCBs B) PBDEs C) DDT D) DDE E) Bt
E) Bt
12) Pesticides in the United States are registered through the ________. A) USDA B) PRA C) FDA D) BLM E) EPA
E) EPA
34) Some indoor chemical hazard(s) are ________. A) DDT and DDE B) wastewater toxicants C) PCBs D) petroleum and toxic waste tanks tank leaks E) Radon and asbestos
E) Radon and asbestos
29) Of the following, the benefits of green buildings include ________. A) reduced use of energy and water B) being built from sustainable materials C) pollution control D) minimal adverse health effects on occupants E) all of these are benefits of green buildings
E) all of these are benefits of green buildings
28) A resource sink is ________. A) an area that produces a single resource and can control the price of that commodity or service B) a resource that is desirable, such that different cities must compete to obtain enough of it for their citizens C) an area that is able to trade for all of the things that it needs D) an area that produces many things and needs to export them to a variety of places E) an area that produces almost none of the things that it needs
E) an area that produces almost none of the things that it needs
10) Bisphenol A is ________. A) produced when fossil fuels are burned B) released from aerosol spray cans C) a currently used herbicide D) a banned insecticide E) an estrogen mimic that is used in plastic manufacturing
E) an estrogen mimic that is used in plastic manufacturing
4) Curitiba, Brazil, has shown us that ________. A) once roads are widened, traffic congestion decreases B) unregulated urban sprawl produces severe air pollution C) prohibition of all motorized vehicles within cities reduces pollution and saves energy D) traffic flows smoothly once pedestrians and bicycles are eliminated E) an expanded bus system, affordable to all, can solve a large city's traffic congestion
E) an expanded bus system, affordable to all, can solve a large city's traffic congestion
32) Acute exposure to an environmental toxin ________. A) is the case with chronic alcohol and nicotine abuse B) is usually untreatable and fatal C) involves low levels of exposure over long periods of time D) makes it difficult to associate the symptoms with a cause E) are high exposures over short times and associated with a specific cause
E) are high exposures over short times and associated with a specific cause
33) Properties of toxicants likely to build up in animals through bioaccumulation are ________. A) nitrogen and sulfur compounds B) gases carried by pesticide drift C) non-biodegradable, lipid-soluble D) carcinogens and mutagens E) biodegradable, water soluble
E) biodegradable, water soluble
9) Of the following, ________ requires the least land to produce 1 kg of protein. A) pork B) eggs C) milk D) beef E) chicken
E) chicken
13) Throughout history, all cities have ________. A) destroyed the rural areas surrounding them through conquest or politics B) been self-sustaining in food production C) been major sources of labor for the rural areas surrounding them D) had disagreements with the rural areas surrounding them E) drawn resources from surrounding areas by trade, persuasion, or conquest
E) drawn resources from surrounding areas by trade, persuasion, or conquest
17) Relative to sustainable agriculture, insects' roles are as ________. A) keystone species B) genetically modified species C) invasive species D) harmful herbivores that need to be eliminated E) essential pollinators and predators
E) essential pollinators and predators
9) American cities in the northern United States, such as Chicago, Illinois, ________. A) had their greatest populations in the 19th and early 20th centuries B) have always grown rapidly and continue to do so C) have steadily lost population over the past 40 years D) have maintained a steady state population since the 1970s E) have increased their rate of growth dramatically in the past 20 years
E) have increased their rate of growth dramatically in the past 20 years
11) The requirement in Oregon for every metropolitan area to establish an urban growth boundary is intended to ________. A) reduce the size of natural areas adjacent to cities B) take away incentives for renewal of urban areas C) force people to move elsewhere D) reduce urban sprawl E) increase the size of suburbs
E) increase the size of suburbs
14) Over the past 50 years, most U.S. citizens who could afford to do so ________. A) moved into "downtown" city center areas B) migrated into the cities C) moved into high-rise condominiums D) improved the cities E) left the cities for the suburbs
E) left the cities for the suburbs
20) A city planner needs to consider ________ as a first priority. A) the best use of sales tax money within the city proper B) local laws pertaining to property rights C) railroads, subway systems, and how much they charge riders D) the amount of money investors have available for new business E) optimal land use strategies for different areas of the city
E) optimal land use strategies for different areas of the city
11) Diminishing population growth rates in poor countries can be partially attributed to ________. A) reproducing beyond replacement fertility B) economic disasters C) valuing the birth of a son D) illness in infants E) the education of women
E) the education of women
25) L'Enfant's 1791 Plan of the U.S. capital represented the first ________. A) attempt to address biodiversity concerns B) effort to design a freeway C) effort to plan for agriculture in city areas D) effort to address urban sprawl E) thorough city planning program
E) thorough city planning program
31) People who seek to improve resource sustainability of our cities urge us to ________. A) maintain a steady pattern of growth and development B) use zoning and taxation to promote livable cities C) oppose strict limits on growth (UGBs) D) find a balance between imports and exports of resources E) use renewable energy sources and recycle materials
E) use renewable energy sources and recycle materials
26) The breakdown of large rocks into smaller pieces is ________. A) affected by rainfall, freezing and thawing B) called mineralization C) primarily caused by topsoil erosion D) a major cause of topsoil erosion E) unaffected by winds
A) affected by rainfall, freezing and thawing
16) Of the following, ________ best describes integrated pest management (IPM). A) biocontrol measures, crop rotation, and habitat diversification B) transgenic crops C) major reliance on synthetic pesticides D) subsidies for pesticide use E) continuous monoculture cropping and harvesting
A) biocontrol measures, crop rotation, and habitat diversification
26) A population in the post-industrial stage would be expected to have ________. A) birth and death rates at low stable levels B) a sex ratio skewed in favor of females C) an age-distribution diagram that is pyramidal with a broad base D) population size, birth rates, and death rates rising E) lower birth rates but much higher death rates and environmental impact
A) birth and death rates at low stable levels
3) Legislation passed by Congress is known as ________. A) case law B) utilitarian law C) mandatory law D) statutory law E) environmental law
A) case law
20) Organic farming ________. A) has increased in the United States, Canada, and Europe in recent years B) began in the 1960s C) is presently limited to crops of fruits and vegetables D) has no state or national standards in the United States E) and organically grown produce have not been supported by the European Union
A) has increased in the United States, Canada, and Europe in recent years
22) A country with ________ is not expected to grow quickly in the near future. A) high female employment and literacy B) a female to male ratio of 1.2 to 1 C) many developing regions D) growing industrialization E) a broad-based, pyramid-shaped age-structure diagram
A) high female employment and literacy
30) According to the IPAT model, technology that enhances our acquisition of minerals, fossil fuels, timber, and ocean fish ________. A) increases environmental impact B) decreases environmental impact C) decreases sensitivity D) increases sensitivity E) increases population
A) increases environmental impact
1) Monoculture ________. A) is an agricultural practice of growing large stands of a single species B) describes food that has not been genetically modified C) farming is illegal in most countries D) is an agricultural practice that uses no synthetic fertilizers or pesticides E) describes diets low in protein, such as vegetarianism
A) is an agricultural practice of growing large stands of a single species
9) Replacement fertility ________. A) is equal to 2.1 in stable populations B) restores population size after a catastrophic event C) is a contraceptive technique D) is below 2 in Africa E) is below 2 in Latin America and the Caribbean
A) is equal to 2.1 in stable populations
12) Increasing levels of literacy among women is shown to ________. A) lower TFR B) result in having children at a younger age C) decrease the use of contraception D) raise TFR E) have no effect on TFR or contraceptive use
A) lower TFR
38) Recent research suggests that ________ has/have contributed to the large drop in fertility rates in Brazil over the past several decades. A) soap operas B) laws preventing women from having more than one child C) legalization of abortions D) exposure to environmental estrogens E) AIDS and malaria
A) soap operas
25) Rising per capita consumption of goods and rising population growth lead to ________. A) steady-state economics B) increased biodiversity and ecosystem services C) more resource extraction, waste and pollution D) greater availability of goods to poorer nations and people E) less fossil fuel use and global climate change
A) steady-state economics
33) The "sensitivity factor" in the model used to represent human environmental impact denotes ________. A) the sensitivity of an environment to human pressures B) the sensitivity of governments to carrying capacity demands C) the sensitivity of endangered species to human population infringement D) economic sensitivity to resource use E) human sensitivity to what needs to be done to protect the environment
A) the sensitivity of an environment to human pressures
10) The 1994 Cairo, Egypt, conference was organized ________. A) to urge governments to better address social issues such as poverty and disease as potential sources of population problems B) to lower the world's population to preset targets by advocating the use of contraceptives C) to address the growing AIDS epidemic in Africa D) to reevaluate the effectiveness of China's one-child policy E) by President Clinton to seek world funding for family-planning initiatives
A) to urge governments to better address social issues such as poverty and disease as potential sources of population problems
25) Factors involved in soil formation are ________. A) weathering of parent material, freezing/thawing, tree roots B) nitrogen-fixing bacteria, grazing by herbivores, tropical storms C) frequent wildfires, wind, temperatures above 100 degrees Fahrenheit D) seasonal changes in tides, earthquakes E) erosion, leaching
A) weathering of parent material, freezing/thawing, tree roots
36) A country exhibiting a stable population that is neither growing nor shrinking likely has a TFR of around ________. A) zero B) less than 1.0 C) 2.1 D) 1.2 E) 5 or higher
A) zero
28) The world population growth rate is currently close to ________%. A) 1.2 B) 5 C) 20 D) 10 E) 2.5
A. 1.2 %
29) IPAT stands for ________. A) Impact, Population, Affluence, and Technology B) Impact, Population, Attitude, and Technology C) Industry, Population, Attitude, and Teaching D) Industry, People, Attitude, and Teaching E) Impact, People, Affluence, and Technology
A. Impact, Population, Affluence, and Technology
11) The first national park in the world was ________. A) Yosemite B) Yellowstone C) Grand Canyon D) Death Valley E) Glacier National Park
B) Yellowstone
2) The primary role of the United Nations is to ________. A) develop international business cooperatives B) cooperate in solving international economic, social, cultural, and humanitarian problems C) regulate international travel, emigration and immigration among member states D) maintain international environmental education standards E) make international laws regarding commerce and the environment
B) cooperate in solving international economic, social, cultural, and humanitarian problems
30) The loss of more than 10% productivity in an arid area due to erosion, soil compaction, deforestation or overgrazing is ________. A) deposition B) desertification C) climatization D) stratification E) global climate change
B) desertification
3) In Queensland, Australia, cactus moths (Cactoblastis cactorum) ________. A) are raised as a food source by native Aborigines B) effectively cleared non-native prickly pear cactus from rangeland C) are a keystone species D) are an invasive species E) are examples of species that have developed resistance to pesticides
B) effectively cleared non-native prickly pear cactus from rangeland
7) "If domestic gas prices rise to $5 per gallon, conservation will increase, alternative fuels will be developed, and energy efficiency and our quality of life will improve." This view is consistent with ________ economics. A) neoclassical B) environmental C) social D) anarchic E) subsistence
B) environmental
18) We lose 5 to 7 million ha of productive cropland per year to ________. A) damage from pesticides B) erosion, over-irrigation, and overgrazing C) no-till cropping and shelterbelts D) damage from recreation activity E) reforestation and wetland restoration
B) erosion, over-irrigation, and overgrazing
34) The consequences of over-fertilizing include ________. A) very large fruits and vegetables B) eutrophication and dead zones in nearby aquatic ecosystems C) very fertile soils in future years D) crops spreading into adjacent unfarmed areas E) larger crop yields per acre
B) eutrophication and dead zones in nearby aquatic ecosystems
13) Green Revolution techniques ________. A) have contributed to an increased diversity of foods in the human diet B) have increased crop yields but may not be sustainable C) focus on preserving biodiversity D) focus on sustainability E) focus on organic farming
B) have increased crop yields but may not be sustainable
34) The most accurate terms describing the trend over the past 50 years for human use of natural resources are ________. A) from unsustainable to sustainable B) increasing and unsustainable C) rapidly increasing, moving from unsustainable to sustainable D) decreasing and sustainable E) steady state, no change
B) increasing and unsustainable
23) It is more energetically efficient for us to eat more ________. A) foods grown using IPM methods B) plant-based foods C) GM foods D) herbivorous animals like cattle and chicken E) carnivorous animals like fish and alligators
B) plant-based foods
22) Seed banks (institutions that store and preserve seeds) are important for ________. A) cash deposits for developing countries B) protecting genetic diversity C) loans to developing countries to promote organic agriculture D) protecting monoculture productivity E) providing farmers with the current year's GM crops
B) protecting genetic diversity
13) The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) ________. A) altered the amount of chemicals allowed in water as a result of industrial pollution B) required environmental impact statements for any projects funded by the U.S. government C) was signed into law by Bill Clinton D) requires compensation to be given to anyone harmed by deliberate pollution from any business or corporate entity E) put all federal land under stringent environmental protection
B) required environmental impact statements for any projects funded by the U.S. government
17) Of the following factors, ________ drives TFR down. A) history and tradition B) social and economic security C) rural lifestyle D) high infant mortality E) poverty
B) social and economic security
24) In the demographic transition model, the highest population growth rate in a country is likely to occur during ________. A) stage 1, the preindustrial stage B) stage 2, the transitional stage C) stage 3, the industrial stage D) stage 4, the postindustrial stage E) stage 5, the stability transition stage
B) stage 2, the transitional stage
24) Robert Constanza and his colleagues have shown that ________. A) ecosystems services cannot be assigned monetary values because they are external B) the value of ecosystem services is more than $48 trillion in 2013 dollars C) NAFTA has had environmental benefits worth $2.7 billion in 2011 D) nutrient cycling is the least valuable of ecosystem services E) ecosystem services are valued at less than 0.5% of the U.S. GDP
B) the value of ecosystem services is more than $48 trillion in 2013 dollars
4) A graph of world population growth over the past 500 years most closely resembled the letter ________. A) K B) J C) M D) U E) S
B. J
19) The richest one-fifth of the world's population possesses approximately ________ times the income of the poorest one-fifth, and the richest one-fifth uses over 86% of the world's resources. A) 20 B) 40 C) 80 D) 60 E) 10
C) 80
14) ________% of the food we consume comes from ________ crop species. A) 90; 100 B) 50; 50 C) 90; 15 D) 10; 100 E) 50; 20
C) 90; 15
7) Which statement most accurately describes the population control efforts in China? A) Changing public attitudes about family size through communication, education, counseling, and contraceptives has reduced the population growth rates. B) Increasing child survival, elevate status and employment levels for women and increase literacy in the general population has decreased fertility rates. C) A One-Child Policy that is enforced through taxation and penalties has successfully controlled population growth. D) There is minimal governmental financial support for birth control for all couples. E) A One-Child Policy that requires all women to work and education for all has decreased fertility rates.
C) A One-Child Policy that is enforced through taxation and penalties has successfully controlled population growth
5) What is true about GM crops? A) Europe leads the world in land area dedicated to GM crops. B) They require artificial pollination methods. C) The United States leads the world in land area dedicated to GM crops. D) They are unanimously favored by environmentalists. E) Latin America leads the world in land area dedicated to GM crops.
C) The United States leads the world in land area dedicated to GM crops.
31) Terracing, contour farming, intercropping, and crop rotation all ________. A) contribute to leaching B) are prohibited in organic farming C) are techniques for conserving soil resources and fertility D) contribute to erosion and desertification E) are aspects of IPM
C) are techniques for conserving soil resources and fertility
19) Aquaculture ________. A) has no real environmental disadvantages B) frequently results in unintended catch of non-target species C) can bring economic benefits and food security to many developing regions D) uses more fossil fuels than traditional commercial fishing E) produces less fish per unit area compared to ocean water harvesting
C) can bring economic benefits and food security to many developing regions
14) To control pollution, industry has been given limits and been threatened with punishment if these limits are violated. This approach is called ________. A) end of the alley B) last chance C) command and control D) carrot and stick E) limit and manage
C) command and control
15) Areas with the least dense human populations are in ________. A) Mexico B) the suburbs C) desert, tundra, and rainforest D) temperate areas E) Europe
C) desert, tundra, and rainforest
10) Environmental damage from industry or land development has traditionally been labeled as ________ by economists. A) greenwashing B) steady state economics C) external costs D) free riders E) ecosystem services
C) external costs
15) Since 1960, pesticide use has increased ________ worldwide. A) threefold B) sixfold C) fourfold D) twofold E) fivefold
C) fourfold
2) Until about 10,000 years ago, our species depended on ________. A) cattle B) crops C) hunting and gathering D) hunting and herding E) crops and cattle
C) hunting and gathering
16) International environmental policies arise from ________. A) distribution and use of pollution permits B) decisions by the United Nations Environment Programme C) international conventions or treaties D) informal agreements reached by multinational corporations E) environmental impact statements
C) international conventions or treaties
8) "If domestic gas prices rise to $5 per gallon, growth will slow significantly and our quality of life will decline." This view is consistent with ________ economics. A) social B) anarchic C) neoclassical D) subsistence E) environmental
C) neoclassical
27) Madagascar's age-structure diagram ________. A) reflects a "baby boom" in the early 1980s B) reflects an aging population C) reflects a population with a high growth rate D) reflects unequal distribution of males and females at all age groups E) looks like an urn, with narrow base and an expanded apex
C) reflects a population with a high growth rate
28) Leaching ________. A) is a natural component of composting B) helps crops grow when it occurs in spring C) removes water-soluble nutrients from soils D) is a natural mechanism for adding nutrients to soils E) is caused by upwelling of groundwater into soils
C) removes water-soluble nutrients from soils
35) To make organic fertilizer by composting, you do not include ________. A) dead leaves, weeds B) crop residues C) shredded plastic and metals, waste from animal butchering D) animal manures E) wood chips
C) shredded plastic and metals, waste from animal butchering
36) Over-irrigation can result in ________. A) higher numbers of agricultural pests B) crop rotation C) soil salinization and waterlogging D) leaching E) erosion
C) soil salinization and waterlogging
17) Juanita and Sam attend a beach party and notice that the local beach appears to have a great deal more trash washed up on shore than it did when they were young. The water doesn't appear nearly as clear, and there seems to be less evidence of small water creatures living in the shallows. An afternoon at the local library convinces them that one major cause is the new factory nearby. After some discussion, they decide their next step should be ________. A) identifying the cause of the changes B) lobbying their elected representatives to complain about the problem C) talking to a local environmental group about solutions D) picketing the guilty factory E) identifying the problem
C) talking to a local environmental group about solutions
13) The term demographic transition refers to ________. A) the slowing down in the growth of a population as it approaches it biocapacity B) a requirement for a population to reach a specific size before it becomes stable C) the decline in death rates followed by decline in birth rates, occurring as a country economically develops D) the decline in death rates followed by a decline in birth rates that occurred because sanitation levels in areas improved E) the slowing down in the growth of a population as it approaches the carrying capacity
C) the decline in death rates followed by decline in birth rates, occurring as a country economically develops
37) Not surprisingly, the nation with the highest rate of contraceptive use (85%) is ________. A) Australia B ) South Africa C) China D) United States E) New Zealand
C. China
18) The entire environmental policy process ________. A) can only be completed by the major political parties B) can be accomplished by anyone acting alone C) includes more steps than the average citizen is able to accomplish alone D) can only be completed by paid political lobbyists E) is only accessible to wealthy individuals
C. includes more steps than the average citizen is able to accomplish alone
12) Rachel Carson's book Silent Spring, published in the 1960s, ________. A) was the beginning of the first wave of U.S. environmental policy B) was concerned with birth defects in humans C) warned of insect pollinator losses through pesticide use D) focused on chemical pollutants, including industrial chemicals E) awakened the American public to negative effects of artificial hormones
D) focused on chemical pollutants, including industrial chemicals
19) The World Bank was established in 1944 to ________. A) fund international environmental studies of issues such as pollution and global warming B) help weak governments by loaning money to heads of state for military infrastructure C) fund international projects for developed nations, including dams on international rivers, multicountry irrigation projects, and the spraying of herbicides and insecticides D) fund economic development for all countries, rich and poor, including dams and irrigation in the poorest countries, for the poorest peoples E) provide ease of banking for multinational corporations
D) fund economic development for all countries, rich and poor, including dams and irrigation in the poorest countries, for the poorest peoples
20) Critics of the World Trade Organization ________. A) complain that it shapes environmental policy by establishing unfair international laws B) charge that the WTO's subsidy policies unfairly target poor people C) say that the international taxes that it regulates are burdensome to smaller countries D) charge that it gives too much money to environmental causes E) complain that it frequently worsens environmental problems
D) fund economic development for all countries, rich and poor, including dams and irrigation in the poorest countries, for the poorest peoples
8) Bt crops ________. A) are widely grown in Europe B) have not yet been approved by the FDA C) have seeds that will only germinate under laboratory conditions D) have been given a bacterial gene that gives chemical protection against pests E) include strawberries that are resistant to frost damage
D) have been given a bacterial gene that gives chemical protection against pests
27) Normal Borlaug, who passed away in 2009, pioneered the development of ________. A) GM crops B) organic agriculture C) monoculture farming D) high-yield wheat E) IPM
D) high-yield wheat
12) Industrial agriculture ________. A) permanently improved soils, providing more food from less space B) rapidly deteriorated soils, requiring continuous movement to new croplands C) had no impact on agriculture D) increased our ability to obtain more food from the same area E) is necessary today for all cultures
D) increased our ability to obtain more food from the same area
31) The most serious problem caused by population growth is ________. A) too few jobs B) lack of farmland to meet food needs C) inefficient food transportation D) increasing demand for resources E) crowding
D) increasing demand for resources
6) The World Bank ________. A) regulates U.S. environmental administrative agencies B) is a U.S. NGO that funds any project that may affect global environment C) mandates that environmental law preempt all other federal laws D) is a major source of funds for global economic development E) assists U.S. corporations to circumvent foreign nations' environmental laws
D) is a major source of funds for global economic development
29) The O horizon of soils consists of ________. A) material leached from the top layers of soils B) bedrock C) materials deposited by erosion D) mostly organic material E) weathered parent material
D) mostly organic material
15) The principle that "internal costs," which are the costs and benefits borne by the buyer and seller alone, represent the true and full economics of all transactions is a principle of ________. A) classical economics B) steady-state economics C) ecological economics D) neoclassical economics E) sustainable economies
D) neoclassical economics
2) The greatest general problem with suburbs is ________. A) decreased water quality B) lack of nearby shopping C) high population density D) that they spread environmental impact over a larger area E) lack of resources
D) that they spread environmental impact over a larger area
8) Which of the following is not one of the world's top five most populous nations? A) Indonesia B) India C) United States D) Vietnam E) Brazil
D. Vietnam
4) Enforcement and elaboration of U.S. statutory law is given to ________. A) the judicial branch B) the legislative branch C) watchdog groups D) oversight committees including private citizens E) administrative agencies
E) administrative agencies
7) Researchers have demonstrated that organic farming ________. A) presently has no market in Europe B) increases the incidence of invasive species C) is only sustainable with pesticides and synthetic fertilizers D) suppresses the biodiversity of pollinating insects, especially bees E) decreased organic soil losses while giving yields comparable to conventional farming
E) decreased organic soil losses while giving yields comparable to conventional farming
1) The ________ drives the move to the suburbs from cities. A) availability of more jobs in suburbs B) desire to have a garden C) desire for close-knit communities D) concern over demographic transitions E) desire to live in less stressful, more peaceful park-like conditions
E) desire to live in less stressful, more peaceful park-like conditions
5) An environmental impact statement is required ________. A) before Congress can pass any law B) only by executive order C) to be put to voters on every local ballot if federal action may affect local environments D) for implementation of any program funded by the World Bank E) for any federal action that may affect U.S. environmental quality
E) for any federal action that may affect U.S. environmental quality
18) The transitional stage in Frank Notestein's demographic model is initiated by ________. A) resource depletion B) government intervention C) epidemics D) the increased use of contraceptives E) industrialization
E) industrialization
21) Monoculture, the practice of planting large areas with a single crop ________. A) always uses no-till techniques of planting B) requires no artificial pesticides or fertilizers C) accounts for less than 1% of U.S. farmland D) is typical of Native American farming techniques E) is a development of industrial agriculture
E) is a development of industrial agriculture
4) Recombinant DNA ________. A) is assembled in the lab from mononucleotides B) is the merging of DNA from unrelated organisms to create new genetic varieties C) is pollination of one plant by another of the same species D) was part of the Green Revolution of the 1960s E) is cross-pollination of one plant by a different species
E) is cross-pollination of one plant by a different species
32) The view held by both Malthus and Paul Ehrlich suggests that depletion of resource supplies due to greater numbers of people ________. A) is not a problem because disease will limit population size B) is a problem because some resources are limited and can be depleted C) will result in exponential population growth D) will lead to natural selection of the most fit individuals E) is not a problem because new resources can always be found to replace depleted ones
E) is not a problem because new resources can always be found to replace depleted ones
1) Environmental policy aims to ________. A) protect the values of the landowner B) promote economic growth C) preserve all present natural areas in their pristine condition D) use natural resources for economically important industrial products E) promote fairness among people and groups in the use of resources
E) promote fairness among people and groups in the use of resources
9) The social changes in the United States in the 20th century gave rise to environmental laws concerned primarily with ________. A) management of private land B) mining and homesteading C) preserving endangered species D) the settlement of the West E) reducing pollution caused by industry
E) reducing pollution caused by industry
22) Cap and Trade is a system that ________. A) has been repealed by Congress as useless in diminishing pollution B) permits industries that pollute under the federal cap to sell credits to industries that pollute over the cap C) rapidly brings pollution emissions to near zero for participating industries D) allows industries to set their own levels for pollution emission so trading can continue E) specifies a certain cap on industrial pollutants that can be traded to other nations
E) specifies a certain cap on industrial pollutants that can be traded to other nations
35) Malthus was responsible for ________. A) the idea that population growth would lead to greater industry and prosperity B) defining the concept of ecosystem services C) recognizing the demographic transition effect in developing nations D) the book The Population Bomb, which described the disastrous effects of human population growth E) the idea that without social restrictions increasing human population would lead to famine and war
E) the idea that without social restrictions increasing human population would lead to famine and war
21) Lobbying, legal action, and campaign funding are all means used by ________ to influence governmental environmental policies. A) the legislative branch B) social science studies C) the judicial branch of government D) the scientific community E) the public sector
E) the public sector
6) ________ is the world's most populous nation, home to ________ of the people living on Earth. A) India; one-third B) China; half C) The United States; half D) The United States; one-fifth E) China; one-fifth
E. China; one-fifth
