Environmental Health and Sciences Q/A

Mycotoxins are elaborated by mold, are associated with human disease, and cause acute and chronic effects. Which of the following mold toxins is (are) described as hepatotoxins and carcinogenic? a. Tricothecenes b. Ochratoxins c. Citrinin d. Aflatoxins e. All of the above

D aflatoxins and carcinogenicity

If actual measurements of exposures are often not available, exposure models may be used. Which of the following are considered as exposure pathways? a. Groundwater b. Air c. Food d. Breast milk e. All of the above

E exposure pathways

Nitrates in ground water are of particular concern in rural communities that rely on well water because: (A) Nitrates can cause Blue-Baby Syndrome in infants (B) Nitrates are potent carcinogens in adults (C) The well water will be undrinkable due to taste, odor, and color problems (D) The well water will form nitric acid and become corrosive to metal pipes in the water system

(A) Nitrates can cause Blue-Baby Syndrome in infants Ingestion of nitrate-polluted water by infants under 6 months of age can cause the formation of potentially fatal levels of methemoglobin in the red blood cells. Methemoglobin restricts the ability of the cells to carry oxygen to the tissues, and although adults are generally unaffected, "methemoglobinemia" can be fatal to the infants. Methemoglobinemia produces a characteristic blue tint in the tissues due to oxygen deficiency (cyanosis), hence the name "Blue-Baby Syndrome."

Epidemiologic studies have shown a positive association between the concentration of particulate matter (PM) in ambient air and: (A) An increased incidence of respiratory-related morbidity and mortality (B) The destruction of the stratospheric ozone layer (C) Effects on global climate change, specifically increased Global Warming (D) Declines in bird populations due to thinning of their egg shells

(A) An increased incidence of respiratory-related morbidity and mortality Numerous studies have shown a positive correlation between the incidence of respiratory-related morbidity and mortality and the concentration of air pollutants, particularly airborne particulate matter (PM) small enough to penetrate to the respiratory tissues of the deep lung. The specific mechanism(s) and/or PM constituent(s) responsible for this observed increase remain unclear.

River water pollution due to storm water runoff from chemically fertilized farm fields is an example of: (A) Area source pollution (B) Point source pollution (C) Accidental and unforeseeable pollution (D) Unpreventable and inconsequential pollution

(A) Area source pollution An area water pollution source (also called a "non-point source") such as a fertilized or freshly plowed farm field, an animal feed lot, or an agricultural waste storage area (e.g. for manure from poultry feeding operation) requires a different control approach compared to point sources such as factory smokestacks or waste discharge pipes. Area sources are sometimes quite difficult to manage due to their size.

Which of the following assays would best reveal whether genetic damage was present in a group of people who were exposed to ionizing radiation when an accidental release occurred at a nuclear power plant? (A) Comet (or single-cell gel electrophoresis) assay (B) Ames test for reversion mutations (C) Increased mutation frequency at the HGPRT locus of hamster cells (D) None of these assays

(A) Comet (or single-cell gel electrophoresis) assay The comet assay tests for DNA damage, and peripheral blood lymphocytes or other human cells can be collected and tested. The other options test for mutations, not damage, and are not applicable to human testing.

The Stratospheric Ozone Layer is a concern because: (A) Degradation of the Ozone Layer increases the amount of ultraviolet radiation reaching the Earth's surface (B) An increase in the density of the Ozone Layer causes increases in Smog air pollution (C) The Ozone Layer is a primary contributor to Global Warming (D) An increase in the density of the Ozone Layer causes Acid Rain that can damage forests and lakes

(A) Degradation of the Ozone Layer increases the amount of ultraviolet radiation reaching the Earth's surface Ozone in the outer atmosphere blocks a substantial portion of the ultraviolet radiation impinging on the earth. Without this protective layer more UV would penetrate to the earth's surface, and modelers predict that this could cause a range of adverse effects from increased rates of human skin cancers to catastrophic damage to ocean plankton and plankton-dependent fish populations.

The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA): (A) Established the "Superfund" for financing cleanup of hazardous waste disposal sites, and the National Priorities List identifying such sites (B) Created the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and authorized the agency to regulate environmental pollutants (C) Established requirements and procedures for the proper disposal of municipal solid waste, e.g. via properly designed and operated municipal landfills (D) Imposed the requirement for federal agencies to prepare Environmental Assessments and Environmental Impact Statements of the environmental effects of proposed federal agency actions

(A) Established the "Superfund" for financing cleanup of hazardous waste disposal sites, and the National Priorities List identifying such sites CERCLA, initially enacted in 1980 and later reauthorized and expanded in the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (SARA) of 1986, provides funding and authorizes the EPA to regulate and remediate hazardous waste storage and disposal sites. There are currently over 1200 sites listed in the NPL.

What is the next step when a baby has a positive result in the newborn screening? (A) Follow-up testing to confirm the diagnosis (B) Evaluation of the specimen handling (C) Referral to a specialist (D) Offer of genetic counseling to the family

(A) Follow-up testing to confirm the diagnosis Any positive result in a newborn screening procedure must be supported by additional testing before any other steps are taken.

Executive Order 12898, entitled "Federal Actions to Address Environmental Justice in Minority Populations and Low Income Populations," is an example of which policy-making model? (A) Policy Action Change and Monitoring (PACM) model (B) Exposure-response relationship model (C) Integrated assessment model (D) NIMBY model

(A) Policy Action Change and Monitoring (PACM) model Where there is a legislative void or inaction on a matter that is of a pressing concern (emergency or non-emergency) an executive order (at the federal or state government level) may be used by the president or the governor to require and direct action to achieve a desired outcome. In this case, pressure from communities led to an action (executive order) that brought about change. To sustain this change, communities and the government in this case would monitor the policy outcome the president or governor intended. Communities could also use this model to bring about an environmental change, for example a change in the zoning code, or prevent what they perceive as a detrimental effect on the environment, for example locating an industrial facility in their neighborhood. Options B and C are not necessarily a policy intervention but rather scientific initiatives that could inform policy. Option D is a slogan of some people who do not welcome pollution sources in their neighborhood. This slogan can be driven more by public perceptions that may not be grounded in science. While it could politically pressure a president to make an executive order, such an executive order still would more appropriately fit into the PACM model.

The objective of the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 and its equivalent at the State level is: (A) To subject a proposed major project or action to an environmental review study with a view to understanding the potential environmental effects of such a project or action and considering alternative projects and mitigating measures as appropriate (B) To ensure that an important industrial project or action is constructed (C) To ensure that the environment is protected at all cost (D) To achieve sustainable development while relieving the concerns of communities in which a major project or action will be located

(A) To subject a proposed major project or action to an environmental review study with a view to understanding the potential environmental effects of such a project or action and considering alternative projects and mitigating measures as appropriate Before the National Environmental Policy Act, there was no requirement for a systematic study of the environmental effects of a proposed project. Thus, projects could be executed with little or no regard to the environmental effects. Poor environmental stewardship was apparent in many cases, for example, in disposal of hazardous waste and groundwater contamination. The significant environmental movement of the 1960s pressured Congress to pass the National Environmental Policy Act to promote developments that are in harmony with environmental protection. This approach is executed by ensuring that the environmental effects of a proposed major Federal action or project are studied, understood, and mitigated as much as possible and that better alternatives to a proposed project are preferred.

Exposure assessment attempts to answer all of the following questions except: (A) Toxicity of the exposure (B) Frequency and duration of exposure (C) Population exposed (D) Route of exposure

(A) Toxicity of the exposure

Which of the following is the most commonly occurring mosquito-borne disease in the United States? (A) West Nile Virus Neuroinvasive Disease (B) Malaria (C) Dengue Fever (D) Yellow Fever

(A) West Nile Virus Neuroinvasive Disease WNVND is common throughout the US, particularly in the warm months when mosquito populations are highest and people spend more time outdoors. Malaria, Dengue Fever, and Yellow Fever rarely occur in the US.

Lead contamination of outdoor air in large cities has been greatly reduced over the past 25 years through: (A) Restrictions on the sale of lead-based paints (B) A ban on the sale of gasoline containing lead anti-knock compounds (C) Widespread use of clean-burning coal in electric power plants (D) Strict regulations on the proper disposal of batteries containing lead

(B) A ban on the sale of gasoline containing lead anti-knock compounds Gasoline with lead anti-knock additives was phased out of use in the US during the 1980s. This action is believe to be the primary factor in the more than 80% reduction in the average blood lead levels of Americans compared to the 1970s.

HAACP is a food safety system employed to: (A) Detect bacterial contamination in food after it happens (B) Before they happen, identify and control problems that may cause foodborne illness (C) Isolate and identify bacterial pathogens from a foodborne illness outbreak (D) Set temperature limits for food containing eggs

(B) Before they happen, identify and control problems that may cause foodborne illness

Which of the following methods allows for the conduct of the most accurate exposure assessment in workers? (A) Determination of the chemical in the air (B) Biomonitoring determination of metabolites of the chemicals in blood and urine (C) Determination of the chemical on the skin (D) Estimation of the exposure by taking an occupational history

(B) Biomonitoring determination of metabolites of the chemicals in blood and urine Biomonitoring gives the best estimate for individual exposure. In addition, information about individual susceptibilities can be deduced. Air, skin, and interview do not yield information about uptake, metabolism, and individual susceptibilities.

Which of the following water-borne disease organisms is very difficult to kill by chemical disinfection of drinking water supply systems and has caused a major US disease outbreak in recent years? (A) Vibrio cholerae (causes cholera) (B) Cryptosporidium (causes Cryptosporidiosis) (C) Giardia lamblia (causes Giardiasis) (D) E. coli (causes acute gastroenteritis)

(B) Cryptosporidium (causes Cryptosporidiosis) Protozoa of the genus Cryptosporidium are highly resistant to chlorine disinfection, and are responsible for numerous and increasing waterborne disease outbreaks. The largest waterborne disease outbreak in US history, which occurred in Milwaulkee, Wisconsin in 1993, was caused by contamination of the city's drinking water with this organism; over 400,000 residents became ill. Contact with contaminated recreational waters, such as in swimming pools, is a particularly common source of exposure. Giardia is another chlorine-resistant parasite, but has not been associated with large-scale outbreaks.

Several years ago, a cottage industry existed at an elevation of 1,000 meters above sea level in a mountainous region of Japan . In the wintertime, inhabitants earned their living by manufacturing tatami mats. The indoor work was carried out in so-called kakoi (closed rooms), with tightly seal ed windows and wall crevices. The crowded rooms, heated by an open charcoal fire, provided approximately 5 cubic meters of air volume per person, about as much as a Boy Scout tent. In the beginning stage of disease, affected workers complained of stiffness in the shoulders, backache, fat igue, and dizziness. As the disease progressed, workers became short of breath on exertion and experienced tightness and pain below the breast bone, numbness in the arms and hands, and swelling of the face. The att acks of shortness of breath occurred mostly at night, whereas the episodes of pain and tightness around the heart, a condition known as angina pectoris, followed light work during the day. Which term is used to characterize the social condition of unequal distribution of environmental hazards experienced by minority populations or groups with low income? (A) Environmental equity (B) Environmental justice (C) Environmental pollution (D) Environmental democracy

(B) Environmental justice Churches and other nonprofit interest groups that started the environmental fairness movement in the 1980s articulated their mission using the term "Environmental Justice". The inverse is environmental injustice. The overarching premise is fairness in the distribution of the burden of pollution across all population groups regardless of race, ethnicity or socio-economic status. The term "Environmental equity" is not the best answer because while it may be a component of environmental justice, it is not all that environmental justice is. Environmental justice is a much broader term, encompassing equity, equality and fairness. The term "Environmental pollution" is vaguely expressive of the message and is therefore not a good answer. The term "Environmental democracy" is completely wrong because it is not about majority rule. If it were a matter of majority rule, then minority health can be in serious jeopardy.

Hazard identification accomplishes the following: (A) Describes the relationship between exposure and disease (B) Identifies and selects the environmental agents for assessment (C) Measures the magnitude, duration, and timing of human exposure (D) Identifies the completed exposure pathway

(B) Identifies and selects the environmental agents for assessment

A primary technique for preventing food-borne disease in cafeteria-type food service establishments is: (A) Encouraging customers to wash their hands before eating (B) Maintaining warm foods at a sufficiently high holding temperature (C) Weekly application of pesticides to control cockroaches (D) Annual physical examinations of food service workers

(B) Maintaining warm foods at a sufficiently high holding temperature Microbial food contaminants such as Salmonella, Campylobacter, and E. coli may multiply rapidly at warm temperatures (between about 41-140F or 5-60C). Maintaining warm foods above 140F (60C) will kill actively growing bacteria.

If a chemical that is directly cytotoxic is detoxified by metabolism via the microsomal enzyme system and if the activity of this system correlates with basal metabolic rate, which of the following species is expected to be the most sensitive to the chemical (assuming that all of the animals are given an equivalent dose based on weight)? (A) Human (B) Mouse (C) Rat (D) Dog

(B) Mouse The mouse has the highest metabolic rate.

A remote population of Pacific Islanders has lived without influence from the outside world for several centuries. The islanders were introduced to cigarettes as the influence of Western culture impacted their island about 25 years ago. The incidence of lung cancer is now high in the islanders who started to smoke 20 or more years ago. The observation of high levels of lung cancer after years of smoking is: (A) Unusual for Pacific Islanders who smoke (B) Typical for any population of smokers (C) Inconsistent with the standard model of tumor initiation, promotion, and progression (D) Insufficiently explained by the information above

(B) Typical for any population of smokers A long lag period between the start of smoking and tumor appearance is normal. The processes of initiation, promotion, and tumor progression occur over this time period in smokers (classic tobacco epidemiology).

Several years ago, a cottage industry existed at an elevation of 1,000 meters above sea level in a mountainous region of Japan . In the wintertime, inhabitants earned their living by manufacturing tatami mats. The indoor work was carried out in so-called kakoi (closed rooms), with tightly seal ed windows and wall crevices. The crowded rooms, heated by an open charcoal fire, provided approximately 5 cubic meters of air volume per person, about as much as a Boy Scout tent. In the beginning stage of disease, affected workers complained of stiffness in the shoulders, backache, fat igue, and dizziness. As the disease progressed, workers became short of breath on exertion and experienced tightness and pain below the breast bone, numbness in the arms and hands, and swelling of the face. The att acks of shortness of breath occurred mostly at night, whereas the episodes of pain and tightness around the heart, a condition known as angina pectoris, followed light work during the day. The carboxyhemoglobin levels in the exposed workers: (A) Was found in the kidneys (B) Was elevated (C) Stayed the same (D) Dropped below 10% of normal levels

(B) Was elevated Carbon monoxide reacts with hemoglobin in the red blood cells to produce carboxyhemoglobin, thereby tying up the hemoglobin and reducing the ability of the blood cells to carry oxygen. Carboxyhemoglobin concentration increases over the duration of exposure to carbon monoxide gas, approaching a maximum concentration that is determined by the airborne gas concentration. Therefore in this scenario an elevated carboxyhemoglobin level would be expected.

In part due to the public attention focused on environmental pollution by Rachel Carson's book "Silent Spring", as well as studies such as those showing a drastic decline in the American Bald Eagle population, a ban was issued on the use of: (A) Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) refrigerant gases (B) Leaded gasoline (C) DDT pesticide (D) Asbestos insulation materials

(C) DDT pesticide DDT is essentially non-toxic to humans and was widely used in past years as a general purpose pesticide. However, it was shown to "bioaccumulate" through the food chain of birds and to cause thinning of the birds' egg shells, resulting in broken eggs and a severe decline in some species including Bald Eagles, falcons, and pelicans.

Waste management is a key environmental public health issue. Hazardous waste is managed from cradle to g rave under the Federal Resource Conservation and Recovery Act. The Comprehensive Environ mental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act requires the clean-up of hazardous waste dump sites that threaten public health. States have parallel hazardous waste laws and exclusively regulate non-hazardous waste. Incorporated in these regulatory efforts are some waste management programs, of which the following is preferred: (A) Treatment of biohazards before they are disposed (B) Waste minimization through reuse, recycling, and investment in renewable energy (C) Waste disposal in sanitary landfills (D) Storage of waste in containers buried within impervious geological formations

(B) Waste minimization through reuse, recycling, and investment in renewable energy It is best to avoid waste generation. Waste is, for the most part, a byproduct of human economic activities. Therefore, waste generation is inevitable in many instances. However, to pursue economic development and protect the environment at the same time, humans must seek ways to minimize waste generation. Strategies that have served society well over the years include reusing and recycling materials that would otherwise become waste. Furthermore, a significant quantity of generated waste is dependent on the source of energy. For example, the mining of fossil fuels or hydrocarbons such as coal causes enormous water and land pollution. In addition, the combustion of hydrocarbons releases a considerable quantity of waste into the air. Investments in renewable energy sources such as solar and wind power contribute to waste minimization and to a cleaner and healthier environment.

Environmental risk assessment is: (A) A method of generating new empirical data on health effects (B) A method of performing basic research (C) A synthesis of existing scientific information, often aimed at addressing specific regulatory or policy issues (D) A method of determining the cause of a disease

(C) A synthesis of existing scientific information, often aimed at addressing specific regulatory or policy issues

The burden of environmental contamination and pollution is not equally distributed. Some areas and populations, particularly people of color and low-income communities, have been disproportionately affected by environmental insults or lack equal access to social, economic, and environmental amenities. Understanding why this happens is crucial, and new methods of collaboration must be developed to redress the harm, restore human and environmental health, allow sustainable development to proceed, and develop policies to prevent these inequities from recurring. Along the Texas-Mexico border, there are many examples of environmental insults that disproportionately affect the Hispanic segment of the population. Many of these people live in colonias (neighborhoods). Some of these colonias are very primitive, with unpaved roads, no running water (water is brought in via tanker trucks), and no public sewage. The lack of a potable water supply is an example of environmental insult. Safe, high-quality drinking water is an essential aspect of public health. Potable water should not contain: (A) Disinfection residual (B) Chlorine (C) Biocides (D) Fluorides

(C) Biocides

By what programmatic mechanism does the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) work with States to implement Environmental Standards such as NAAQS? (A) By creating a memorandum of understanding focusing on cost sharing of environmental burdens (B) By establishing air quality monitoring stations (C) By using a State Implementation Plan (SIP) approved by the EPA (D) By funding risk assessment studies that provide a basis for the NAAQS for any criterion pollutant

(C) By using a State Implementation Plan (SIP) approved by the EPA The Constitutional division of powers between the Federal and State governments means that both levels of government must operate on mutual respect, recognizing that cooperation rather than conflict better serves the public interest. The natural continuum of the environment cuts across geopolitical boundaries and rightly elicits the concerns of both Federal and State governments. To avoid or minimize contradictory measures and standards among States, the Federal government provides the umbrella (uniform) guidance and standards for ambient air quality and requires States to participate in the implementation by developing a plan that meets Federal requirements. That plan is known as the SIP and contains a number of air quality control measures.

Several years ago, a cottage industry existed at an elevation of 1,000 meters above sea level in a mountainous region of Japan . In the wintertime, inhabitants earned their living by manufacturing tatami mats. The indoor work was carried out in so-called kakoi (closed rooms), with tightly seal ed windows and wall crevices. The crowded rooms, heated by an open charcoal fire, provided approximately 5 cubic meters of air volume per person, about as much as a Boy Scout tent. In the beginning stage of disease, affected workers complained of stiffness in the shoulders, backache, fat igue, and dizziness. As the disease progressed, workers became short of breath on exertion and experienced tightness and pain below the breast bone, numbness in the arms and hands, and swelling of the face. The att acks of shortness of breath occurred mostly at night, whereas the episodes of pain and tightness around the heart, a condition known as angina pectoris, followed light work during the day. The most likely contaminant/pollutant causing the described symptoms was: (A) Sulfur dioxide (B) Particulates (C) Carbon monoxide (D) Carbon dioxide

(C) Carbon monoxide Carbon monoxide is a common indoor air pollutant produced by combustion appliances. The open charcoal fire and tightly sealed rooms suggest that buildup of carbon monoxide and other combustion byproducts in the space could pose a toxic hazard through formation of carboxyhemoglobin in the blood. This would limit the ability of blood to carry oxygen to the tissues, resulting in shortness of breath and possibly chest pains (angina pectoris) upon exertion. Coal combustion also produces particulate matter and carbon dioxide and can produce sulfur dioxide as well if high-sulfur coal is used, but the most likely cause of the described symptoms is carbon monoxide.

Which of the following disinfection methods is most commonly used in US drinking water supply systems? (A) Ozonation (B) Bromination (C) Chlorination (D) Ultraviolet irradiation

(C) Chlorination Although disinfection can be accomplished with ozone, bromine, and ultraviolet radiation, most municipalities use chlorine. Chlorine is easy and relatively cheap to use, does not cause the taste problems associated with bromine, and a residual chlorine concentration in the water provides protection against re-contamination in the water distribution system.

Several years ago, a cottage industry existed at an elevation of 1,000 meters above sea level in a mountainous region of Japan . In the wintertime, inhabitants earned their living by manufacturing tatami mats. The indoor work was carried out in so-called kakoi (closed rooms), with tightly seal ed windows and wall crevices. The crowded rooms, heated by an open charcoal fire, provided approximately 5 cubic meters of air volume per person, about as much as a Boy Scout tent. In the beginning stage of disease, affected workers complained of stiffness in the shoulders, backache, fat igue, and dizziness. As the disease progressed, workers became short of breath on exertion and experienced tightness and pain below the breast bone, numbness in the arms and hands, and swelling of the face. The att acks of shortness of breath occurred mostly at night, whereas the episodes of pain and tightness around the heart, a condition known as angina pectoris, followed light work during the day. The major human portal of entry for the contaminant/pollutant was: (A) Dermal (B) Oral (C) Respiratory (D) Transplacental

(C) Respiratory The scenario does not suggest the presence of a specific skin absorption or ingestion hazard, nor are the symptoms related to effects on a developing fetus. Inhalation of airborne combustion byproducts, specifically carbon monoxide, is indicated.

The burden of environmental contamination and pollution is not equally distributed. Some areas and populations, particularly people of color and low-income communities, have been disproportionately affected by environmental insults or lack equal access to social, economic, and environmental amenities. Understanding why this happens is crucial, and new methods of collaboration must be developed to redress the harm, restore human and environmental health, allow sustainable development to proceed, and develop policies to prevent these inequities from recurring. Along the Texas-Mexico border, there are many examples of environmental insults that disproportionately affect the Hispanic segment of the population. Many of these people live in colonias (neighborhoods). Some of these colonias are very primitive, with unpaved roads, no running water (water is brought in via tanker trucks), and no public sewage. The lack of a potable water supply is an example of environmental insult. All of the following are potential sources of contamination of a water supply that is delivered by a tanker truck to a storage tank located at the home, except for: (A) Storage tank at the home (B) Plumbing from tank into the home (C) Source of potable water (D) Source of river water

(C) Source of potable water

Which of the following is not a disease that can be contracted by the food-borne route? (A) Salmonellosis (B) Giardiasis (C) West Nile Virus Neuroinvasive Disease (D) Hepatitis A

(C) West Nile Virus Neuroinvasive Disease West Nile Virus Neuroinvasive Disease is caused by the transmission of West Nile Virus to humans through the bite of an infected mosquito. WNVND is seasonal with the highest rates in the warmer months when mosquito populations are highest. Only about 1 in 150 infected persons will become seriously ill, but about 1 in 5 may have milder symptoms.

Phase 2 metabolism usually involves: (A) Microsomal enzymes (B) Decrease in the polarity of a chemical (C) Increase in the toxicity of a chemical (D) Addition of an endogenous moiety

(D) Addition of an endogenous moiety Microsomal enzymes represent phase 1 metabolism. For some chemicals, the toxicity of the chemical is increased.

The "Greenhouse Gas" of primary concern in global warming is: (A) Chlorofluorocarbon refrigerant (B) Carbon monoxide (C) Sulfur dioxide (D) Carbon dioxide

(D) Carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere absorbs and re-emits infrared radiation emitted from the earth's surface, acting as an insulating blanket that helps moderate the earth's temperature. This is termed the Greenhouse Effect. Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration has increased substantially in recent decades due to fossil fuel combustion, causing great concern about the potential adverse effects of excessive global warming.

The Emergency Planning and Community Right to Know Act establishes the State Emergency Response Commissions (SERCs) and the Local Emergency Planning Committees (LEPCs) to develop comprehensive emergency response plans to address releases of extremely hazardous substances (EHSs). Such plans must contain the following information: (A) Material safety data sheet, monitoring device, and emission gauge (B) Environmental review process and names of responsible people (C) Medical personnel, evacuation plan, and first aid kits (D) Identity of regulated facilities, evacuation plan, medical response, and procedure for notifying people named in the plan as well as the general public that a release has occurred

(D) Identity of regulated facilities, evacuation plan, medical response, and procedure for notifying people named in the plan as well as the general public that a release has occurred It is important for the plan to identify the facilities being regulated because you cannot manage what you do not know. Equally important is the procedure for notifying the public and the first responders, including medical personnel, that a release has occurred. This approach contributes to effective risk communication to the stakeholders so that efforts to limit exposure can begin promptly. An evacuation plan is crucial to remove people from the danger zone. The routes, means, and timing of evacuation and the officials in charge must be clearly stated and understood. These are some of the major components of the plan to limit human exposure to the release of EHSs.

All of the following are responsibilities prescribed for Federal agencies under Executive Order 12898, except: (A) Creation of an interagency working group (B) Development of agency strategies (C) Federal agency responsibilities for Federal programs (D) Mandate for the polluters-pay principle

(D) Mandate for the polluters-pay principle Options A, B and C are all contained in the Executive Order 12898 as necessary items of action for the EPA to implement in order to fulfill the purpose of the Order. Option D is in the domain of existing environmental laws such as the CERCLA/SUPERFUND, the Federal Oil Pollution Act, and also through the permit and penalty regimes of the CAA and CWA. Therefore, an executive order is not needed to effectuate option D

Federal environmental laws usually allow States to make parallel environmental laws as long as standards in the latter are: (A) Higher than Federal standards (B) In conflict with Federal standards (C) Same as, or equal to Federal standards (D) No less stringent than Federal standards

(D) No less stringent than Federal standards The Federal government conducts or funds research to determine appropriate environmental and health standards and then makes those the minimum standards. By not allowing States to set less stringent standards, the environment and public health are better protected.

The burden of environmental contamination and pollution is not equally distributed. Some areas and populations, particularly people of color and low-income communities, have been disproportionately affected by environmental insults or lack equal access to social, economic, and environmental amenities. Understanding why this happens is crucial, and new methods of collaboration must be developed to redress the harm, restore human and environmental health, allow sustainable development to proceed, and develop policies to prevent these inequities from recurring. Along the Texas-Mexico border, there are many examples of environmental insults that disproportionately affect the Hispanic segment of the population. Many of these people live in colonias (neighborhoods). Some of these colonias are very primitive, with unpaved roads, no running water (water is brought in via tanker trucks), and no public sewage. The lack of a potable water supply is an example of environmental insult. There are several methods for making drinking water available. Which of the following is not an acceptable method from a health standpoint? (A) Using a tank truck to deliver water from a potable source (B) Using a community tap connected to a potable source (C) Pumping water from an uncontaminated aquifer (D) Pumping water directly from a river

(D) Pumping water directly from a river

The nutrient-rich solids produced as a byproduct of municipal sewage treatment and often proposed for use a soil amender in agriculture is termed: (A) Hazardous waste (B) Suspended Solids (C) Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) (D) Sludge

(D) Sludge The secondary biological treatment process used by most large municipalities produces substantial quantities of settled solids, termed "sludge", composed largely of masses of bacteria. About half of this organic-rich material is recycled each year as fertilizer, but its use is strictly regulated by the EPA because some sludges may contain potentially harmful concentrations of heavy metals and other toxic substances.

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever and Lyme Disease are examples of diseases transmitted by: (A) Mosquitoes (B) Polluted water (C) Contaminated food (D) Ticks

(D) Ticks Ticks are responsible for transmission of a variety of diseases, of which Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever and Lyme Disease are most common. Other tick-borne diseases in the US include erlichiosis, Q-fever, relapsing fever, tularemia, and tick paralysis.

What does an increased cancer risk of 2.0 x 10-6 mean? a. It is likely that 2 persons in 1 million will develop the specific type of cancer in their lifetime due to exposure to the chemical b. The xenobiotic for which the cancer risk assessment was performed is likely to cause cancer in 200 persons on a yearly basis c. It is probable that 2 million persons will develop cancer if they are continuously exposed to the chemical for life d. a and c only e. None of the above

A cancer risk estimation An increased cancer risk of 2.0 X 10-6 means that it is likely that 2 persons in 1 million will develop the specific type of cancer in their lifetime due to exposure to the chemical

Municipal sewage is typically processed to remove organic material before disposing of the treated water. In large cities this treatment will generally consist of: (A) Biological treatment in an aerated activated sludge system, followed by settling to remove sludge solids, then chlorination prior to discharge. (B) Chemical treatment by coagulation and flocculation, followed by settling to remove solids, then chlorination prior to discharge. (C) Filtering through sand beds to remove organic solids, followed by chlorination prior to discharge. (D) Super-chlorination to destroy organic materials, followed by discharge.

A) Biological treatment in an aerated activated sludge system, followed by settling to remove sludge solids, then chlorination prior to discharge. The aerated activated sludge socondary treatment process is effective in removing organic materials from municipal sewage. The organics are consumed by a mix of aerobic biological organisms termed "activated sludge". Sludge is removed from the treated water by gravitational settling, and the water is disinfected by chlorination before discharge (e.g. to a receiving river) The chemical coagulation / flocculation / settling process is used to treat water distined for the drinking water supply system, and is usually required when the water is taken from a surface water source such as a lake or river. Filtering through sand beds is also used to treat drinking water, not municipal sewage. Super-chlorination is not an effective treatment for municipal sewage.

The structure-activity relationship (SAR) has value in risk assessments in that it: a. Can often be used to predict possible toxicity b. Is used to design cell studies of the chemical's metabolism c. Can identify damage to DNA by actual testing of its chemical activity and biochemical structure d. Can often be used to predict possible toxicity e. None of the above

A/D risk assessment and structure-activity relationship

A major aspect of the exposure assessment is to: a. Determine the amount of exposure that must be reduced in order to comply with the acceptable risk level b. Identify the exposure pathways c. Measure the amount of a substance that is metabolized in the body d. All of the above e. None of the above

B exposure assessment A major aspect of the exposure assessment is to identify the exposure pathways. Also, all potential exposure pathways are carefully considered as well as contaminant releases, movement, and fate in the environment and the exposed populations.

The growing recognition of the extent of lead contamination in U.S. housing prompted the federal government to take action in October 1995 and demand the disclosure of lead hazards in pre-1978 housing in any Real Estate transaction. The need for this action was due to the environmental health impact of lead associated with house paint. Which of the following adverse effects of lead has been reported in the US among children? a. High affinity for nerve tissue and hence neurotoxicity b. High blood lead levels, which result in impaired intellectual ability in children c. Both of the above d. Neither of the above

C environmental health effect of lead

CO intoxication or poisoning carries lethal consequences. What are the primary prevention modalities that may help reduce the poisoning and mortality associated with CO? a. Limiting exposure to known CO sources b. Proper installation, maintenance, use of combustion appliances c. Both of the above d. Neither of the above

C primary prevention of CO poisoning

What data are most desirable to identify the primary hazard in the hazard identification step? a. Animal bioassay data b. Supporting data from cell and biochemical studies c. Human epidemiology data d. All of the above e. None of the above

C risk assessment Human data are the most desirable to identify the primary hazard in the hazard identification step and are given highest priority because there may be species differences in toxic response.

The process in which the dose- response assessment and exposure assessments are integrated to predict risk in specific populations is known as which of the following? a. Risk management b. Hazard identification c. Risk characterization d. Risk modification e. Risk quantification

C risk characterization Risk characterization is the process by which the dose-response assessment and exposure assessments are integrated to predict risk to specific populations. It is the final stage in the risk assessment process and involves the prediction of the frequency and severity of effects in exposed populations.

The therapeutic effect of Isotretinoin (Accutane) in treating acne has been documented. Accutane is a Vitamin A derivative, and large doses of Vitamin A are also known to be teratogenic. Which of the following statement(s) supports the role of Accutane asa teratogen? a. Of women using Accutane during pregnancy, 20% have given birth to a defective child b. Accutane received FDA approval with the stipulation that it is contraindicated during pregnancy c. Both of the above d. Neither of the above

C tetratogens

Toxic substances associated with indoor air pollutants can cause acute health consequences. Which of the following acute condition(s) is (are) expected to be associated with indoor air pollutants? a. Irritation of the mucous membranes b. Increased airway responsiveness to allergens c. Decreased incidence of acute respiratory illness d. a and b only e. All of the above

D acute health consequences of indoor air pollutants

Particle size is the most important factor in determining where particles are deposited in the lung. Deposition of fine particles in distal airways may cause which of the following? a. Acute respiratory morbidity (pneumonia, asthma) b. Increased mortality (from all causes) c. Decreased lung function in children d. All of the above e. None of the above

D (health effect of particulate matter

Long-term, low-level exposure to an electromagnetic field may cause adverse health effects via "chronic" impacts, or otherwise influence people's well-being. Scientific knowledge about the health effects of an electromagnetic field (EMF) is substantial and is based on a large number of epidemiological, animal, and in vitro studies. Many health outcomes have been examined. Which of the following health outcomes has been consistently linked with EMF? a. Reproductive defects b. Cardiovascular c. Neuro-degenerative diseases d. Childhood leukemia e. None of the above

D EMF and childhood leukemia In 2001, an expert scientific working group of the World Health Organization's International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) reviewed studies related to the carcinogenicity of static and extremely low frequency (ELF) electric and magnetic fields. Using the standard IARC classification that weighs human, animal, and laboratory evidence, ELF magnetic fields were classified as"possibly carcinogenic to humans" on the basis of epidemiological studies of childhood leukemia, which showed, on average, a twofold excess of leukemia associated with livinq near power lines. The IARC "strength of evidence" for this risk is halfway between the strongest categories ("a human carcinogen" or a "probable carcinogen") and the weakest ("insufficient evidence" and "probably not a carcinogen") in their five categories. It is possible that there are other explanations for the observed association between exposure to ELF and childhood leukemia, and the extent of the hazard, if true, appears to be small.

Environmental agents such as cigarette smoke, radon gas, sunlight, heavy metals, x-rays, and chemical pesticides are known to be carcinogenic and are believed to be human carcinogens. The exact mechanisms by which these substances induce tumors are not fully understood, but are thought to involve multiple steps. Which of the following statements is (are) accurate concerning the steps in tumor induction? a. Initiation is the first step, and involves a change in the genetic material b. The second step involves a process by which the initiated cells are exposed to another group of agents, termed promoters c. Environmental carcinogens can bind to DNA nucleotides, thus forming DNA-carcinogenic adducts, leading to genetic damage and abnormal cellular proliferation d. All of the above e. None of the above

D carcinogenesis Initiation is the first step and involves a change in the genetic material. Environmental carcinogens can bind to DNA nucleotides, thus forming DNA-carcinogenic adducts, leading to genetic damage and abnormal cellular proliferation. The second step involves a process by which the initiated cells are exposed to another group of agents, termed promoters. Environmental agents play a role in carcinogenesis as initiators and promoters-and both

Toxic substances associated with indoor air pollutants can cause chronic health effects. Which of the following chronic condition(s) is (are) expected to be associated with long-term exposure to indoor air pollutants? a. Decreased lung growth b. Impairment of pulmonary function c. Increased susceptibility to chronic obstructive lung diseases, including asthma d. All of the above e. None of the above

D chronic health effects of indoor air pollutants

Dioxin is chemically related to PCBs and other chlorinated hydrocarbons. All of the following are correct about this substance except: a. Dioxin produces chloracne in rabbits b. Adverse effects in humans include immune system dysfunction c. Fetal toxicity is observed in humans d. None of the above e. All of the above

D dioxin and health effect

Exposure assessment is a key phase in the risk assessment process because without an exposure, even the most toxic chemical does not present a threat. Which of the following step(s) is (are) included in the exposure assessment? a. Characterization of the exposure setting (e.g., point source) b. Identification of exposure pathways (e.g., groundwater) c. Quantification of the exposure (e.g., J-Lg/L water) d. All of the above e. None of the above

D exposure assessment

The primary method used to predict movement of substances in environmental media is: a. Actual measurements of air and water pollutants at various places in the environment b. Use of exposure models c. Tagging pollutants with radioactive tracers and measuring the radioactivity at various times and locations within the environmental media d. Exposure models e. None of the above

D exposure models

The EPA classification of a substance as a "probable human carcinogen" requires that the substance meet which of the following criteria? a. Inadequate evidence of cancer in humans and sufficient evidence of cancer in animals b. Limited evidence of cancer in animals c. Sufficient human evidence for a causal association between exposure and cancer d. Inadequate evidence in humans e. None of the above

D possible human carcinogen With sufficient evidence in animals (positive test results in more than one species or study), the substance can be considered as a possible human carcinogen. Inadequate evidence in humans means that no satisfactory epidemiology study exists.

In the risk assessment process, the hazard identification step performs which of the following functions? a. Characterizes the relationship between doses and incidences of adverse effects in exposed populations b. Measures or estimates the intensity, frequency, and duration of human exposures to agents c. Characterizes the innate adverse toxic effects of agents d. Is the first step in the risk assessment process e. None of the above

D risk process

Toxic substances are often described by their abilities to cause adverse or unwanted health effects. Which of the following statements describes risk? a. It is the capacity of a substance to cause an adverse effect in a specific organ or organ system b. It reflects the probability that a hazard will occur under specific exposure conditions c. It involves weighing of policy alternatives and selection of the most appropriate regulatory actions d. It results in a statistically derived probability that an adverse effect will occur at a defined exposure level e. None of the above

D risk process

The primary toxic effect that determines the type of procedure to be used in conducting a risk assessment is: a. Lethality in laboratory animals b. Evidence that the chemical is noncarcinogenic c. The ability of the chemical to cause eye irritation d. Evidence that the chemical is carcinogenic e. None of the above

D toxic effect of substances and risk assessment The primary toxic effect that determines the type of procedure to be used in conducting a risk assessment is evidence that the chemical is carcinogenic. The risk assessment for carcinogens is quite different from that of noncarcinogens. Carcinogenic effects are viewed as nonthreshold effects, and noncarcinogenic effects are considered to have dose thresholds.

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are primarily employed as cooling liquids in electrical transformers and capacitors. The EPA estimates that 91% of all Americans have detectable levels of PCBs in their fatty tissues. Also, PCBs are associated with several health effects. Which of the following adverse effects is (are) linked to PCBs? a. Acne-like skin disorders b. Burning sensation in eyes, nose, throat c. Hepatic dysfunction d. All of the above e. None of the above

D toxic substances & health effect

The Sick Building Syndrome has been associated with loss of productivity at workplaces due to frequent absences from work by employees. As an environmental public health specialist expected to increase work attendance and hence productivity to improve the overall life quality of your community, which of the following will you consider as possible solutions to reduce the incidence of sick building syndrome? a. Removing the source of pollutant b. Increasing ventilation c. Cleaning and changing air filters d. Education and communication e. All of the above

E Sick Building Syndrome

An estimated 4,000 toxic substances have been isolated in cigarette smoke. Some of these substances are clearly termed toxic and others as carcinogens. Which of the following substances in cigarette smoke have been categorized as carcinogenic? a. Benzo-a-pyrene b. N-Nitrosodimethylamine c. Cadmium d. a and c only e. All of the above

E carcinogens in tobacco smoke

Although pesticides are used specifically to kill pests, many of them have environmental impacts as well as toxic effects on humans. The environmental impact of their use includes resistance development, killing of beneficial species, and environmental contaminant. Which of the following is (are) the result(s) of unintended contamination by pesticides? a. Direct killing of organisms exposed to chemicals b. Indirect killing via depletion of food or habitat c. Groundwater contamination d. Indirect contamination via food chains e. All of the above

E environmental impact of pesticide use Direct killing of organisms exposed to chemicals, indirect killing via depletion of food or habitat, groundwater contamination, and indirect contamination via food chains are all environmental impacts of pesticide use

Prenatal and postnatal effects of environmental tobacco smoke predispose to several health conditions. You are an environmental health educator in a high-risk environment for tobacco, and you are required to address the health consequences of tobacco smoke. Which of the following conditions will you consider in your address? a. Sudden infant death syndrome b. Asthma c. Ear infection d. a and b only e. All of the above

E environmental tobacco smoke & health consequences

The main factors in the exposure assessment are: a. Exposed populations (general public or selected groups) b. Types of substances (pharmaceuticals, occupational chemicals, or environmental pollutants) c. Duration of exposure (brief, intermittent, or protracted) d. Pathways and media (ingestion, inhalation, and dermal exposure) e. All of the above

E exposure assessment

Parental smoking and indoor and outdoor air pollutants have been associated with childhood asthma, and asthma is one of the leading causes of chronic disease among children. Which of the following is (are) indicative of increase in asthma severity among children with the condition? a. Frequency and intensity of asthma attack b. Number of emergency room visits during the year c. Occurrence of asthma attacks that require intubations d. a and b only e. All of the above

E health effect of air pollutants

Molds are biologic pollutants and are associated with many health issues in the U.S. population. Which of the following conditions may be described as mold related? a. Airway and conjunctival irritation b. Hypersensitivity reactions such as asthma and rhinitis c. Infections due to immunologic reactions or effects d. a and b only e. All of the above

E health effects of biologic pollutants

Health consequences of secondhand tobacco smoke have been persistently observed. There is biological plausibility of exposure to secondhand smoke causing adverse neurodevelopmental effects in children whose parents smoke. Which of the following statement(s) is (are) adequate concerning health effects of secondhand smoke? a. Gaseous components of secondhand tobacco smoke may adversely affect lung defenses with effects on cilia and macrophage functions b. Secondhand tobacco smoke may increase the severity of acute respiratory illness by irritating and inflaming the lungs c. Secondhand tobacco smoke may contribute to eustachian tube dysfunction through a decrease in mucocilliary clearance, an increase in adenoidal hyperplasia, and an increase in mucosal swelling d. a and c only e. All of the above

E health effects of secondhand tobacco smoke - air pollutant

The effects of exposure are influenced by individual susceptibility, which depends on age, developmental stage, nutrition, and social support. Pollutants in the indoor environment are potentially more hazardous to children than adults because their lungs are still growing and maturing; younger children breathe more air than older children or adults, and they spend more time indoors. Which of the following approaches will you consider in reducing indoor air pollutions? a. Eliminating or controlling sources of pollution b. Ventilation with outdoor air to dilute & remove pollutants c. Air cleaning by air filters & ionizers to remove some airborne particles d. a and b only e. All of the above

E indoor air quality

The average amount of whole-body radiation exposure for an individual in the US from all sources is estimated to be approximately 3.6 mSV (360 mrem) a year, or 0.01 mSv (l mrem) per day. Because humans and other mammals are more sensitive to ionizing radiation relative to lower animals, higher doses of ionizing radiation may cause which of the following health effects in humans? a. Mutations b. Birth defects c. Leukemia d. Infertility e. All of the above

E ionizing radiation and human health

Power plants, factories, and vehicles spew out harmful gases and small particles that can penetrate deep into human lungs, causing health problems. In strong sunlight, oxides of nitrogen from vehicle exhaust fumes form ozone at ground level, which can trigger asthma attacks. Which of the following constitute major outdoor pollutants that can have an adverse effect on human health? a. Particulate matter b. Ozone c. Carbon monoxide d. a and c only e. All of the above

E major outdoor air pollutants

Occupational exposure to mercury is not uncommon. A survey conducted by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) estimated that 70,000 American workers may be exposed to mercury vapors on the job. The result of this study is more likely to associate which of these professions with mercury exposure? a. Laboratory technicians b. Plumbers c. Dentist and dental hygienists d. Miners e. All of the above

E occupational exposure to mercury

A number of epidemiological studies have found a significant association between cancer and domestic exposure to pesticides. Evidence is increasing but still limited because of the methodological weaknesses of the research. Considering pediatric and adult malignancies, which of the following malignancies is (are) associated with exposure to pesticides? a. Brain tumor b. Prostate cancer c. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma d. a and c only e. All of the above

E pesticides and human cancer

Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) exposure has been related to the disruption of the endocrine and immune systems in humans. Reproductive or immune system disruption may be caused by which of the following pesticides? a. 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropane (DBCP) b. Malathion c. Parathion d. Carbofuran e. All of the above

E pesticides and immune & reproductive health effects

Radon is a radioactive gas released from soil and rocks and is second only to cigarette smoke as a carcinogenic substance in lung cancer. The radon migration system includes which of the following? a. Gas-permeable layer b. Plastic sheeting c. Sealing and caulking d. Vent pipe e. Junction box f. All of the above

E radon migration system

Cigarette smoking during pregnancy has been associated with congenital anomalies. Which of the following statements support the role of smoking during pregnancy and children's health? a. Children whose mothers smoke have more respiratory problems than children whose mothers do not smoke b. Pneumonia and hospitalization in the first year of life are more frequent in children whose mothers smoke c. Infant mortality is higher in children born to women who smoked during pregnancy than in children of nonsmokers d. Infants of mothers who smoke have a higher risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) than infants of mothers who do not smoke e. All of the above

E secondhand smoking & children's health

The clinical features of CO poisoning are highly variable, and symptoms vary from mild to very severe. As an environmental health specialist for the county's health department, you are at a scene with individuals exposed to CO. Which of the following manifestations would you expect to observe? a. Dizziness, fatigue, dyspnea b. Vomiting c. Irritability d. Unconsciousness, coma e. All of the above

E signs & symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning

Carbon monoxide (CO) is implicated as a potent and lethal air pollutant. Which of the following is (are) considered as the major source(s) of CO? a. Gas, kerosene, wood stoves, coal b. Fireplaces and furnaces c. Tobacco smoke d. Vehicle exhaust in closed garage e. All of the above

E sources of carbon monoxide

Several toxic substances affect air quality. Some express their effect on indoor air quality, others on outdoor air quality. Which of the following is a major source of indoor air pollution? a. Coal and biomass fuel b. Suspended particulate matter c. Carbon monoxide and other toxic gases d. Secondhand tobacco smoke e. All of the above

E sources of indoor air pollutants

Transport is the dominant source of air pollution in urban areas, with a large part of the urban population still being exposed to excesses of ambient quality levels for one or more pollutants. Which of the following is a known source of air pollution associated with transport? a. Particulate matter b. Nitrogen dioxide c. Benzene d. Ozone e. All of the above

E transport pollutants

The Environmental Protection Agency estimates that the US currently generates more than 300 million metric tons of industrial hazardous wastes annually. The mismanagement of these wastes can adversely affect human health and reduce the quality of life. Which of the following threats is (are) posed by careless disposal of these wastes? a. Skin irritation and acute poisoning through direct contact b. Fire and/or explosions c. Air pollution d. Surface water contamination e. Groundwater contamination f. All of the above

F hazardous waste & environmental health

There are several sources of water pollution with point sources and nonpoint sources as the two broad categories. The sources of water pollution include agriculture, construction activities, urban street runoff, and fallout of airborne pollutants. In underdeveloped countries, contamination of waterways with microbial pathogens from human body wastes remains a major public health problem. Which of the following pathogens is (are) associated with diarrheal illness caused by sewage-tainted drinking water? a. Vibrio cholera b. Shigella c. Salmonella d. E. Coli e. Rotavirus f. Girada Lamblia g. All of the above

G sewage-tainted drinking water and causative pathogens of diarrheal disease

The rising level of atmospheric carbon dioxide is indicative of global warming, and its impacts include diminished crop yields, loss of biodiversity, rising sea levels, and environmental health problems. The rate of global warming is due in part to increasing use of coal, oil, and gas to power the world's factories and vehicles. The widespread destruction of natural vegetation, particularly deforestation, contributes substantially to CO2 emissions. As an environmental health specialist, which of the following policies are important in reducing greenhouse gas emission, thus minimizing global warming? a. Improving energy efficiency b. Replacing fossil fuels with "soft energy path" technologies-switching to solar, wind, or wave power to generate electricity c. Reversing forest loss d. Reducing chloroflurocarbons e. Taxing the use of fossils fuels f. All of the above

f control of global warming