Environmental Quiz Review

Question 17 The number of years it will take for a given human population to double its numbers is called doubling time and it can be calculated by the following equation: A. growth rate/2 x 100 B. 0.70/growth rate C. 33/growth rate x 1000 D. None of the above

0.70/growth rate

Question 14 When were both federal regulatory and legislative efforts begun to reduce lead hazards, including the limitation of lead in paint and gasoline? A. 1970's B. 1980's C. 1990's D. 1940's E. 1950's

1970's

• Question 5 According to the USDA, soil surveys show more than __% of natural topsails in North America has been lost since farming began in the U.S. : A. 30 B. 40 C. 50 D. 60

30

Question 11 The birthrate for a given population of 50,000 (counted in the middle of a given year) in which 2000 live births occur in the same year is: A. 13/1000 B. 40/1000 C. 25/1000 D. 6/100

40/1000

Question 13 The adult tapeworm can grow up to _____ meters in length, and inhabit the intestine for ______ years. A. 15, 30 B. 7, 30 C. 15, 1 D. 2, 50 E. 100, 5

7, 30

Question 17 In the United States the expected number of deaths due to food borne illness is ______ annually. A. 6,000 B. 7,000 C. 9,000 D. 10,000 E. none of the above

9,000

Question 18 When a male condom and a spermicide are used together they are ___% effective. A. 98% B. 80% C. 65% D. 45%

98%

Question 9 What are the various reasons for differences in the prevalence of foodborne illness that may appear among the various regions of the world Except; A. Climate influences lifecycles and growth patterns of foodborne pathogens. B. Populations with amplified numbers of elderly or infants, which are more susceptible to disease, will have higher rates of illness. C. A population with a poor nutritional status will most likely possess a compromised immune system to fend off potential health threats. D. Cultural aspects such as knowledge, attitudes, and practices of individuals (such as eating raw meat) may be the most important factor in determining risk factors for disease.

A population with a poor nutritional status will most likely possess a compromised immune system to fend off potential health threats.

Question 15 The skin helps to do all EXCEPT ___________. A. Absorb nutrients essential to the growth of the organism. B. Regulate body temperature through sweat glands C. Provide a physical barrier to dehydration, microbial invasion, and some chemical insults D. Serve as a sensory organ for touch, temperature, pressure and pain E. Provide some important components of immunity

Absorb nutrients essential to the growth of the organism.

Question 5 Which area of the world has the fastest doubling time? A. Latin America B. Asia C. Africa D. North America

Africa

Question 7 The most common identified reason for the emergence of infectious diseases is _____. A. Technology and industry B. Microbial adaptation and resistance C. Agricultural and economic development D. Human demographic changes E. Pesticide spraying

Agricultural and economic development

Question 1 Which of the following are the benefits of tropical rainforests? A. A major producer of oxygen for the global atmosphere B. The major carbon dioxide sink C. A potential source of new pharmaceuticals useful in the treatment of human disease D. An important source of species diversity E. All of the above

All of the above

Question 12 Which of the following criteria demographers generally require to plan ahead about the trend of the population? A. Population size B. Fertility rates C. Birth, death and infant mortality rates D. All of the above

All of the above

Question 14 AIDS, Influenza, Tuberculosis, Mad cow diseases, Malaria, SARS etc. can be categorized as emerging diseases. What are the major goals of a prevention strategy plan for the United States. A. Promptly investigate and monitor emerging pathogens, the diseases they cause, and factors of emergence B. Integrate laboratory science and epidemiology to optimize public health practice C. Enhance communication of public health information about emerging diseases and ensure prompt implementation prevention strategies D. Strengthen local, state, and federal public health infrastructures to support surveillance and implement prevention and control programs E. All of the above

All of the above

Question 15 Food contaminants come from a wide variety of sources, including ________. A. Chemicals B. Food additives C. Poisonous plants and animals D. Foodborne pathogens E. All the above

All of the above

Question 6 The factors that govern toxicity is/are A. Concentration of chemicals. B. Interactions of chemicals. C. Age of person and Exercise and physical stress. D. Health status. E. All of the above

All of the above

Question 8 How can you reduce exposure to endocrine disruptors? A. Reduce the amount of regular fat milk and fatty meats eaten. Chlorinated organic chemicals tend to concentrate in fatty tissue. B. Use herbal or scent-based repellents instead of synthetic pesticides. Buy food that have been sprayed by the herbal or scent-based repellents. C. Keep kids from vinyl toys or teething rings. D. Use detergents that do not use alkylphenols. E. All of the above

All of the above

Question 9 What is the mechanism for the harmful effects of CO (carbon monoxide).? A. Interfere with or block the active sites of some important enzymes B. Direct binding to hemoglobin and thus reducing the oxygen carrying capacity C. Secondary action as a result of its presence in the system D. Compete with the co-factors for a site on an important enzyme E. All of the above

All of the above

Question 8 Chemicals enter the food from ___________. A. Packaging materials B. Agricultural applications of pesticides and fertilizers C. Adding preservatives or coloring to foods D. The release of industrial chemicals into the environment E. All the above

All the above

Question 13 According to the book, which region of the world suffers the most economic losses from land degradation? A. South America B. Africa C. Asia D. North America

Asia

• Question 19 Which region of the world suffers the most economic losses from land degradation? : A. North America B. Asia C. Africa D. South America

Asia

Question 15 What is the term that refers to the range of animal and plant species and the genetic variability among those species? a. Community b. Ecosystem c. Biodiversity d. Biome

Biodiversity

Question 11 Major types of hypersensitivity reactions include all EXCEPT ___________. A. Cell mediated B. Cytotoxic C. Immune complex D. Anaphylactic type E. Biotransformation

Biotransformation

Question 14 The rate of natural increase in population is determined by ___________ A. Birth rate minus death rate B. Birth rate minus emigration C. Birth rate plus immigration D. None of these

Birth rate minus death rate Response Feedback: Rate of Natural Increase • The rate of natural increase is determined by subtracting the death rate from the birth rate (Fig. 2-1). • The rate of natural increase reflects the growth rate in which migration is not considered. • The growth of a population in the absence of migration must depend on the birth rate being higher than the death rate.

Question 8 What type of wetland zone is usually characterized by a stagnant, acidic, nutrient-poor ecosystem filled with peat and sphagnum moss? A. Swamps B. Prairie potholes C. Bogs D. Estuaries

Bogs

• Question 12 What type of wetland zone is usually characterized by a stagnant, acidic, nutrient-poor ecosystem filled with peat and sphagnum moss? : A. Swamps B. Prairie potholes C. Bogs D. Estuaries

Bogs

Question 1 Which of the following CANNOT prevent the spread of infestation by tapeworms? A. Appropriately disposing of contaminated feces B. Cooking meat to an internal temperature of at least 57 °c C. Freezing meat at -10 °c for 5 days D. Cooking meat to an external temperature of 47 °c E. None of the above

Cooking meat to an external temperature of 47 °c

Question 17 A viewpoint that more people on the planet will drive the technology to support the world's growing billions is often termed ______________. A. Pioneer B. Cornucopian C. Tragedy of the Common D. Sustainable

Cornucopian

Question 1 When there is a fall in death rates, followed by a fall in birth rates as often occurs in industrialized countries, this phenomenon is known as ______________. Answers: A. Correct Demographic transition B. Incomplete demographic transition C. Maximum growth rate D. Carrying capacity

Correct Demographic transition

• Question 3 Once nitrogen is formed into complex organic molecules, it may be recycled back to atmospheric nitrogen by: : A. The sedimentary cycle B. Primary succession C. Secondary succession D. Denytrifying bacteria

Denytrifying bacteria

Question 14 Which one of the following course objectives is addressed while covering this topic in this session? Select the one which you think is most appropriate. A. Explain the general mechanisms of toxicity in eliciting a toxic response to various environmental exposures. B. Describe the various impacts of overpopulation on global resources and ecosystems C. Describe and list the major food pathogens, their life cycles, and the acceptable methods for preventing food-borne infection and poisoning. D. Explain the methods by which risk factors for health related events are identified

Describe the various impacts of overpopulation on global resources and ecosystems

Question 6 Land degradation in dry sub-humid areas is known as __________. A. Desertification B. Deforestation C. Wetland destruction D. Erosion

Desertification

• Question 2 Land degradation in dry sub-humid areas is known as A. Deforestation B. Erosion C. Desertification D. Wetland destruction

Desertification

Question 7 Which of the following is a false statement based on the chapter and your own research? A. Chronic under nutrition is a difficult and pervasive problem resulting in a food security crisis in many LDCs. B. Term-rotation is one of the techniques to recover soil when nitrogen-using (corn) and nitrogen-fixing (beans) crops are plated in alternative years in the same space or planting them in alternating bands in the same year. C. According to the book more than 25 million Americans, almost 50 percent of them under 17, resort to using food distribution programs such as soup kitchens and food pantries D. Disappearance of many fish species in a number of industrialized countries has been attributed to the increased sale of juveniles.

Disappearance of many fish species in a number of industrialized countries has been attributed to the increased sale of juveniles.

Question 13 Which of following human ailments are produced by cytogenetic defects? A. cystic fibrosis B. phenylketonuria C. Down's disease D. Gaucher's disease E. Huntington's disease

Down's disease

Question 19 Particles and large molecules that might otherwise be restricted from crossing a plasma membrane can be brought in or removed by the process of _____________. A. Diffusion B. Osmosis C. Facilitated diffusion D. Absorption E. Endocytosis

Endocytosis

Question 20 Pressures that limit population such as wars and disease are referred to as A. Homeostatic control B. Limiting factors C. Environmental resistance D. Biotic potential

Environmental resistance

Question 4 Which area of the world has the longest population doubling time? A. North America B. Europe C. South America D. Australia

Europe

• Question 14 The most fertile soils for growth of food are located in ___________. : A. Europe, Asia, North America B. Africa C. China D. Australia

Europe, Asia, North America

Question 10 The "Green Revolution" is the introduction of new fertilizers to make grass greener. A. True B. False

False

Question 16 The main reason for food shortages in eastern Africa derive mainly from the wastefulness of food in developed countries. A. True B. False

False

Question 19 In the r-strategy population, the large organisms with relatively long life span have few offspring's and devote their energies to protect and nurture the offspring to enhance their survival until they can reproduce. A. True B. False

False

Question 19 Tolerance levels are the minimum permitted amounts of pesticides that can be found on a raw product. A. True B. False

False

Question 2 Because the nuclear testing sites are underground and usually in remote areas where there is little or no agricultural activity, radioactive plumes can NOT pose a significant threat to human populations. A. True B. False

False

Question 2 Birth rate is normally expressed as the number of live births per 1,000 populations at the end of the year. A. True B. False

False

Question 20 Many enzymes require a nonprotein component called an apoenzyme and a protein component called cofactor to become active. A. True B. False

False

• Question 8 Macronutrients include carbon, phosphorous, oxygen, sulfur, hydrogen, nitrogen and zinc : A. True B. False

False

• Question 9 Biosphere is defined as land -based life categorized into major regions. : A. True B. False

False

Question 9 Norplant is a shot given to women, which prevents pregnancy for a three-month period. A. True B. False

False Response Feedback: • Norplant is 97-99% effective. It consists of five or six silicon rubber capsules containing progestin that are inserted under the skin of the upper arm of the female using minor surgery. It lasts for a five-year period. The pill combines effects of the synthetic hormones estrogen and progesterone, and it prohibits the maturation of ova, prevents the development of the uterine lining, and forms cervical mucous creating a barrier against sperm. It is taken by the female and is 97-99% effective.

• Question 18 Sir George Hadley provided the A. First written explanation of global air circulation B. Definition of biomes C. Definition of an ecosystem D. Comprehensive analysis of a climax community

First written explanation of global air circulation

Question 4 What is the term applied to a situation whereby all people have physical and economic access to the basic food they need to work and function normally? a. Food Insecurity b. Farming c. Sustainability d. Food Security

Food Security

Question 7 Teratogens may include the following factors except: A. Ionizing radiation B. Chemicals C. Pathogenic infections D. Maternal conditions E. Genetic defects

Genetic defects

Question 18 In the United States, _______is a protozoan flagellate most common among those who travel to endemic areas, in homosexuals, and in child day care settings where constant diaper changing facilitates the spread from one child to another. A. Amebiasis B. Giardia C. Cryptosporidiosis D. Hepatitis E. Cholera

Giardia

Question 2 The body is able to principally detoxify foreign substances through all of the following EXCEPT ___________. A. Liver B. Kidneys C. Intestines D. Lungs E. Heart

Heart

Question 18 Which kind of cells are the primary targets of the AIDS virus? A. Cytotoxic (killer) cell B. Helper T-cells C. Memory cells D. Suppressor T-cells E. Delayed hypersensitivity T-cells

Helper T-cells

Question 9 Paul Erlich thinks that the impact of human activity on environments can be summarized by the equation _____________. A. I = P*A*T B. I= P+A+T C. I= P+A*T D. I= P-A*T

I = P*A*T

Question 12 Many people have pointed to endocrine disrupters as the cause of a number of emerging human ailments including all EXCEPT __________. A. Reduced sperm counts B. Precocious puberty C. Increase in non-hodgkins lymphoma D. Increase in pancreatic cancer E. Testicular cancer

Increase in pancreatic cancer

Question 3 Exposure to asbestos is primarily achieved through __________. A. Skin absorption B. Droptlet transmission C. Inhalation of tiny fibers suspended through the air D. Ingestion E. Indirect contact

Inhalation of tiny fibers suspended through the air

Question 15 The strategy that refers to organisms with relatively long life spans and have only few offspring but devote their energies to protecting and nurturing their offspring to enhance their individual survival until they can reproduce is called a (n) ______________ . A. K-Strategy B. R- Strategy C. Reversal strategy D. Transition strategy

K-Strategy

CO2 is NOT released by: A. Human and animal respiration. B. Lightning reactions with atmospheric nitrogen C. Decomposition of dead animals D. Cutting and burning forests

Lightning reactions with atmospheric nitrogen

Question 10 What is the part of the S-curve where there is a rapid increase in growth of the population? A. Stationary phase B. Log phase C. Death phase D. Lag phase

Log phase

Question 12 What is the world's largest widespread mosquito-borne illness, and is potentially the worst threat to humans in the future? A. Influenza B. AIDS C. cholera D. Malaria E. None of the above.

Malaria

Question 16 In Minamata Bay, Japan, over 1,200 cases of poisoning happened because of the consumption of fish contaminated with? A. Methyl mercury B. Inorganic lead C. Radionuclides D. Cadmium E. Pesticides

Methyl mercury

Question 1 Killing areas of tissue is a process known as ___________. A. Absorption B. Necrosis C. Diffusion D. Osmosis E. Facilitated diffusion

Necrosis

Question 5 Which of the following substances can cause a syndrome in infants referred to as "blue baby"? A. Carbon monoxide B. Chlorine gas C. Ozone D. Sulfuric oxides E. Nitrogen compounds

Nitrogen compounds

• Question 16 Which of the following is true about phosphates? : A. They occur as a gas B. Plants are unable to take up released phosphates in roots because of some unknown mechanism C. Phosphorous is the main element in compounds such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP) D. Plants are unable to take up released phosphates in roots because of some unknown mechanism

Phosphorous is the main element in compounds such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Question 3 Breeding group of individuals of the same species living together within a given area is called a __________. A. Population B. Ecosystem C. Biotic community D. Succession

Population

• Question 4 The following is NOT true about trophic levels : A. Primary consumers belong to the first trophic level B. Secondary consumers belong to the third trophic level C. Each stage through which energy travels is called a trophic level D. Animals capable of feeding at many trophic levels will be able to survive if portions of their food supply are decreased or eliminated

Primary consumers belong to the first trophic level

Question 20 Which of the following statements is NOT true about Hazard Critical Control Point System? A. Potentially hazardous foods are identified. B. Critical control points are identified to control the potential hazards. C. Standard Procedures are established to ensure production of a safe product. D. Procedures are monitored. E. Record keeping is not a requirement since corrective actions are automatically taken when problems are identified.

Record keeping is not a requirement since corrective actions are automatically taken when problems are identified.

Question 5 E. coli O157:H7 is especially dangerous because it can be accompanied by hemolytic uremic syndrome, which is the primary cause of ________ failure in children. A. Liver B. Renal C. Heart D. Stomach E. Spleen

Renal

Question 16 A group of organisms that can breed together with the production of a viable and fertile offspring is considered to be a ________ A. Species B. Population C. Family D. Class E. Genus

Species Response Feedback: Please see page: 2-3 Species • A species is normally considered to be a group of organisms that can breed together with the production of a viable and fertile offspring. • Different species not only have differing physical attributes, but they also differ in their population characteristics. Population • A population is considered to be the breeding group for an organism. • Each population has characteristics that help to identify it. • Some of these characteristics are birth rate, death rate, rate of natural increase, age distribution, and sex ratio.

Question 10 If substance A produces a 5% reduction in RBC and substance B produces a 3% reduction, what would the effect be called if both substances together produce a 20% reduction? A. Additive B. Multiplicative C. Synergistic D. Antagonistic E. Anachronistic

Synergistic

• Question 7 When soil conditions are disrupted, but there remains topsoil and some limited vegetation, succession can : A. Not take place because of the vegetation B. Take place more slowly C. Take place because of primary succession D. Take place much more quickly

Take place much more quickly

• Question 11 A mammal population that is low in diversity and includes bison may be found in the : A. Tropical savannahs B. Temperate grasslands C. Temperate forest D. Taiga

Temperate grasslands

• Question 20 Climate is most affected by A. Humidity B. Temperature C. Cloud cover D. Precipitation

Temperature

Question 8 The biotic potential of species is influenced by the following factors except _________. Answers: A. The frequency of reproduction B. The total number of times the organism reproduces C. The number of offspring from each reproductive cycle D. The age at which reproduction starts E. The life expectancy

The life expectancy Response Feedback: Biotic Potential • The unrestricted growth of populations resulting in the maximum growth rate for a particular population is called its biotic potential. • The biotic potential of a species differs markedly and is influenced by: (1) the frequency of reproduction; (2) the total number of times the organism reproduces; (3) the number of offspring from each reproductive cycle; and (4) the age at which reproduction starts.

Question 3 One of the significant threats to human health due to climate change is A. Extinction of the great Panda B. The loss of biodiversity C. Increase in the use of renewable energy D. Global reduction in the sperm counts of mammalian species during their fertile year

The loss of biodiversity

Question 19 The most significant threat to biodiversity today is ________________. A. The loss of habitats due to human activity B. The introduction of foreign species. C. The killing of competing species D. The reduction of sperm counts. E. The acidification of the oceans.

The loss of habitats due to human activity

• Question 13 Which of the following is true about the earth's relationship to the sun? : A. The earth's distance from the sun is responsible for the seasons. B. In summer months, the sun strikes the U.S. at a more oblique or slanted angle C. The earth is tilted at a 30 degree angle from a vertical axis drawn perpendicular to the plane of the earth's orbit around the sun. D. The seasons are caused by the tilt of the earth on its axis as it revolves around the sun.

The seasons are caused by the tilt of the earth on its axis as it revolves around the sun.

• Question 15 Which of the following characteristics is true about the tropical rainforest? : A. It contains less than 20% of the world's plants. B. There are only two seasons - spring and summer. C. There are wide temperature fluctuations. D. There are relatively few numbers of any particular species, but a myriad of species exist.

There are relatively few numbers of any particular species, but a myriad of species exist.

• Question 6 Some of the ways mammals have adapted to the desert include all of the following EXCEPT: : A. They absorb excessive sunlight B. They may be nocturnal C. They produce uric acid D. They may have skin without sweat glands

They absorb excessive sunlight

Question 10 Bacteria are much larger than viruses, and most can be viewed with a conventional oil immersion lens on a microscope. A. True B. False

True

Question 11 Humans are the only reservoir for s. typhi. A. True B. False

True

Question 11 Swamps are transitional environments between large open water and drier land. A. True B. False

True

Question 12 The tragedy of commons is probably axiomatic that many members of any society will likely pass on the consequences of their destructive actions if they will benefit in the short term and receive little or no negative consequences from that action. A. True B. False

True

Question 18 Population is one of the factors involved with food insecurity. A. True B. False

True

Question 2 United States overall cut in foreign assistance budget in the family planning/population assistance result in increase in unintended pregnancy, increased maternal deaths, and additional deaths of infant and young children globally. A. True B. False

True

Question 20 According to the chapter, most plants are difficult to manipulate with gene transfer, but newly developed techniques use a "gene gun" that incorporates the desirable DNA (genetic) fragments into a plastic bullet that is shattered against a berrier to create a genetic spray that pierces the plant target cells at over 1,000 mph. A. True B. False

True

Question 3 Foodborne illness is defined as any illness incurred from the consumption of contaminated food. A. True B. False

True

Question 4 The term "emerging infectious diseases" refers to diseases of infectious origin whose incidence in humans has either increased within the past two decades or threatens to increase in the near future. A. True B. False

True

Question 5 Deforestation is defined as the the permanent decline in the crown cover of trees to a level that is less than 10% of its original cover. A. True B. False

True

• Question 10 Westerlies create a tendency for storm systems to travel from the west coast to the east coast of the United States. A. True B. False

True

• Question 17 Permafrost is a permanent layer of ice or frozen soil beneath a thin layer of topsoil found in the tundra. A. True B. False

True

Question 7 If the birth rate is 15 and the death rate is 9, the annual population growth rate of natural increase in percentage will be 0.6%. A. True B. False

True Response Feedback: • 15-9 = 6 • 8/1000 = 0.006 • 0.006 x 100 = 0.6%

Question 6 Which of the following countries has a stable population (neither rapidly declining nor expanding)? A. Mexico B. Africa C. Japan D. United States E. India

United States

Question 17 The following base components are included in DNA except: A. Adenine purine B. Guanine purine C. Thymine pyrimidine D. Cytosine pyrimidine E. Uracil pyrimidine

Uracil pyrimidine

Question 6 Which of the following MAY NOT BE responsible for emerging infectious disease A. Ecological changes, such as those due to agricultural or economic development or to anomalies in climate B. Use of internet C. Human demographic changes (urbanization) and behavior D. Travel and commerce; E. Technology and industry (globalization)

Use of internet

Question 13 Which of following contraceptive methods may be irreversible? A. Vasectomy B. Male condom C. IUD's D. Cervical Caps E. Oral contraceptives

Vasectomy Response Feedback: Contraceptive Methods that are Permanent • Sterilization has become one of the most popular methods for contraception in the United States among married couples who have achieved their desired level of parenthood • Vasectomy - Male sterilization by making an incision on either side of the scrotum and snipping out a piece of the vas deferens. • Tubal Ligation. • Blocks the entry of eggs into uterus, eggs released from the ovaries dissolve and are reabsorbed into the body.

Question 4 All enzymes must possess A. Nucleotides B. amino acids C. Fatty acids and alcohol D. Monosaccharides and disaccharides E. Dicarboxylic acid and dopamine

amino acids

Question 16 Information is transported from DNA molecules to proteins by way of A. Transferases B. tRNA molecules C. mRNA molecules D. Plasmagenes E. Ribosomal rna molecules

mRNA molecules