ENVR Chapter 4

The movement from one ecologically stable state to another is a(n) _____ shift

regime

A system that is _______ will maintain its fundamentals while undergoing and responding to disturbances.

resilient

______ is a measure of the number of different species, ecological niches, or genetic variation present in a biological community. Multiple choice question. Diversity Abundance Evenness

Diversity

How does a resilient system respond to a disturbance?

Species diversity is preserved., It maintains its overall identity.

Select all that apply Which of the following correctly describe mutations? Multiple select question. They are accidental changes. All mutations are passed to the next generation. They are caused by errors in DNA replication. The rarely have negative effects.

They are accidental changes. They are caused by errors in DNA replication.

How does redundancy lead to stability in an ecosystem? Multiple choice question. With different species that fill the same role, a lose of one won't lead to the collapse of a food chain. Having a large variety of species with different habitats insures that at least some survive natural disasters. A large number of individuals in a species will insure that there will always be some to fulfill a role.

With different species that fill the same role, a lose of one won't lead to the collapse of a food chain.

Match the species distribution pattern with its letter from the image . Random Uniform Clustered

a b c

Select all that apply ______ contribute(s) to the spatial distribution of organisms. Multiple select question. Access to mates Average lifespan Competition Resource availability Solar eclipses

Access to mates Competition Resource availability

___________ is when a species acquires traits that allow it to survive better in a particular environment.

Adaptation or Adapting

What occurs in an evolutionary trade-off? Multiple choice question. A species bypasses sexual reproduction for the more efficient asexual reproduction An organism responds to a change in earth's magnetic field A species shortens it migration due to the availability of food An organism optimizes a single trait at the expense of others

An organism optimizes a single trait at the expense of others

_________ is a process over which predator and prey exhibit physical and behavioral changes in response to selection pressures from one another.

Coevolution

All of the following are examples of ecosystems with low primary productivity except ______. Multiple choice question. coral reefs deserts tundra open oceans

coral reefs

The various beak sizes and shapes and foraging habits of Darwin's ______ were an important observation that contributed to Charles Darwin's development of his theory of evolution by natural selection. Multiple choice question. seagulls cormorants albatross finches

finches

Select all that apply Scientists recognize six kingdoms in the taxonomic structure that include ______, plants, and protists. (Choose the four that apply.) Multiple select question. fungi archaebacteria mammals animals bacteria cnidaria

fungi archaebacteria animals bacteria

Allopatric speciation results from ______ isolation of a population. Multiple choice question. geographic vocal behavioral

geographic

The physical location and environmental conditions under which a given organism lives is its key ___________

habitat

The presence or absence of ______ species represents changes in the environment that may affect the ecosystem as a whole. Multiple choice question. indicator pioneer diverse

indicator

The abundance of a certain species in a given community is often ______ related to the diversity of that community. Multiple choice question. inversely conversely proportionately

inversely

Availability of water, space, and food are all examples of ______ factors that influence the fitness of individuals. Multiple choice question. habitat limiting biotic perishable

limiting

A biological relationship where members of two or more species live in close association and both benefit is ______. Multiple choice question. parasitism symbiosis mutualism commensalism

mutualism

The manner in which a species obtains food, the relationships it has with other species, and the services it provides to the community are all part of its ecological __________

niche

An endemic species occurs in ______ geographical area(s). Multiple choice question. a few one many

one

All of the following are ways to reduce intraspecific competition except ______. Multiple choice question. resource partitioning between generations strong territoriality parasitism of healthy individuals dispersal of the young

parasitism of healthy individuals

As predators become more efficient at searching and feeding over time, ______ become more effective at escape and avoidance. Multiple choice question. parasites primary producers prey competitors

prey

Species abundance and diversity have a large impact on the ______ of an ecosystem. A good example is a tropical rain forest.

productivity

Only mutations in ______ cells matter in terms of evolution because they can be inherited by the offspring. Multiple choice question. cancer body reproductive skin

reproductive

Only mutations in _______ cells can be inherited by offspring and cause populations to evolve. Multiple choice question. stem body reproductive somatic

reproductive

Darwin proposed natural _________ , the idea that environmental conditions favor certain traits, as the mechanism of evolution.

selection

Providing food, shelter, security, and health are all _______ provided by ecosystems. (Use just one word for your answer.)

services

Ecological ______ describes the process of change in the species structure of an ecological community over time.

succession

Secondary _________ , Correct Unavailable occurs when organisms inhabit an area that has been disturbed but the soil remains intact, such as following a forest fire.

succession

The creation of a new species in the absence of geographic isolation is known as ______ speciation. Multiple choice question. plyopatric sympatric allopatric

sympatric

The study of common evolutionary characteristics shared between organisms is a field of scientific study known as _____________

taxonomy

When an organism develops a single, optimized trait such as speed, they often do this at the expense of other traits; we call this an evolutionary _______________

tradeoff or trade-off

Distribution of a biological community can be horizontal, or it can be as in a tropical rainforest.

vertical

The environmental conditions in which an organism lives is its ______. Multiple choice question. key habitat biome niche

key habitat

The study of different types of organisms and their relationships to one another is ______. Multiple choice question. ecology taxonomy biology genetics

taxonomy

Generalist species have a ______ niche breadth. Multiple choice question. narrow wide

wide

The abundance of a certain species in a given community is often ______ related to the diversity of that community. Multiple choice question. conversely proportionately inversely

inversely

______ speciation results when a population of a species is geographically isolated. Multiple choice question. Allopatric Plyopatric Sympatric

Allopatric

______ competition exists between members of different species. Multiple choice question. Interspecific Intraspecific

Interspecific

Specialist species have a ______ niche breadth. Multiple choice question. wide narrow

Narrow

______ competition exists between members of the same species. Multiple choice question. Interspecific Intraspecific

Intraspecific

In terms of kilocalories per square meters per year, a(n) ______ is an example of an ecosystem with high primary productivity.

estuary, coral reef, tropical rainforest

Replication through reproduction, traits variations, and selection are the phenomena that result in ______. Multiple choice question. regime shifts evolution ecosystem disturbances

evolution

Predator-prey relationships ______ together by exerting selective pressures on one another. Multiple choice question. stagnate collapse evolve

evolve

The critical ______ is the most important limiting factor that determines where a species lives. Multiple choice question. factor threshold amount level

factor

A(n) ______ species plays an important role in its community that is out of proportion with its biomass. Multiple choice question. endangered keystone invasive herbivorous

keystone

A(n) _________ species has a large impact in its ecosystem relative to its abundance.

keystone

Examples of _________ factors that dictate where species can live are the temperature and pH in the environment, competition with other species, and the presence of disease.

limiting

Multiple Choice Question A species that evolve rapidly and in relative isolation from other species would be ______ to adapt to environmental change. Multiple choice question. more likely less likely

more likely

Disturbances caused by a large group of technically advanced people are ______ those caused by small groups of natives.

more severe than

The image shows how resource __________ takes place in order to accommodate the principle of competitive exclusion.

partitioning

Ecosystem engineers cause _________ changes to their environment that significantly effect habitats for other organisms.

physical

The development of a new species is called _______.

speciation

Complexity in an ecological community is the number of _______ at each trophic level and the total number of trophic levels. Multiple choice question. herbivores predators species populations

species

Increased complexity can lead to functional redundancy, which means that one organism can "fill in" for another ecologically in the case of a disturbance, making the community overall more ______. Multiple choice question. stable transient fluid

stable

A general term that describes an intimate shared living relationship between two or more species, without describing how each species is affected by the relationship, is ______. Multiple choice question. commensalism parasitism symbiosis mutualism

symbiosis

A symbiotic relationship when one species benefits and the other appears unaffected is ________

commensalism

Organisms in a community ________ for resources in an ecosystem, which can result in antagonistic relationships.

compete

All of the following are examples of ecosystems with low primary productivity except ______.

coral reefs

________ occurs when two or more species live intimately together with their fates linked.

Symbiosis or Mutualism

_______ takes into account the total number of organisms in a community, whereas _______ is the relative number of different species. Multiple choice question. Diversity; abundance Abundance; diversity

Abundance; diversity

mimicry is when a harmless species gains protection against predators by resembling a poisonous or distasteful species. Multiple choice question. Batesian Müllerian

Batesian

A(n) _______ is any force that disrupts the patterns of species diversity and abundance in an ecosystem.

Disturbance

The physical location and environmental conditions under which a given organism lives is its key ______________

Habitat

The energy left in a system after accounting for respiration is that system's __________ primary production.

Net

____________ is a form of predation and symbiosis because the parasite depends on the host.

Parasitism

_________ productivity is a measure of the ecosystem's rate of photosynthesis, converting solar energy into chemical energy.

Primary

________ speciation occurs within a species in a single geographic area.

Sympatric

Why is it so important that we protect seagrass meadows for mitigating climate change? Multiple choice question. They reflect a lot of sunlight back into the atmosphere. They are very successful at storing carbon in seafloor materials. They have a neutralizing effect on acidifying seawater.

They are very successful at storing carbon in seafloor materials.

True or false: Under the ecological definition of a predator, an herbivore is a predator of a plant.

True

If there were only few different species in a community, you would expect there to be ______ of each species. Multiple choice question. few members a lot of members

a lot of members

A biological relationship where members of two or more species live in close association, with one benefiting and the other apparently unaffected, is ______. Multiple choice question. commensalism symbiosis mutualism parasitism

commensalism

Productivity is related to abundance and ______ of species in an environment, which are functions of the availability of resources there.

diversity

The adaptive cycle model of ecosystem change is a series of four steps represented by a ______.

figure eight

Choose the two causes of ecosystem regime shifts.

A background change in the community, A significant disturbance

What are ecosystem services?

Outcomes provided to people by ecosystems

What are ecosystem services? Multiple choice question. Outcomes provided to people by ecosystems The chemical processes which sustain an ecosystem The relationships between organisms in a food web The physical components of an ecosystem

Outcomes provided to people by ecosystems

_______ succession is when a new biological community develops after an existing one is displaced.

Secondary

A(n) ______ is when a species acquires a trait or traits, allowing the species to be more likely to survive in its environment. Multiple choice question. evolution selection adaptation speciation

adaptation

In ecological terms __________, community refers to the total number of trophic levels and the number of species in each.

complexity

Productivity is related to abundance and ______ of species in an environment, which are functions of the availability of resources there. Multiple choice question. diversity agility creativity

diversity

Species that are generalists are more likely to dominate in the ______ stage of ecological succession.

early

An ecosystem's ______ primary production is a measure of its total photosynthetic rate minus the rate of cellular respiration for the system. Multiple choice question. net gross

net

In primary succession the first colonizers of bare rock are _______ species; they begin to break down the exposed substrate.

pioneer

The initial colonizers of exposed rock are usually microbes, mosses, and lichens that can withstand the harsh environment; they are examples of ______ species.

pioneer

A fish may be ______ for a crustacean when the fish is immature, but it may be the ______ of the same crustacean later in its life. Multiple choice question. prey; predator the predator; prey

prey; predator

Species abundance and diversity have a large impact on the ______ of an ecosystem. A good example is a tropical rain forest. Multiple choice question. size redundancy productivity age

productivity

A temporary change in environmental conditions that results in changes in the distribution of species in an ecosystem is a(n) ______

disturbance

Ecosystem engineers physically create and modify _________ for other organisms.

habitats

A binomial includes an organism's genus and _______ name.

species

The range of temperatures a species can withstand is an example of its ______ limits. Multiple choice question. tolerance threshold environmental critical

tolerance

______ is an example of an antagonistic relationship within a biological community. Multiple choice question. Competition Mutualism Commensalism Parasitism

Competition

A _________ limit is when an environmental factor has a minimum and maximum level that the species can withstand.

tolerance

Charles Darwin visited the ______ Islands aboard the HMS Beagle. He encountered species there that helped him formulate his ideas on natural selection and evolution. Multiple choice question. Canary Galápagos Hawaiian Aleutian

Galápagos

______ species can tolerate a wide range of environmental conditions and utilize a wide range of resources. Multiple choice question. Specialist Generalist

Generalist

Which type of species will likely adapt better to new environmental conditions due to climate change? Multiple choice question. Specialists Generalists

Generalists

When two poisonous species resemble one another so that a predator avoids them and both species benefit, we call it _______ mimicry.

Müllerian or Mulerian

Choose the three phenomena that are the causes of evolution. Multiple select question. Variation in traits Predation Replication Tolerance Selection

Variation in traits Replication Selection

Select all that apply Seagrass ecosystems ______. Multiple select question. are very productive occur mostly in deep waters grow on rocky substrate contain many different species of plants and animals

are very productive contain many different species of plants and animals

If graph a represents the original variation of the trait in the population, match the letters of the other three graphs with the type of selection shown.

b. Directional c, Stabilizing d Disruptive

An organism's genus and species name together make up its ______. Multiple choice question. trophic level binomial niche life history

binomial

A biological relationship where members of two or more species live in close association, with one benefiting and the other apparently unaffected, is ______.

commensalism

The idea that no two species can occupy the same ecological niche in a given ecosystem is summarized in the principle of exclusion.The idea that no two species can occupy the same ecological niche in a given ecosystem is summarized in the principle of ________ exclusion.

competitive

The single factor in shortest supply relative to demand in an environment is the ________ factor, which determines where a species can live.

critical or limiting

Species that occur in only one specific geographical area are ______ species. Multiple choice question. introduced endemic nonnative invasive

endemic

Adaptations that can be passed from generation to generation can lead to ___________ of a population of a species.

evolution

The idea that entire populations of species change over time to become better adapted to their environment is called ___________

evolution

True or false: Predator-prey relationships remain the same throughout each stage of an organism's life.

false

Charles Darwin's observation of ______, and the distinguishing characteristics of different species on the Galápagos Islands, were important to the development of his theory of evolution by natural selection. Multiple choice question. seagulls finches dolphins iguanas

finches

When species that are harmless resemble poisonous species we call it Batesian ________

mimicry

All of the following are examples of kingdoms in taxonomy except ______. Multiple choice question. monera fungi animals plants

monera

Accidental changes in genes that occur during replication are called ____________

mutations

A symbiotic relationship between two or more species in which all involved species benefit is _________

mutualism

Multiple Choice Question The idea that environmental conditions can favor certain characteristics over others, potentially leading to the creation of a new species, is Darwin's theory of ______ selection. Multiple choice question. sexual species directional natural

natural

Intraspecific competition is reduced through dispersal, territoriality, and _________ partitioning.

resource

It is advantageous to be a ______ species because they are extremely well adapted to their environment, but they do not tolerate environmental change well; ______ species adapt more readily to changing environments as they have a wide niche breadth, but they can be outcompeted. Multiple choice question. specialist; generalist generalist; specialist

specialist; generalist

Coevolution is the evolution of ______ Multiple choice question. two similar but geographically isolated species two or more species in response to each other

two or more species in response to each other

Once a biological community has reached a steady state through the process of ecological succession, it is considered a ______ community. Multiple choice question. resilient doomed climax pioneer

climax

Select all that apply A(n) ______ is an example of a predator in a food web. Multiple select question. omnivore primary producer herbivore carnivore

omnivore herbivore carnivore

Species cannot rapidly adapt to current environmental changes because ________ the changes are overwhelming in number and intensity some species are very long-lived they mutate frequently species don't evolve in isolation they are small in size

the changes are overwhelming in number and intensity some species are very long-lived species don't evolve in isolation

Select all that apply In terms of kilocalories per square meters per year, a(n) ______ is an example of an ecosystem with high primary productivity. Multiple select question. open ocean tropical rainforest desert grassland coral reef estuary

tropical rainforest coral reef estuary

______ that are heritable can cause a population of individuals of the same species to evolve. Multiple choice question. Parasites Invasives Adaptations

Adaptations

Complex ________ Systems, or CAS, describe the response of ecosystems to disturbances with connected feedback loops that are more complex than the primary and secondary succession models.

Adaptive

Mutations are the result of damage or alteration of an organism's ______ that are not repaired. Multiple choice question. DNA limbs cells

DNA

Match the type of selection with its description. Drag and drop application. Directional Stabilizing Disruptive

Directional - Selection that increases fitness at one extreme for a trait and reduces fitness at the other extreme for the same trait Selection that increases fitness at one extreme for a trait and reduces fitness at the other extreme for the same trait Stabilizing - Selection that produces the greatest fitness at the intermediate point or condition for a given trait Disruptive - Selection that increases fitness at both extremes of a trait and reduces fitness at the middle values

_________ is the change in the inherited characteristics of biological populations over successive generations.

Evolution

What are the reasons for the severity of current ecosystem disturbances?

Invasive species, habitat degradation, Habitat fragmentation

When two poisonous species resemble one another so that a predator avoids them and both species benefit, we call it ______ mimicry.

Müllerian or Mullerian

-mediated competition occurs when a superior competitor in a habitat accrues a large population and the superior species is more likely to be preyed upon, allowing the populations of weaker competitors to increase.

Predator

______ succession refers to ecological succession that occurs on bare substrate devoid of soil, such as the space created by cooled lava following a volcanic eruption.

Primary

________ succession refers to ecological succession that occurs on bare substrate devoid of soil, such as the space created by cooled lava following a volcanic eruption.

Primary

Which of these ecosystems is very productive; supports hundreds of species of invertebrates, mollusks, fish, and mammals; and is located along tropical and temperate coastlines? Multiple choice question. Mangrove ecosystems Seagrass ecosystems Kelp forests

Seagrass ecosystems

What is ecological succession?

The transition from one community to another

Large numbers of technologically advanced people have ______ a small group of native peoples on the environment.

a larger effect than

Predator-mediated _________ helps weaker prey species compete with stronger prey species because the predators keep the abundance of the stronger competitors down.

competition

The principle of ______ states that no two species can exist in the same habitat and fulfill the same role indefinitely. Multiple choice question. evolution natural selection communal living competitive exclusion

competitive exclusion

A(n) ______ is an example of a natural disturbance to an ecosystem.

earthquake, lava flow, hurricane

Biological communities may have ______ structures that are distributed both vertically and horizontally. Multiple choice question. ecological competitive biome

ecological

Early on in succession ______ species are more prevalent, but over time niches proliferate and ______ species are more common.

generalist; specialist

All of the following are examples of anthropogenic disturbances to an ecosystem except a(n) ______.

hurricane

Select all that apply Populations can be distributed _______ throughout an ecosystem. Multiple select question. linearly in clusters uniformly randomly

in clusters uniformly randomly

Lichens and eastern white pine are examples of ______ species because they are extremely sensitive to certain air pollutants. Multiple choice question. keystone indicator invasive extinct

indicator

The Galápagos _______ are a small archipelago off the coast of South America where Charles Darwin visited as a naturalist aboard the HMS Beagle.

islands

The functional role that a species plays in its environment is called its ecological ______. Multiple choice question. habitat job footprint niche

niche

The two most important ecosystem services that seagrass meadows provide are that they act as a(n) _________ pump, and they capture and store __________ _________.

oxygen carbon dioxide

A biological relationship where members of two or more species live in close association, with one benefiting and the other being negatively affected, is ______. Multiple choice question. parasitism commensalism symbiosis mutualism

parasitism

In following with the competitive exclusion principle, two species with overlapping niches must ______ shared resources. Multiple choice question. prey on partition select appropriate

partition

The rate of a community's biomass production, or its ______, is an indication of the rate of solar energy being converted to chemical energy. Multiple choice question. primary productivity reproductive output cellular respiration

primary productivity

Access to resources, protection, and the physical environment are just some factors that influence the ________ distribution of organisms.

spatial

Access to resources, protection, and the physical environment are just some factors that influence the _________ distribution of organisms.

spatial

Access to resources, protection, and the physical environment are just some factors that influence the __________ distribution of organisms

spatial

When a population of a species becomes more adapted to its environment, developing specialized or distinctive traits, it eventually differentiates entirely from the original species, resulting in ______. Multiple choice question. geographical isolation speciation endemism coevolution

speciation