ENVS Test 2
Which areas experienced a net gain of forest area between 2000 and 2010?
China and Europe
What contains the most liquid freshwater?
Aquifers
At what time of the year would you expect CO2 concentrations to be the highest?
At the end of winter
The nutrients that support plant growth in natural terrestrial ecosystems are supplied mainly by...
Breakdown of detritus
A bag of fertilizer is labeled 12-18-20. What is the percentage of organic matter in the fertilizer?
Cannot tell
What is the major cause of mortality in the least developed countries of the world?
Communicable
Which one of the following is not among the primary reasons that poor people in developing countries have large families?
Contraceptives are readily available
50. What country is the only country in the world with extensive government-supported urban agriculture?
Cuba
What happens when countries pass through the fertility transition?
Dependency ratio decreases then increases
Which one of the following is not among the conditions conducive to small families?
Early age at marriage
Country X has an annual birth rate of about 35 per 1000 population and an annual death rate of 10 per 1000 population. Country X has not gone through which of the following transitions?
Fertility and demographic
What problem does not attribute to habitat destruction?
Fire ants killing songbird babies in Texas
What is a Bt crop?
GM crop that is resistant to many insect pests
Do K-strategists have high or low recruitment?
High
Do R-strategists have high or low biotic potential?
High
As part of the hydrologic cycle, precipitation falls to the ground. At that point, four pathways are possible: surface runoff, reabsorption by plants, and:
Infiltration or evaporation
What is an example of a consumptive use of water?
Irrigating crops
The order of horizons in a soil profile from top to bottom is...
O,A,E,B,C
Periodic fires do NOT tip balance in favor of...
Oak trees
The tragedy of the commons is a consequence of what?
Open access
What soil would you find in a tropical rainforest?
Oxisoil
What is global warming during the 20th century expected to do?
Speed up the hydrologic cycle and slow the thermohaline circulation of the ocean
Which first world country has the highest fertility rate?
United States
What gas accounts for the greatest percentage of the greenhouse effect?
Water vapor
The ecological efficiency in a food chain is 10%. Toxic substance X is transferred between trophic levels with an efficiency of 40%, If the concentration of X on trophic level 3 is 32 parts per million (ppm), what is the concentration of X on trophic level 1?
2 ppm
What percentage of pregnancies in the U.S. are terminated by abortion each year?
20%
Student Stephanie is planning to grow some flowers in her back yard. She learns that the flowers use nitrogen and phosphorus in a ratio of 62 atoms of nitrogen for every 14 atoms of phosphorus. Stephanie decides to buy some fertilizer to help her flowers grow. The local garden store has four kinds of fertilizer that contain nitrogen and phosphorus. The atomic masses of nitrogen and phosphorus are 14 and 31. Which fertilizer should Stephanie buy?
20% nitrogen and 10% phosphorus by weight
The amount of wastewater generated in the United States is about ___________ of the amount of freshwater used to irrigate crops in the United States.
25%
In hypothetical country A, everyone dies when they reach the age of 60. In hypothetical country B, which has a better health care system, everyone dies when they reach the age of 75. If the total population of both countries is stable, what percentage of the total population would you expect to be in the age group 32-46 years inclusive?
25% in country A and 20% in country B
Several million years ago, North American foxes were a single species. However, the fox population became separated into geographically isolated sub-populations during periods of glaciation, and eventually the high-latitude and temperate-latitude sub-populations became distinct species with characteristics best suited to the environments in which they lived. This evolution of two species from a single species is not an example of what?
Acclimation
What is not en example of a method to escape predation?
Exotic plumage of a peacock
True or false: Since 1960, the percentage of people living in high-income countries has increased.
False
True or false: the loans from the Grameen bank have been found to have the greatest social benefits when focused on men
False
Why do very few farmers in the U.S. use drip irrigation?
Irrigation water is cheap, and initial installation costs are high
What is an example of primary succession?
Lichens appear on basalt rock 50 years after a volcanic eruption on the Big Island of Hawaii
Do K-strategists have high or low biotic potential?
Low
Do R-strategists have high or low recruitment?
Low
What are two negative aspects of no-till agriculture?
May increase the effects of pests that remain in crop residues and requires use of herbicides
What is the best soil for agriculture?
Mollisol
The fact that the number of California condors has increased from fewer than 50 individuals in 1985 to more than 400 today is an example of
NOT adaptation, acclimation, or speciation
The fertility rate in Burkino Faso has exceeded the replacement rate for many years and is currently about 5.9. if the fertility rate were to suddenly drop to the replacement rate, why would the population of Burkino Faso continue to increase?
Population momentum
What is the root cause of hunger?
Poverty
Climate moderation falls under which of the ecosystem services?
Regulating
What accounted for the greatest amount of U.S economic contributions to developing countries in 2010-2011?
Remittances
47. The three crops that account for the greatest areas of farmland devoted to the production of genetically modified (GM) crops do not include what?
Rice
What are the 3 crops that account for about 50% of global food demand?
Rice, wheat, corn
What are the different soil textures?
Sand, silt, clay, loam
What GMO is grown on the greatest area of land globally?
Soybeans
Millennium Development Goal 1 was to reduce by 50% the proportion of children under age five who were moderately or severely underweight. Which one of the following regions had not achieved that goal by 2012?
Sub-Saharan Africa
What is mycorrhiza?
Symbiotic relationship between a plant and a fungus
Why are temperatures rising more in high latitudes in the northern hemisphere than anywhere else?
The ice in the Arctic ocean is melting
What does the hydrologic cycle describe?
The movement of water through an ecosystem
What is cabbages and condoms?
The name of a restaurant chain in Thailand
True or false about a Hadley cell: air rises at the equator and sinks at 30° latitude
True
True or false: the epidemiologic transition has preceded the fertility transition
True
What does HIPPO stand for?
habitat destruction, invasive species, pollution, population, overharvesting
What is malnourishment?
the long-term absence from the diet of one or more essential nutrients
