Enzymes
What is the enzyme that breaks down starch known as?
*Amylase* is produced in the *salivary gland* and breaks down starch in the *mouth* and *small intestine*.
What is the enzyme that breaks down protein known as?
*Protease* is made in the *stomach, pancreas and small intestine*. It breaks proteins into *amino acids* in the *stomach and small intestine*.
What are the advantage of using enzymes in industry?
1. Biological washing powders can be used at lower temperatures, saving energy and money. 2. Enzymes can be used in medicine to cure disease. 3. Energy costs in industry can be reduced by catalysing reactions at lower temperatures using enzymes.
What are the disadvantages of using enzymes in industry?
1. Biological washing powders can cause harm to skin. 2. Industrial enzymes may be costly to produce. 3. Biological washing powders must be used at lower temperatures which cannot kill pathogens in washing.
Name three enzymes and name three of their uses in industry.
1. Protease - Biological Washing Powder. 2. Carbohydrases - Convert starch into glucose syrup. 3. Isomerase - Used to convert glucose syrup into fructose syrup.
How do enzymes act to speed up reactions in the body?
1. The substrate (reactant) fits into the *active site* of the enzyme. The enzyme and substrate bind. 2. Reaction takes place rapidly and products are released as the substrate splits.
At which temperature do most human enzymes work at optimum?
37°C
What is a biological washing powder?
A biological washing powder uses enzymes to break down stains of food and sweat.
What is a protein?
A protein is a long chain of amino acids.
What is an enzyme?
An enzyme is a protein which acts as a *biological catalyst*.
How does increasing the temperature affect enzymes?
By increasing the temperature, molecules move around more quickly and with more energy, meaning reactions are more likely to happen.
How are carbohydrases used in industry?
Carbohydrases are used to convert starch (produced by plants) into glucose syrup.
What is meant by denature?
Denaturing happens when the active site changes shape and is no longer able to fit into the substrate.
Why do enzymes denature?
Enzymes denature because the active site changes shape and can no longer fit the substrate.
What are the products of lipid digestion?
Fatty acids and glycerol.
Why does your stomach contain hydrochloric acid?
Hydrochloric acid is contained in the gut as protease works at optimum in acidic conditions.
Why does pH affect enzyme activity?
If the pH is unsuitable, the active site may change shape.
How is isomerase used in the food industry?
Isomerase is used to convert *glucose syrup into fructose syrup*. Fructose is sweeter and so less is needed in foods, reducing the fattening nature in comparison to glucose syrup.
What is the enzyme that digests lipids?
Lipase is produced by the pancreas and small intestine. It digests lipids into fatty acids and glycerol.
Why are digestive enzymes different to most other enzymes?
Most enzymes work inside your cells. Digestive enzymes work outside of your cells (in food).
Which enzymes are contained in biological washing powder?
Protease & Lipase.
What is produced by protease?
Protease catalyses the digestion of protein into amino acids.
Why are proteases used in baby food?
Proteases in baby food to pre-digest food, making it easier for babies to consume.
What do proteins do?
Proteins act structurally in tissues, as hormones, as antibodies and as catalysts.
Where is amylase produced?
Salivary glands.
What is produced by amylase?
Sugars are digested into starch by amylase.
Which two factors affect the shape of an enzyme?
Temperature and pH.
What is bile and why is it so important for digestion?
The liver makes bile which is stored in the gall bladder. Bile is squirted onto food from the stomach, providing correct acidic conditions for digestion in the small intestine.
Why is it important that your stomach is lined with mucus?
This protects the stomach lining from acid burn from hydrochloric acid.