EPPP Sample Questions - Clinical Psychology

D. "D" is the best choice, because it involves reflecting the kinesthetic presentation of the client, which is emphasized in this question. Neurolinguistic programming (NLP) suggests that a therapist's ability to communicate effectively with a client will be influenced by his or her ability to identify and then work with the client's preferred sensory mode; for example, if a client prefers a visual mode, the therapist should use terms such as "I see," if a client prefers an auditory mode, the therapist should use expressions such as "I hear you.

145. comes to a session and is very quiet. He is slumped in his chair and holding his arms close to his body. According to neurolinguistic programming (NLP), what should a therapist do in order to build trust with this client? A. use "feeling" words B. use "thinking" words C. make eye contact D. adjust his posture to match the client's

Naikan Therapy (aka the psychology of reflection)

A Japanese approach that is based on clients asking themselves three questions: what have I received from? What have I given to? What troubles or difficulties have I caused to? Through such self-reflection, a client's awareness of the role they play in the relationship or situation, the amount of support they've received, and an appreciation for others is said to be increased

A. While psychological problems are often experienced as "emotional" by Anglos, members of a number of minority groups (including Latinos) often experience them as physical or spiritual in origin

A Latina is most likely to experience her symptoms of depression as a: A. spiritual or physical problem. B. family problem. C. woman's problem. D. mental or emotional problem.

B. Projective identification is a defense mechanism in which one or more parts of the self are falsely attributed to another, which are then unconsciously accepted by the recipient, and the projector then identifies with the projected part in the other. Recreating the supervisee-client relationship in the supervisee-supervisor relationship through a combination of transference, countertransference, and projection is referred to as parallel process (a.). Introjection (c.) involves absorbing the values or behaviors of others, including the larger society, without really understanding or assimilating those values or behaviors. Introjection represents a disturbance in the boundary between self and others — the person does or believes things that are not reflective of a self that is clearly distinct from others in the environment. Diagnostic overshadowing (d.) refers to the tendency to attribute all of a client's emotional, behavioral, and social problems to one salient characteristic instead of considering other, alternative explanations.

A client presents as cool, calm, and collected however has an underlying rage and by the end of the session, the therapist feels angry. This is an example of: A. parallel process. B. projective identification. C. introjection. D. diagnostic overshadowing.

D. Joining, a technique used by structural family therapists, involves taking steps to become a family insider by, among other things, assuming the same type of communication style, sharing personal stories, etc

A family therapist who uses anecdotes from her own family to emphasize similarities with the client family is doing which of the following? A. reframing B. triangulating C. diffusing boundaries D. joining

C. Both meta-analyses and literature reviews involve a summation of research studies related to a particular topic or hypothesis. However, unlike a literature review, a meta-analysis involves calculation of an "effect size," or a statistic that indicates the average effect of a particular treatment across the studies reviewed. This involves converting data from many different studies into a common metric so that their results can be combined and compared. A literature review, by contrast, provides descriptive information only

A meta-analysis differs from a literature review in that A. a meta-analysis involves a review of research in a more broadly defined area than a literature review. B. a literature review involves a review of research in which no statistical hypothesis tests were used. C. a meta-analysis, but not a literature review, involves calculation of an effect size. D. a literature review, but not a meta-analysis, involves calculation of an effect size.

C. The authors mentioned in the question have developed a model of cultural identity development in minority group members, called the Minority Identity Development (MID) model. The model's five stages are conformity, dissonance, resistance and immersion, introspection, and synergetic articulation and awareness. Individuals in the conformity stage prefer the dominant culture's values to those of their own culture. They are likely to have feelings of racial self-hatred, negative beliefs about their own culture, and positive feelings toward the dominant culture

A minority group member who is a client of yours expresses very strong negative feelings towards her own culture in a therapy session. This client is most likely in which stage of the Minority Identity Development model developed by Atkinson, Morten, and Sue? A. resistance B. dissonance C. conformity D. denial

A. In immigrant families, a possible cause of conflict is differential levels of acculturation within the family -- that is, some members of the family may adopt the values and behavioral patterns of the new culture faster than others. This is especially true when one of the family members is an adolescent, who will likely have both greater contact with and a stronger desire to be accepted by peers in the new culture.

A mother, father, and teenage son come to see you for family therapy. The family emigrated to the United States from a Latin American country five years ago. The son is not getting along with his parents and disobeys them constantly. Which of the following is a likely explanation for their problem? A. different levels of acculturation within the family B. the son has Conduct Disorder C. this is a common style of interaction in Latino families D. the son is frustrated because he is having trouble with the English language

C. A T-score is a standardized score, which means that it indicates how many standard deviation units a given raw score is above or below the mean. The T-score distribution has a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 10. This means that a score of 62 -- 12 T-score points above the mean -- is 1.2 standard deviations above the mean, since 10 X 1.2 is 12

A person who takes the MMPI-2 obtains a score of 62 on the depression scale. This means that A. the person is probably clinically depressed. B. the test results are not valid. C. the person's score is 1.2 standard deviation units above the mean. D. the person's score is 12 raw score points above the mean.

C. Object relations therapy, as a psychodynamic therapy, involves an interest in defenses and transferences. Associated with Melanie Klein amongst others, object relations therapy incorporates traditional psychodynamic strategies such as the influence of unconscious processes underlying an individual's relationships, and identifying and interpreting defenses against anxiety and transferences. George Kelly's personal construct therapy (a.) combines cognitive, behavioral, and humanistic concepts. It emphasizes the effect of the individual's perspective on his/her experience of the world. Developed by William Glasser, reality therapy (b.) focuses on an individual's present issues and problems. Steve de Shazer and other strategic family therapists developed solution-focused therapy (d.) which focuses on the here-and-now and identifying solutions to problems

A therapist interested in evaluating the defenses that impact an individual's current maladaptive behavior patterns would be a practitioner of: A. personal construct therapy B. reality therapy C. object relations therapy D. solution-focused therapy

D. Cultural empathy means a therapist understands and appreciates cultural differences in a way that extends the boundaries of traditional empathy, retaining his or her separate cultural identity while simultaneously aware of and accepting the cultural values and beliefs of the client. It is a way of relating interpersonally with the ability to accurately understand the experience of culturally diverse clients and the ability to communicate this understanding effectively with an attitude of concern across cultures. Cultural encapsulation (a.), according to Gilbert Wrenn (1962), refers to when a therapist defines reality according to one set of cultural assumptions, becomes insensitive to cultural variations, disregards evidence disproving their assumptions, depends on technique-oriented or quick-fix solutions to problems and judges others from their own self-reference criteria. Cultural universality (b.) refers to the assumption that Western concepts of normality and abnormality can be considered universal and equally applicable across all cultures. Active empathy (c.) refers to when therapists actively communicate appreciation about all aspects of clients' lives.

A therapist is working with a newly arrived refugee client about her difficulties in acculturation. The therapist does not have firsthand experience as a refugee or immigrant, however, knows what it is like to move from one city to another, transfer employment, lose work, and experience the loss of family or friends. That the therapist is able to understand, accept, and feel the client's situation, while simultaneously maintaining a separate sense of cultural self is an example of: A. cultural encapsulation B. cultural universality C. active empathy D. cultural empathy

B. An openness to various ways of integrating diverse theories and techniques characterizes psychotherapy integration. What differentiates psychotherapy integration from an eclectic approach is that in an eclectic approach, a therapist chooses interventions based on what works without considering a theoretical basis for using the technique, while psychotherapy integration attends to the relationship between technique and theory. Assimilative Integration is an approach to psychotherapy integration in which the therapist has a commitment to one theoretical approach but also is willing to use techniques from other therapeutic approaches

A therapist typically conceptualizes cases from a psychodynamic theoretical framework and uses related techniques however uses an empty chair technique in a therapy session. The therapist's use of this technique is consistent with: A. theoretical integration. B. assimilative integration. C. technical eclecticism. D. common factors.

A. In systems theory, feedback refers to information from within the system which results in changes in either the existing homeostasis or the maintenance or restoration of homeostasis. Positive feedback alters the system to accommodate novel input or a new state of equilibrium and negative feedback maintains or restores the status quo of the system. If a child misbehaves while the family is at a restaurant, negative feedback occurs when the parent corrects the misbehaving and restores homeostasis.

A young child starts to act out while waiting for the food to be served at a restaurant, according to systems theory, in order to the restore the family to its previous state of equilibrium, the parent will: A. use negative feedback to restore homeostasis B. use negative feedback to unbalance the system further and bring the child back into line C. use positive feedback to restore homeostasis D. use positive feedback to correct the child's behavior

C. The locus of control/locus of responsibility model adds another element to the learned helplessness model in regards to depression. As you know, the learned helplessness model views depressed people as making internal, stable, and global attributions to negative events. However, the "internal" factor in the helplessness model refers only to locus of responsibility. As seen in the cognitive distortion called "personalization," a depressed person uses an internal locus of responsibility to blame him or herself for negative events. Paradoxically, depressed people also feel a lack of control over events, that is, they have an external locus of control - seeing external factors such as fate, luck, or other people as the cause of what happens to them.

According to Aaron Beck, when faced with a negative event, a depressed person is most likely to maintain an: A. internal locus of control and internal locus of responsibility B. internal locus of control and external locus of responsibility C. external locus of control and internal locus of responsibility D. external locus of control and external locus of responsibility

C. The purpose of Beck's cognitive therapy is to modify dysfunctional automatic thoughts that are seen as the cause of maladaptive emotional responding (e.g., depression and anxiety). Unlike Ellis, who identifies irrational thoughts as the cause of clients' problems, Beck believes that these thoughts may or may not be irrational

According to Beck, depression is caused by: A. biochemical factors. B. early parental rejection. C. dysfunctional automatic thoughts. D. dysfunctional irrational thoughts.

B. Berry's model of acculturation distinguishes between two dimensions -- retention of the minority culture and maintenance of the majority culture. He proposes that these dimensions are independent, which means that a person can be high on one and low on the other; high on both; or low on both. Berry uses the term "marginalization" to describe the situation where a member of a minority group does not identify strongly with either culture

According to Berry's acculturation model, marginalization is characterized by: A. low involvement in the mainstream culture. B. low involvement in both the mainstream culture and the minority culture. C. low involvement in the minority culture. D. low involvement in the mainstream culture and high involvement in the minority culture.

B. J.B. Rotter identified internal-external locus of control as a personality trait related to attributional tendency. People with an internal locus of control tend to view positive and negative outcomes as the result of their own actions; i.e., they believe they have control over their own fate. Those with an external locus of control view outside forces, such as luck or powerful external entities, as in control over what happens to them. Derald Wing Sue identified locus of responsibility as an additional attributional tendency. People with an internal locus of responsibility credit or blame themselves for what happens to them; those with an external locus of responsibility place credit or blame with others. According to Sue, one's worldview can fall into one of four quadrants, based on their locus of control and locus of responsibility. For example, people with an internal locus of control and external locus of responsibility (IC-ER) might blame society for their problems, but believe that they have the ability to overcome these problems; this is the typical worldview of an activist or militant. Sue noted that IC-IR is the quadrant considered normal and healthy in the dominant culture, but that this is not necessarily the case in minority cultures. In this question, the person believes he has no control over his ability to get a job and blames the problem on discrimination. Therefore, he has an external locus of control and external locus of responsibility

According to Derald Wing Sue's locus of control and locus of responsibility theory, a person who gives up on getting a desirable job because he believes it is impossible to do so due to outside forces such as discrimination likely has a worldview of: A. external locus of control, internal locus of responsibility. B. external locus of control, external locus of responsibility. C. internal locus of control, external locus of responsibility. D. internal locus of control, internal locus of responsibility.

A. According to Helms, autonomy is the final stage of racial identity development. Autonomy is characterized by a nonracist White identity based on a realistic understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of White culture. At this stage, Whites value and seek out cross-racial interactions

According to Janet Helms' (1995) White Racial Identity Development Model, the final stage of racial identity development is: A. autonomy B. disintegration C. reintegration D. immersion-emersion

B. Chodorow uses the principles of object relations theory (thus D is incorrect) to show that girls are taught to stay attached to their same sex mother while boys are taught to differentiate (opposite of answer C) from their mothers. Chodorow argues that the present system represents a gendered division of labor and that changes in gender relations will only occur when men and women are equally responsible for child rearing

According to Nancy Chodorow (1978) roles in society will change only when we have a system of parenting in which men and women are equally responsible for child rearing. Chodorow feels: A. The present system doesn't reflect the gendered division of labor B. The present system teaches girls to remain attached to their mothers C. The present system teaches boys to remain attached to their mothers D. The present system cannot be explained through object relations theory

A. The term paralanguage is used to refer to vocal cues, other than words or language, individuals use to communicate meaning. The term kinesics is used to refer to bodily movements such as facial expressions, posture, gestures, eye contact (c.) and the term proxemics refers to the perception and use of personal and interpersonal space (d.)

According to Sue and Sue (2003), culture influences certain aspects of communication and potentially impacts interactions between individuals from diverse cultural backgrounds. One of these culturally influenced characteristics of communication is paralanguage, which refers to: A. rate of speech, pauses, loudness of voice, and other vocal cues B. culturally shared meanings for words or phrases C. facial expressions, posture, gestures, eye contact and other bodily movements D. personal and interpersonal use of space

B. Sue and Sue state that individuals are products of cultural conditioning with their worldviews, or values and beliefs, representing an "invisible veil" which operates outside the level of conscious awareness. The resulting assumption is that everyone shares the same reality and truth regardless of race, culture, ethnicity, or gender. This assumption of universality is erroneous yet seldom questioned due to being firmly ingrained in one's worldview, and often results in people operating on misinformation. Cultural universality (d.) refers to the assumption that Western concepts of normality and abnormality can be considered universal and equally applicable across all cultures. Cultural relativism, including lifestyles, class values (a.), cultural values (c.) and worldviews, affect the expression and determination of deviant behavior.

According to Sue and Sue (2003), what represents an "invisible veil" which operates outside the level of conscious awareness? A. class-bound values B. worldviews C. cultural-bound values D. cultural-universality

D. Even if you were unfamiliar with Sue and Sue's Racial/Cultural Identity Development Model, you may have been able to guess correctly if you realized that the term "dissonance" refers to conflict. Sue and Sue's (1990) Racial/Cultural Identity Development Model (R/CID) is an elaboration of the Minority Identity Development model (MID) proposed by Atkinson, Morton, and Sue (1989). Both models describe the same stages (conformity, dissonance, resistance and immersion, introspection, and integrative awareness) but the R/CID model elaborates on individuals' attitudes toward self and others. During the Conformity stage, a person depreciates the self (and others of the minority group) but appreciates the dominant majority group. During the Dissonance stage, minority individuals experience conflict between appreciation and depreciation of the self and the majority group. In the Resistance and Immersion stage, the individual appreciates the self and depreciates the majority group. In the Introspection stage, the person again experiences conflict and questions the basis of his or her appreciation and depreciation of self and others. And, finally, in the Integrative Awareness stage, the person experiences self-appreciation and selective appreciation of the majority group

According to Sue and Sue's Racial/Cultural Identity Development Model, a person in the dissonance stage would experience: A. appreciation of the self and depreciation of the dominant group B. depreciation of the self and appreciation of the dominant group C. appreciation of the self and the dominant group D. conflict between appreciation and depreciation of the self and the dominant group

D. You needed to approach this question from the point of view of a system. A system means that everything functions together. Knowing just that little piece, you probably could have gotten to the correct answer: once the system changes, the individuals will change. The work is at the systems level, not at the individual level. The alternative stating that "no member will improve unless all members improve" comes close to this idea, but it's not exactly the point of system theory. And, besides, you don't have to have all members improving before any one member improves. According to systems theory, individual symptoms can remit, however, without systemic change, other problems (either in that individual or in another family member) will arise

According to family therapists: A. when one family member improves, others will improve also. B. no member of a family will improve unless all members improve. C. if the identified patient improves, the family system will improve. D. if the family system changes, the identified patient will improve.

C. The research on psychotherapy outcome is pretty consistent in its conclusions. Common findings include that therapy is generally effective for children and adults of all backgrounds and that, with the exception of certain specific problem areas, all therapies are about equal. This question is about one of those exceptions. According to outcome research, phobias respond best to behavioral techniques such as exposure treatments.

According to meta-analytic studies of psychotherapy, A. so few well-controlled studies have been done that no conclusions can be made concerning treatment outcome. B. behavior therapy is better than psychoanalysis. C. behavior therapy is the treatment of choice for phobias. D. a person participating in therapy would have just as much chance of improving as a control subject.

A. Research indicates many parents undergoing a custody evaluation produce defensive MMPI-2 score patterns. Siegel and Langford (1998) expanded on these findings by examining the MMPI-2 profiles of mothers with parental alienation syndrome and those without, who were going through a custody evaluation. Results showed mothers with parental alienation syndrome had a lower F scale score and higher L and K scale scores than mothers without parental alienation syndrome

According to research on mothers who exhibit parental alienation syndrome and are going through a custody evaluation, the pattern of scores on the MMPI-2 would most likely be: A. low F scale score and elevated L and K scale scores B. low K and F scale scores and elevated L scale score C. low L and F scale scores and elevated K scale score D. low L and K scale scores and elevated F scale score

D. Introjection involves absorbing the values or behaviors of others, including the larger society, without really understanding or assimilating those values or behaviors. Introjection represents a disturbance in the boundary between self and others -- the person does or believes things that are not reflective of a self that is clearly distinct from others in the environment. Choice A is incorrect because it is primarily values, not emotions, that are absorbed from the environment in Gestalt therapy's view of introjection.

According to the theory underlying Gestalt therapy, introjection involves: A. viewing other people's emotions as one's own B. failing to develop a healthy "social interest" C. blaming oneself for the problems of others D. interpreting the values of the larger society as one's own

C. Morita Therapy, sometimes referred to as the psychology of action, is a Japanese therapeutic intervention developed by Japanese psychologist Shoma Morita in the early part of the twentieth century originally to treat anxiety and neurosis. Morita therapy doesn't deal with the past, inner dynamics, or with emotions directly as a prerequisite to change. Emphasis is on learning to accept the internal fluctuations of thoughts and feelings and ground behavior in reality and the purpose of the moment. The focus is on the external environment, behavior, and distinguishing what is and is not controllable. All emotions are accepted as valid, pain is inevitable and there is no attempt to control or govern feelings. Concrete effort to take action, with or without success and despite the accompanying emotions, is encouraged. Progress is measured by degree of responsiveness to behavioral demands and in the effort for self improvement. Like cognitive behavioral therapy, Morita therapy deals with changing behaviors and dysfunctional cognitive processes through reframing the meaning of anxiety, focusing on attitudinal blocks to behavior and taking personal responsibility for behavior. Another Japanese approach, Naikan Therapy (a.), or the psychology of reflection, is based on clients asking themselves three questions: what have I received from? What have I given to? What troubles or difficulties have I caused to? Through such self-reflection, a client's awareness of the role they play in the relationship or situation, the amount of support they've received, and an appreciation for others is said to be increased. It is often combined with use of Morita Therapy. In Network Therapy (b.), the client's family, friends, and relatives (i.e. the client's network) are brought together, through the therapist's initiative, to implement the therapeutic process. Rational-emotive therapy (d.), views irrational thoughts as the cause of clients? problems and that the maintenance of problems is due primarily to self-indoctrination.

According to this type of psychotherapy, feelings are acknowledged and accepted as uncontrollable and the focus is on taking constructive action, not the alleviation of discomfort or the attainment of some ideal feeling state. A. Naikan therapy B. Network therapy C. Morita therapy D. Rational-emotive therapy (RET)

C. Although African-American families were previously believed to most often have a matriarchal authority structure, more recent authors have concluded that they are typically egalitarian. That is, the husband and wife equally share authority in the family.

African-American families use an authority structure that can be best characterized as: A. matriarchal B. patriarchal C. egalitarian D. too diverse to generalize

B. Albert Ellis' Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT, sometimes referred to as Rational Emotive Therapy, or RET) is based on the notion that irrational thinking, feeling, and behavior is behind most problems encountered in therapy. It relies on Ellis' A-B-C model of disturbance: An activating event (A) triggers irrational beliefs about that event (B), and those beliefs have consequences (C) such as negative emotions and self-defeating behavior. REBT adds D and E to this chain of events: The therapist disputes (D) the irrational beliefs, leading to their replacement with rational beliefs and an effective outlook (E). REBT focuses mostly on the present--currently-held maladaptive attitudes, emotions and behaviors. It does recognize that events in early life may play a role in people's problems, but it views the past as affecting people by contributing to beliefs that we hold in the present.©

Albert Ellis' Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy focuses on: A. uncovering childhood causes of current dysfunction. B present problems and practical ways to solve them. C. reward and punishment for appropriate and inappropriate affective responses. D. self-monitoring and thought stopping.

B. Choice B is not true of Beck's theory. According to Beck, dysfunctional schemas (i.e., models of the world) are not always present. Rather, they are activated by particular environmental events -- often, events that bear some resemblance to events earlier in life that caused the schema to develop. For instance, a business failure could activate the schema "no matter what I try, I'll fail because I'm inadequate" that might have been formed due to experiences in childhood. Unless activated by such events, schema lie dormant and don't affect functioning. You might have thought that choice A sounded more like the psychoanalytic than the cognitive viewpoint. However, as should be clear from this explanation, Beck also believes that past experiences play a role in the development of mental illness.©

All of the following statements about Beck's cognitive theory of the origin and maintenance of depression are true, except: A. experiences in early childhood play a role in the development of depression in adulthood. B. depressed individuals are suffering from personality pathology due to relatively stable and omnipresent dysfunctional models of the world. C. the cognitive triad of depressive cognitions is negative beliefs about the self, future, and the world. D. automatic depressive thoughts are the result of logical errors that occur when the individual tries to interpret a situation in terms of a dysfunctional schema.

C. Meichenbaum's stress inoculation training is based on the medical inoculation model: the idea is to give the person the opportunity to deal with a low "dose" of anxiety-provoking stimuli, in order to help the person build coping skills (which are analogous to immunity). Contrary to choice C, the technique consists of three steps (education, rehearsal, and real-life application) in which the person's exposure to stressful stimuli proceeds from least-anxiety to most anxiety-provoking. As part of the training, clients are taught to use appropriate self-statements (i.e., self-instruction) to guide them through the coping process

All of the following statements are true of the technique of stress inoculation training, except: A. its mechanism of action is analogous to that of medical inoculation. B. it consists of three distinct phases. C. it is based on the notion that immediate imaginal exposure to a fearful stimulus at its maximal intensity results in rapid extinction of the fear. D. it relies heavily on the technique of self-instruction.

D. Atkinson, Morten, and Sue's Minority Identity Development Model is based on the notion that the phases of development are rooted in the struggle to form a strong sense of self- and group identity in the face of oppressive conditions. They identified five phases of cultural identity development that blend into each other, without clear boundaries: 1) conformity, in which individuals reject the values of their own racial group and strive to assimilate into the dominant culture; 2) dissonance, a transition phase where positive attitudes towards the dominant culture and negative attitudes toward one's own group are examined and questioned; 3) resistance and immersion, which involves unconditional acceptance of one's own racial group and complete rejection of the dominant culture; 4) introspection, where the person questions the monolithic viewpoints of the previous stage, is able to see positive as well as negative aspects of the dominant culture, and focuses more on individual identity issues; and 5) synergistic articulation and awareness, which is characterized by a secure balance between personal and racial identity, the desire to eliminate all forms of oppression as opposed to just oppression aimed at one's own group, and appreciation of positive aspects of the dominant culture. From the perspective of this theory, the resistance and immersion phase of development would most likely include rejecting any possibility of working with a therapist of a different racial group. It is true that such a refusal could be due to lifelong experiences of racism, as stated by choice 1. However, because you are asked to answer from the perspective of the Minority Identity Development Model, choice 3 is a better answer.

An African-American client refuses to work with a non African-American therapist under any circumstances. From the perspective of Atkinson, Morten, and Sue's Minority Identity Development Model, A. the client's reaction is typical and expected due to lifelong experiences of racism. B. the client's reaction reflects a failure of racial identity development. C. the client may be in the dissonance stage of identity development. D. the client may be in the resistance and immersion phase of identity development.

A. Probably the best way to approach this question is to see if the notions of power and attention are linked to any of the people listed in the responses. For Adlerians, a desire to belong is a primary motivator of behavior, but this desire may be channeled into the mistaken goals of power, attention, inadequacy, or revenge

An adolescent's behavior is motivated primarily by her needs for power and attention. Her problems would probably be best addressed by a therapist adopting the approach of: A. Adler. B. Ellis. C. Perls. D. Freud.

C. The locus of control/locus of responsibility model adds another element to the learned helplessness model in regards to depression. As you know, the learned helplessness model views depressed people as making internal, stable, and global attributions to negative events. However, the "internal" factor in the helplessness model refers only to locus of responsibility. As seen in the cognitive distortion called "personalization," a depressed person uses an internal locus of responsibility to blame him or herself for negative events. Paradoxically, depressed people also feel a lack of control over events, that is, they have an external locus of control - seeing external factors such as fate, luck, or other people as the cause of what happens to them. A self-confident person (A) is most likely to have an internal locus of control and responsibility. A hostile person (B) is more likely to blame others, that is, would have an external locus of responsibility. And, contrary to D, only marginalized minorities are likely to have an external locus of control and an internal locus of responsibility.

An external locus of control and internal locus of responsibility are characteristic of: A. a self-confident person B. a hostile person C. a depressed person D. most minorities

B. Prochaska and DiClemente's transtheoretical, or stages of change, model is an eclectic model that integrates interventions from various theories of psychotherapy and distinguishes between six stages of change: precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance, and termination. Many descriptions of the model only include the first five stages because the termination stage of "zero temptation and 100% self-efficacy" is not necessary for success and rare for most behaviors. At each stage, an individual weighs the pros and cons of adopting a new behavior, which Prochaska and DiClemente called "decisional balance." The first stage is "Precontemplation," characterized by denial, resistance, and no plans to change. In the second stage, "Contemplation," a person begins to recognize the benefits of change and, although somewhat ambivalent, plans to change within the next 6 months. This best describes the person in this question. In the third stage, "Preparation," a person has decided to take action within the next 30 days and may have already begun to take small steps towards change. In the next stage, "Action," the person is actively engaged in making changes or acquiring new behaviors. The final stage is the "Maintenance" stage, in which the person has maintained action for at least 6 months and is actively working to prevent a relapse

An individual who is in the contemplation stage of change is: A. unaware of a problem. B. aware of a problem, thinking of change. C. intending to change. D. working on modifying their behavior.

C. Although Asian-Americans are a diverse group, certain generalizations have been found. Asian-Americans tend to prefer a direct-structured approach to therapy (A), are inhibited and reserved in therapy (B), and use silence as a way of communicating respect (D). When Asian-Americans smile and laugh it may convey meanings other than happiness, in particular, embarrassment, discomfort, or shyness; however, smiling is less likely to be used to express disapproval. Sue and Sue (1999) have noted that this cultural difference may have contributed to conflicts in Los Angeles following the Rodney King verdict, when African-Americans misinterpreted Korean store owners' smiling as arrogance and a lack of compassion, when they were actually expressing embarrassment and apprehension

Asian-American clients are LEAST likely to: A. prefer a direct-structured approach to therapy B. be inhibited and reserved in therapy C. smile to express disapproval D. use silence as a way of communicating respect

B. Don't expect to get this right the first time. What is important is that you now know that tacrine hydrochloride (Cognex) and donepezil hydrochloride (Aricept) have beneficial effects on memory and reasoning for some patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer's Dementia. It is hypothesized that these drugs prevent the breakdown of ACh and thus increase the availability in the brain. While these drugs seem to help temporarily, they are not considered a cure. Serotonin has not been shown to be involved in Alzheimer's. While glutamate may be involved, the drugs mentioned do not target this neurotransmitter.

Cognex and Aricept are used in the treatment of Alzheimer's Dementia and are believed to: A. increase serotonin levels. B. increase ACh levels. C. decrease glutamate levels. D. decrease serotonin levels.

personal construct

Developed by George Kelly, ___therapy combines cognitive, behavioral, and humanistic concepts. It emphasizes the effect of the individual's perspective on his/her experience of the world.

B. B. Worldview refers to the manner in which people perceive, evaluate and react to encountered situations. Sue and Sue describe mainstream American culture "as the epitome of the individual-centered approach that emphasizes uniqueness, independence and self-reliance" (p.277). This is characterized by an internal locus of control and locus of responsibility in Sue, D.W. & Sue, D. (2003).

Differing locus of control and locus of responsibility combinations yield the four worldviews described by Sue and Sue (2003). Mainstream American culture would best be characterized by an: A. internal locus of control and external locus of responsibility B. internal locus of control and internal locus of responsibility C. external locus of control and internal locus of responsibility D. external locus of control and external locus of responsibility

B. A primary goal of the client-centered approach to therapy is achieving congruence between self and experience. Eliminating incongruence allows clients to reclaim their "self-actualizing" urges, or tendency to act, develop, and experience life in a manner that is consistent with their self-concept. Key to Rogers's theory is his concept of self, which includes the individual's perceptions of who he or she is, can do, etc. and of his or her relationships with other people, things, and so forth. Individuals are also thought to possess an image of the ideal self, or of the person they want to be. Response A. is associated with Gestalt therapy; C. is associated with Rational Emotive therapy; and D. is associated with psychoanalysis

Doug comes to see you because he is having problems with his supervisors at work, feeling undervalued and finding it difficult to maintain the new friendships he has made since moving to the area a year ago. You decide a "client-centered" approach with Doug would be most effective. The primary goal of such therapy is: A. development of "awareness" B. congruence between self and experience C. giving up irrational beliefs and ideas D. understanding of underlying intrapsychic conflicts

D. Structural family therapy entails three overlapping steps: joining, evaluating/diagnosing, and restructuring. Joining is the initial step in structural family therapy. Tracking (identifying and using the family's values, life themes, etc.) and mimesis (adopting the family's behavioral and affective style) are methods used to join the family system. Constructing a family map (a.) is a technique used for the structural diagnosis of the family. Relabeling and reframing (b.) are restructuring techniques. Enactment (c.) is used to facilitate diagnosis and restructuring of the family

During the first of structural family therapy's three steps, which of the following techniques is most useful? A. constructing a family map B. relabeling and reframing C. enactment D. tracking and mimesis

C. Berne called a person's life plan a script, and espoused that it reflected the person's characteristic pattern of giving and receiving strokes. The life position (A) is one of the I'm OK, You're OK Sequence. Transaction (B) was the term for communication between ego states and (D) the ego states are parent, child, adult.

Eric Berne feels which of the following reflect a person's characteristic pattern of giving and receiving strokes? A. Life position B. Transaction C. Script D. Ego state

C. Eysenck, in his 1952 study, found that 64% of patients in eclectic therapy and 44% of psychoanalytic patients improved versus a 72% improvement rate for untreated patients. His methodology and findings have been criticized for decades following his report and most studies since then have found psychotherapy to be superior to no treatment. Choice "A" is one of the conclusions of Smith and Glass' (1978) meta-analysis. Choice "B" was not one of Eysenck's conclusions, and it is also contrary to a finding of Consumer Report's 1995 study which failed to find a relationship between therapist level of training and outcome. Choice "D" is partly correct, in that many other outcome studies did follow Eysenck's study; however, most of these have contradicted his findings. Indeed, even Eysenck modified his conclusion in 1985 by indicating that at least one therapy, behavior therapy, is superior to placebo or no treatment.

Eysenck's 1952 study on psychotherapy outcome: A. concluded that individuals who receive psychotherapy are better off than 80% of controls B. concluded that psychologists and psychiatrists are more effective than master's level clinicians C. challenged the effectiveness of most psychotherapy treatments D. led to many other outcome studies, most of which have supported his findings

D. Both Freud and Erik Erikson proposed a stage theory of development. The stages in Freud's psychosexual theory are based on the focus of libidinal energy at a given age range. The five stages are oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital. The latency stage occurs after the Oedipus conflict has been resolved and libidinal energy is temporarily latent. It lasts from about the ages of 7 through 11. Both Freud and Erikson's theories hold that failure to resolve conflicts at a particular stage could lead to fixation at (Freud's term) or a developmental regression to (Erikson's term) that stage later on. They differ in that 1) Erikson's theory posits stage development throughout the life span, whereas Freud's stages end at the age of 12; and 2) Erikson focuses on psychosocial development, not psychosexual development. Erikson's eight stages, each reflecting a psychosocial conflict that takes precedence at that stage, in order are trust vs. mistrust, autonomy vs. shame, initiative vs. guilt, industry vs. inferiority, ego identity vs. role confusion, intimacy vs. isolation, generativity vs. stagnation, and integrity vs. despair. The industry vs. inferiority stage occurs approximately between the ages of 6-12, and the focus is on learning new skills and knowledge and developing a sense of industry; failure to resolve the conflict could result in feelings of inadequacy and low self-esteem later in life. Because it spans the same age range as Freud's latency stage, it is the best answer to this question

Freud's latency stage corresponds most to which of the following stages in Erikson's theory of psychosocial development. A. autonomy vs. shame B. identity vs. role confusion C. initiative vs. guilt D. industry vs. inferiority

C. A basic tenet of systems theory is that a system seeks homeostasis, or balance and stability. Consequently, the alternative description of a system as always tending toward chaos is actually opposite to what is the case. All the other alternatives are more or less true of the systems approach

From a family systems perspective, all of the following statements are true, except: A. change in any one part of the family is associated with change in all other parts. B. the system is composed of interrelated parts. C. there is a constant dynamic toward chaos which is checked through family rituals and beliefs. D. the system maintains a balance of periods of change and periods of stability.

B. Studies on interventions to increase compliance with hand hygiene practices have found that no single intervention has consistently improved handwashing frequency in healthcare workers. Individual intervention findings indicate: one-time educational interventions and performance feedback on compliance rates are associated with a short-term influence; distribution of written materials and strategically placed reminders had a modest but more sustained effect; automated sinks increased the quality of handwashing however decreased the frequency; and the availability of moisturizing soaps had little or no effect on frequency. Research suggests the most effective approach is a multifaceted one that includes education in combination with written material, reminders and continued feedback of performance. The availability of an alcohol-based hand gel, when added to the multifaceted approach also appears to result in a modest improvement in compliance.

Hand washing frequency by health care workers is low despite the importance of compliance for reducing rates of hospital-acquired infection. Research indicates the most effective interventions for increasing hand washing include: A. continued performance feedback and written materials B. education, continued performance feedback and reminders C. automated sinks, education and availability of moisturizing soap D. automated sinks, written materials and reminders

B. The phase model of psychotherapy, an extension of the dose-response model of treatment response, was first proposed by Howard et al. in 1993 and is a client stage model that outlines a progressive, 3-stage sequence of change. The first phase, remoralization, focuses on the client's subjective well-being and occurs during the first few sessions. The second phase, remediation, focuses on symptom reduction and generally occurs between the 5th and 15th sessions. The third and final phase is rehabilitation which focuses on life functioning gains and emerges more gradually. According to this model, effective courses of treatment are initially characterized by a restored subjective sense of well-being then, as a function of this improvement, the client may benefit from interventions to provide symptom reduction or relief (e.g., decrease difficulty concentrating or sleep disruption) and finally, is able to either resume their former level of role functioning (e.g., doing well at work) or initiate new roles (e.g., obtaining a new job).

Howard et al.'s (1993) phase model of psychotherapy change does NOT include: A. remoralization B. reexamination C. remediation D. rehabilitation

B. Gestalt therapy focuses on the "here and now" which encourages clients to gain awareness and full experiencing in the present. The term contact refers to interacting with nature and others without losing one's individuality. Resistances to contact are the defenses that one develops as a self-protective attempt to avoid the anxiety necessitated by change and prevents full experiencing in the present. The question lists the five defenses or types of resistance to contact. The five layers of neurosis (a.), proposed by Perls (1969) to describe the process of working through neurosis are: phony, phobic, impasse, and implosive, explosive. Neurotic anxiety (d.) is the result of not facing normal anxiety.

In Gestalt therapy, introjection, projection, deflection, confluence and retroflection are examples of: A. layers of neurosis B. resistances to contact C. natural anxiety D. neurotic anxiety

A. Brief and long-term psychodynamic psychotherapy share a number of characteristics. A primary difference is that, in brief psychotherapy, a full-scale transference neurosis is discouraged. However, positive transference is seen as an important contributor to therapy progress

In brief psychodynamically-oriented therapy: A. positive transferences are encouraged and are viewed as essential to treatment progress. B. positive and negative transferences are encouraged early in treatment to ensure that a transference neurosis develops. C. positive and negative transferences are both discouraged because of the here-and-now focus of the treatment. D. negative transferences are encouraged because they are more likely than positive transferences to produce useful information for interpretation.

B. Note that this question is asking how non-sexist therapy differs from feminist therapy. A key distinction is that non-sexist therapy is more concerned with personal responsibility and personal change, while feminist therapy places equal or greater emphasis on the sociopolitical contributions to pathology and the need for social change

In contrast to feminist therapists, non-sexist therapists: A. emphasize the importance of therapist self-disclosure B. focus more on individual change than social change C. de-emphasize the effects of gender on personality development D. stress the egalitarian nature of the therapist-client relationship

A. Gestalt therapy is an experiential mode of psychotherapy that emphasizes personal responsibility and focuses on the person's experience and awareness in the present moment (i.e., the here and now), as well as the environmental and social contexts in which experiences take place. In Gestalt therapy, an open, authentic patient-therapist relationship, in which the patient is expected to take responsibility for his or her own progress, is an important part of the process. In this relationship, Gestalt therapists focus on strengthening the contact boundary, or the degree to which the therapist and the client can engage in authentic dialog and contact while still maintaining the distinction between self and other. Transferences are seen as distortions in this boundary and in the awareness of what is actually occurring in the therapy situation. Transferences are not ignored in Gestalt therapy--they are explored and worked through as they arise, but unlike as in psychoanalysis, they are not encouraged.

In gestalt therapy, transference would most likely be: A. viewed as a distortion that interferes with here-and-now awareness. B. viewed as a good way to learn about a client's past relationships. C. seen a sign that the client is not a good candidate for psychotherapy. D. ignored.

cognitive

In some forms of ________ therapy, the therapist may be quite confrontive and challenge a client's cognitions and behaviors rather than remaining consistently neutral

B. According to Irwin Yalom, author of the book "The Theory and Practice of Group Psychotherapy," two major roles of a group therapist are to help keep the group focused on the here-and-now, and help illuminate process. By illuminating process, the therapist must encourage the group to examine, understand, and learn from its own transactions and interactions. Illumination of process requires that the group to perform what he calls a "self-reflective loop", which means it stays focused on the here-and-now but also pauses to examine here-and-now events that just occurred. Therefore, Yalom would handle the situation described in this question by having the group examine what just happened as well as the interpersonal processes that could explain what happened. The second choice best expresses this. Though Yalom does note that hostilities and resistances are common in the early stages of group therapy, he would not likely try to explain this concept in the form of an interpretation based on a theory of group development, as suggested by choice 1, because that could take the focus off of the here-and-now. The fourth choice is also not correct because Yalom believes that a group therapist should actively steer groups back towards here-and-now experiences and the self-reflective loop when the group moves away from these focuses. Finally, choice 3 is not a great answer, because even though Yalom would not rule out using an explicit instruction to group members if necessary, his focus would not be on "exerting power."

In the early stages of group therapy, two participants dominate the discussion, giving the other members little opportunity to speak. Other group members are expressing anger towards those two members as well as the therapist. According to Irwin Yalom, the therapist would be best advised to: A. interpret this situation as a stage in the group's developmental level B. explore the processes influencing this dynamic with the group. C. exert more power by explicitly instructing the two dominating members to yield some of their time. D. remain silent for one or two more sessions to let the situation play out.

C. Prochaska and DiClemente's transtheoretical or stages of change model distinguishes between six stages of change: precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance, and termination. Many descriptions of the model only include the first five stages because the termination stage of "zero temptation and 100% self-efficacy" is not necessary for success and rare for most behaviors. Maintenance is when a person has maintained action, consolidates the change and is actively working to prevent a relapse. For many, the maintenance stage lasts forever and the model accepts temptation or the potential for relapse, such as an occasional craving for a cigarette or a drink, as normal and an opportunity to learn. At each stage, an individual weighs the pros and cons of adopting a new behavior, Prochaska and DiClemente called this weighing "decisional balance."

In the transtheoretical model, "zero temptation and 100% self-efficacy" is: A. an unrealistic expectation of behavioral change. B. the definition of successful behavioral change. C. the result of complete behavioral change in the termination stage. D. the result of 'decisional balance' in the maintenance stage.

D. Although all of the actions described in the responses could be called "culturally sensitive," only the first three were described by Rogler and his colleagues, which makes answer D the correct response

In their discussion of mental health services for Latino clients, Rogler et al. (1987) describe three ways to increase the cultural sensitivity of therapy for members of this group. These methods include all of the following except: A. incorporating elements of Latino culture into therapy. B. increasing the accessibility of mental health services for Latino clients. C. selecting standard treatments that best fit Latino culture. D. obtaining cultural sensitivity training.

D. Yalom felt the most important factors in group process were interpersonal learning, which gave members an opportunity to learn valuable interpersonal skills, catharsis, where group members are able to openly express their feelings in front of other members, and group cohesiveness where group members feel a sense of cohesiveness and friendliness with other group members. However the importance of these factors is relative. Higher functioning group participants rate interpersonal learning and universality as more important. In lower functioning clients the instillation of hope is deemed most important.

Irving Yalom (1985) felt the most important therapeutic factors in groups were: A. Altruism, universality, installation of hope B. Instillation of hope, catharsis, existential factors, C. Cohesiveness, altruism, universality D. Interpersonal learning, catharsis and cohesiveness .

B. J. Barry conceptualizes acculturation as many models existing on a continuum, with the minority culture and the majority or mainstream culture at opposite poles. Integration would be displayed by an individual who has high retention of the minority culture and high maintenance of the mainstream culture.

J. Berry, who views acculturation as a multidimensional construct, would describe an integrated client as one who: A. Has a low retention of the minority culture B. Has high maintenance of the mainstream culture C. Rejects the mainstream culture but has a high retention of the minority culture D. Gets along with others in the workplace

D. Among other things, Jung and Freud disagreed about the nature of the unconscious. For Freud, the unconscious is primarily the product of the individual's personal history -- it contains innate drives as well as material (e.g., fantasies, memories, affects) accumulated over the life span. For Jung, the unconscious consists of both a personal and collective component. The collective unconscious contains latent memories of our cultural past, archetypes (innate ideas that ready us for human experience), and even prehuman memories.

Jungian theory differs from Freudian theory in that: A. Jung had a more optimistic outlook on the ability of psychoanalysis to effect a cure. B. Jung endorsed the notion of psychic determinism. C. Jung focused on the "here-and-now"; Freud focused on the past. D. Jung had a different theory about the role of the unconscious than Freud.

C. Minuchin defines three types of "rigid triangles" that involve chronic boundary disturbances - triangulation (answer C); detouring (answer B); and a stable coalition (answer A)

Minuchin, the founder of structural family therapy, defines "triangulation" as occurring when: A. the child and one parent "gang up" on the other parent. B. the parents either consistently attack or protect the child. C. each parent demands that the child side with him/her. D. two members of the family consistently challenge the therapist's authority.

B. Murray Bowen was psychoanalytically trained and his extended family systems therapy was strongly influenced by his analytic training. For example, his transgenerational approach focuses on addressing relationship issues in one's family of origin and developing insight in order to resolve current problems.©

Murray Bowen's approach to family therapy was strongly influenced by: A. gestalt therapy B. psychodynamic theory C. existentialism D. communications theory

C. Michael White and David Epston's narrative therapy is a postmodern therapeutic approach that explores the importance of the life stories people tell and the differences that can be made through the telling and re-authoring of these stories. A narrative therapist helps clients to deconstruct the meaning of the reality of their lives and relationships, showing the difference between the reality and the internalized stories of self, encouraging them to re-author their lives according to alternative and preferred stories of self-identity and ways of life and think of their lives within the framework of different stories. The re-authored stories externalize a client's condition or problem. "The person is not the problem. The problem is the problem." Some narrative techniques include encouraging patients to write stories, letters, essays or poems and recalling experiences in which a concern was vanquished or they responded to another individual with cathartic satisfaction. (See: White, M. & Epston, D. (1990). Narrative Means to Therapeutic Ends. New York: W. W. Norton.) The miracle and scaling questions are two techniques used by solution-focused therapists. The miracle question (a.) invites the client to imagine what it would be like if his/her problem was suddenly gone. The scaling question (d.) invites each family member to rate a situation to see how the problem is perceived by others

Narrative therapy is associated with which of the following interventions? A. the miracle question B. discovering faulty cognitions C. externalizing conversations D. the scaling question

D. There are different forms of object-relations therapy, but they tend to focus on the patient's modes of relating to others, including issues such as intimacy, control, autonomy and trust. The patient's object relations manifest in his or her interactions with the therapist, and the therapist strives to provide a safe caring environment in which the patient can resolve the pathological qualities of the transference relationship and by extension, other relationships (in some forms of object relations therapy, this is referred to as "re-parenting"). Unlike traditional psychoanalytic therapy, the therapist does not adopt a passive or neutral stance. The first choice might have seemed liked a good answer, because in object relations therapy, interpretations do not play a curative role to the extent they do in traditional psychoanalytic therapy. However, they are a part of the therapeutic process in many forms of object relations therapy and therefore do not distinguish the two forms of therapy as well as emotional stance of the therapist. The other two choices have little to do with either traditional psychoanalytic therapy or objects relations therapy.

On which of the following dimensions does object relations psychotherapy differ most distinctly from traditional psychoanalytic therapy? A. interpretation of transference and resistance B. focus on maladaptive cognitions C. focus on authenticity of the patient's mode of being-in-the-world D. emotional neutrality or non-neutrality of the therapist

A. Freud and Skinner differ on almost every dimension, with their main difference involving the origin of causation however they have a commonality in their reliance on determinism. Skinner maintained that all behavior is environmentally controlled through reinforcement contingencies, whereas Freud contended the primary cause of behavior is internal, unconscious mental mechanisms or psychic determinism

One commonality between Skinner and Freud is a(n) _______ view of behavior. A. deterministic B. holistic C. phenomenological D. adaptive

B. In the literature, a distinction has been made between rationalist and constructivist cognitive therapies. Rationalist therapies are based on the assumptions that irrationality is the primary source of neurotic pathology, that explicit beliefs and logical reasoning can serve as a guide to emotion and behavior, and that the core process in effective therapy is the substitution of rational for irrational thought. The techniques described in choice B are all designed to increase rational thought processes and/or decrease irrational thinking; thus, they are most in line with the assumptions of rationalist cognitive therapy. As compared to rationalist therapy, constructivist cognitive therapy is based on more complex and abstract assumptions, in which unconscious, developmental, and interactional processes are emphasized. You might have been thrown off by the word "rationalist" in the question. If so, it would have been best to answer the question as if it were about cognitive therapy in general. The best answer would still be B.

Rationalist, cognitive therapy is most likely to involve: A. relaxation training, systematic desensitization, and guided imagery. B. cognitive restructuring, reducing automatic thoughts, and thought stopping. C. a focus on unconscious and developmental processes. D. stress inoculation training, self-instruction, and stimulus control.

D. Howard et al. (1986) reviewed the benefits that clients experienced due to attending therapy sessions as a function of the dosage of therapy sessions. Performing a meta-analysis of 15 previous outcome studies, their results verified that the longer patients remain in therapy, the greater their gains. They found that 15% of patients improve between intake and the first session (presumably due to spontaneous remission and the ameliorative effects of having sought treatment), 50% improve after eight sessions, and 75% improve after 26 sessions. Consistent with these findings, research by Kafta et al. (1994) found approximately 75% of the psychotherapy clients showed an alleviation of acute symptoms after the 28th session.

Recent research on psychotherapy outcome indicates: A. 28% of therapy clients show marked improvement in symptoms after the 8th session B. 72% of therapy clients show marked improvement in symptoms after the 8th session C. 53% of therapy clients show marked improvement in symptoms after the 26th session D. 75% of therapy clients show marked improvement in symptoms after the 26th session

A. Solution-focused brief therapy, also referred to as solution focused or brief therapy, is a form of psychotherapy based on social constructionist philosophy that focuses on solutions rather than problems or their causes. Underlying this approach is the assumption that clients possess the resources needed to achieve their goals. The solution-focused therapist works with people to generate solutions to their problem using direct and indirect compliments and future-oriented questions such as the miracle question.

Solution-focused brief therapists in group work: A. utilize questioning B. focus on identifying an individual's problem C. use a directive, expert stance. D. emphasize insight as the main mechanism of change.

solution-focused

Steve de Shazer and other strategic family therapists developed ___________ therapy which focuses on the here-and-now and identifying solutions to problems

2. Dissonance

Sue and Sue's R/CID Model: During the _________ stage, minority individuals experience conflict between appreciation and depreciation of the self and the majority group.

3. Resistance and Immersion

Sue and Sue's R/CID Model: In the ______ stage, the individual appreciates the self and depreciates the majority group.

4. Introspection

Sue and Sue's R/CID Model: In the ______stage, the person again experiences conflict and questions the basis of his or her appreciation and depreciation of self and others.

5. Integrative Awareness

Sue and Sue's R/CID Model: The stage where the person experiences self-appreciation and selective appreciation of the majority group

1. Conformity

Sue and Sue's Racial/Cultural Identity Development Model: During the _________ stage, a person depreciates the self (and others of the minority group) but appreciates the dominant majority group.

C. The Racial Identity Attitude Scale, developed by Helms and Parham (1996), is based on Cross' (1971, 1978) stages of African-American identity development. The stages are pre-encounter, encounter, immersion-emersion, and internalization. Choice A includes the stages of Atkinson, Morten, and Sue's Minority Identity Development Model. Choice B refers to Berry's Acculturation model, which consists of independent dimensions, rather than stages. And choice D contains terms from each of the other models

The Racial Identity Attitude Scale, developed by Helms and Parham (1996), is used to assess the stages of African-American racial identity development which are: A. conformity, dissonance, resistance and immersion, introspection, and articulation and awareness B. separation, marginalization, assimilation, and integration C. pre-encounter, encounter, immersion-emersion, and internalization D. encounter, resistance, integration, and awareness

A. In empirical criterion keying, items are assessed to determine how well they distinguish between prespecified criterion groups (e.g., between depressed and non-depressed individuals). The items that best distinguish between the groups are maintained for the final version of the scale or the test.

The clinical scales of the MMPI-2 were developed using empirical criterion keying. This means that A. items which distinguish between specific subgroups of people are retained for the final version of the test. B. items that have high correlations with the previous version of the test are retained for the final version of the test. C. items that have high correlations with other tests designed to measure similar constructs are retained for the final version of the test. D. items which appear to measure what they are designed to measure are retained for the final version of the test.

D. Collaborative empiricism is a central technique of Beck's cognitive-behavioral therapy and refers to the therapist and client working together to gather evidence and test the logic, or hypotheses, of the client's thoughts and beliefs.

The concept "collaborative empiricism" is affiliated with which of the following theorists? A. Perls B. Freud C. Ellis D. Beck

A. Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is a controversial therapeutic technique which combines techniques from cognitive-behavioral and other treatment approaches with lateral eye movements. Clients receiving EMDR are asked to recall anxiety-provoking memories and are then instructed to track the therapists' fingers which are moved from side to side. This process is repeated until the clients' anxiety is extinguished. Although Francine Shapiro, the developer of the technique, originally proposed that the bilateral eye movements accelerate the reprocessing of traumatic memories, a meta-analysis of 34 studies indicated that the eye movement component did not contribute to the effectiveness of EMDR. Rather, it appears that the element of exposure is responsible for its effects. The meta-analysis did find EMDR to be more effective than no-treatment or non-exposure treatments; however, it was no more effective than other exposure techniques.

The effectiveness of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) in the treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder is due to: A. exposure to anxiety-provoking stimuli B. changes in the functioning of the brain due to lateral eye movement stimulation C. unconditional positive regard D. placebo effect

A. Mimesis is the term used to describe adopting a family's communication and affective style and is one way of joining the family system

The initial stage in structural family therapy is to "join" the family system. To do so, which of the following would be most useful? A. mimesis B. enactment C. positioning D. alignment

B. Contrary to what may be expected, the prevalence of mental disorders in people 65 and older is lower than any other age group; only cognitive impairment shows a definite age-associated increase in incidence.

The prevalence of mental disorders in people over 65 is: A. higher than any other age group B. lower than any other age group C. higher, and includes cognitive impairment D. The same as the under 65 population

D. Narrative Therapy is premised on the notion that our identities are based on the stories we tell ourselves about our lives, or our narratives. Narrative therapists work to help people (they reject the term "client') fully describe these stories, and restructure and reframe their stories and thereby their identities. The therapist adopts a co-operative and egalitarian stance, and works to help the person discover his own narrative rather than imposing one. Some techniques associated with Narrative Therapy include 1) naming the problem, which encourages focus, precision, and control; 2) externalizing the problem, which involves framing the problem as having an effect on, rather than being within, the person (e.g., "depression invaded your life"), the goal being to separate the problem from the person's identity; 3) relative influence questioning, which involves contrasting the effect the problem has had on the person's life with the effect that the person's life has had on the problem (i.e., the control over the problem the person has had); 4) deconstructing unique outcomes, whereby the therapist encourages the person to focus and expand on experiences that are not consistent with a problem-saturated narrative; and 5) outsider witness, in which a third party is brought into the therapy session and the person tells this witness his revised or developing life narrative. Therapy ends when the person's story is revised to the point that it is rich enough to sustain a healthy future

The techniques of "externalizing" a problem, relative influence questioning, and bringing an "outside witness" into the therapy session are most associated with: A. Structural Therapy B. Systemic Therapy C. Dialectical Behavioral Therapy D. Narrative Therapy

A. The term "best practices" is defined as approaches to counseling practice that have empirical evidence to support their effectiveness. It is one way managed care companies and practitioners strive to maintain accountability for costs of services and clinical decision making, as well as ascertain the most effective practices available to individuals.

The term "best practices" refers to: A. empirical evidence to support effectiveness of counseling approaches B. counselor characteristics that contribute to increased effectiveness. C. matching certain client problems with specific counseling models D. clinical decision making accountability and concerns for service costs

A. The assumption in psychoanalytic psychotherapy is that the therapist's neutrality allows the client to project onto the therapist positive or negative feelings he or she originally had for another significant person in the past. Analysis is the primary technique, and the primary targets of analysis are the client's free associations, resistances, transferences, and dreams. In some forms of cognitive therapy (response "B"), the therapist may be quite confrontive and challenge a client's cognitions and behaviors rather than remaining consistently neutral. Reality therapy (response "C") is also a confrontive form of therapy: It strives to teach clients specific behaviors that will enable them to fulfill their needs and the therapist-client relationship is viewed as a crucial aspect of therapy. Reality therapists also model responsible behaviors for their clients. Finally, client-centered, or Rogerian, therapy (response "D") is based on the assumption that if the right environment is provided by the therapist, a client will be able to achieve congruence between self and experience and be carried by his or her own innate tendency toward self-actualization. The "right environment" includes three facilitative conditions: unconditional positive regard, accurate empathic understanding, and genuineness or congruence

The therapist intentionally stays neutral in which therapeutic approach? A. psychoanalytic B. cognitive C. reality D. client-centered

Rational-emotive therapy

Therapeutic approach that views irrational thoughts as the cause of clients? problems and that the maintenance of problems is due primarily to self-indoctrination

Network Therapy

Therapeutic approach where the client's family, friends, and relatives (i.e. the client's network) are brought together, through the therapist's initiative, to implement the therapeutic process

C. One of the main characteristics of feminist therapy is its emphasis on an egalitarian relationship between the client and therapist. Feminist therapists consider self-disclosure with clients as a way of supporting an egalitarian relationship. Therapist self-disclosure may be used to encourage client participation (a.), but this response isn't as good as (c.) in describing the role of self-disclosure in feminist therapy. Feminist therapy discourages client passivity (b.) and feminist therapists typically discourage special bonding as it may encourage client dependence on the therapist

Therapist self-disclosure in feminist therapy: A. encourages participation by the client in the early stages of therapy. B. promotes client passivity in the therapeutic relationship. C. contributes to an egalitarian relationship between the client and therapist. D. facilitates a special bonding between the therapist and the client.

C. A number of authors have noted that elderly individuals tend to vary greatly -- even more so than younger people -- in terms of physical abilities, intellectual abilities, interests, and personality characteristics. The other choices represent myths or stereotypes about the elderly that should be avoided.

Therapists working with elderly patients should be aware that: A. elderly patients have very poor memory. B. elderly patients cannot benefit much from psychotherapy. C. individual differences among elderly patients are greater than individual differences among younger patients. D. elderly people tend to drop out of therapy prematurely.

B. The term phenomenology refers to subjective experience. Phenomenology formed the basis of person-centered psychotherapy, the school of psychotherapy founded by Carl Rogers. He was influenced by the work of Combs and Snygg, who defined the "phenomenal field" as "the entire universe, including himself, as it is experienced by the individual at the instant of action...it is the universe...in which each individual lives, the everyday situation of self and surrounding which each person takes to be reality." Rogers believed that the therapist's goal was to get closer to this phenomenal field; his method included listening to the person's report of recent subjective experiences, and paraphrasing or rephrasing these reports. Rogers also believed that self-actualization was a goal of therapy, but the term phenomenology refers to subjective experience, not self-actualization.

When a psychologist takes a phenomenological approach, this means that she focuses on: A. unconscious determinants of behavior. B. subjective experience. C. behavioral antecedents of behavior. D. self-actualization.

B. Healthy paranoia refers to the phenomenon whereby clients from ethnic minority populations present as generally suspicious, but their behavior has more to do with a reaction to discrimination and racism than a personal problem. Often, this issue can interfere with the therapist-client relationship and needs to be addressed directly. Therapists also must keep this possibility in mind before assigning a diagnosis of psychopathology to such clients

When applied to work with a client from an ethnic minority population, the term "healthy paranoia" refers to: A. a lack of awareness on the part of the therapist of the client's cultural norms. B. a client's problems reflecting to some degree a rational response to discrimination. C. a client with a family history of paranoia who displays only minimal signs of paranoia. D. a client who refuses to work with a therapist who is not from the same background.

C. A conversion V pattern on the MMPI-2 occurs when the scale 2 (depression) score is significantly lower than scores on scales 1 (hypochondriasis) and 3 (hysteria). This pattern is characteristic of individuals with a tendency to somaticize psychological problems, have chronic pain with an organic etiology, have conversion disorder or other somatoform disorder. In the defensive profile (a.) pattern, the F scale score is significantly lower than scores on the L and K scales and indicates an attempt to present in a favorable light. In the psychotic V, or paranoid valley, (d.) pattern, the scale 7 score is significantly lower than scores on scales 6 and 8. In the passive-aggressive V (b.) pattern, the scale 5 score is significantly lower than scores on scales 4 and 6.

When scores on the MMPI scales 1 and 3 are higher than on scale 2, this pattern is referred to as a: A. defensive profile B. passive-aggressive V C. conversion V D. psychotic V

B. Reframing is a technique of family therapy, especially structural and strategic family therapy. It involves relabeling or redefining a problem behavior in order to get the family to see it in a new light. For example, a therapist might tell a family that a child who frequently "talks back" is expressing insecurity and the need for love, rather than anger and disrespect. The purpose of reframing is usually to increase the family's compliance with treatment. In the example given, reframing might increase the family members' willingness to make changes in their own behavior, rather than focusing only on the identified patient.

Which of the following best describes the purpose of reframing in family therapy? A. It is a paradoxical technique designed to harness the family's resistance in the service of positive behavioral change. B. It is designed to increase the family's compliance with the therapist's directives and the treatment plan in general. C. It is designed to restore the family's homeostasis, or "balance." D. It is designed to increase the family's ability to differentiate intellectual from emotional functioning.

C. You probably could have answered this question just by using what you know about cognitive therapy and behavioral therapy -- you did not really need to know much about pain management. Behavioral treatments for managing pain tend to emphasize the importance of environmental contingencies (e.g., avoidance of work, sympathy) in maintaining pain, while cognitive techniques focus on the patient's beliefs -- particularly beliefs about control over his or her own life and therefore over his or her pain. Of course, this is consistent with the principles of cognitive-behavioral treatments in general.

Which of the following best describes the underlying assumptions of the use of cognitive-behavioral techniques for pain management? A. Since pain, to a large extent, is due to tension, it is important to incorporate relaxation techniques into treatment. B. Chronic pain is connected to early childhood experiences, such as modeling of the sick role by parents. C. The environmental contingencies associated with the display of symptoms and the person's perception of control over symptoms must be attended to. D. Chronic pain has a variety of social, cultural, and economic causes.

A. According to crisis theory, people in crisis tend to follow a predictable sequence of responses (c.) and a key goal of crisis intervention is to help individuals in crisis learn more effective coping so that they can respond more adaptively when having similar experiences in the future. Crisis management strategies often include grief work; active listening; encouraging the open expression of feelings; increasing understanding of the crisis; promoting greater acceptance of reality; exploring constructive ways of coping; linkage to a social network; decision counseling; and reinforcement of newly learned coping behaviors. While addressing a client's emotions, including overwhelming ones, is a part of crisis intervention, crisis theory and crisis intervention also emphasize the cognitive and behavioral elements of a crisis (b.). Although crisis theorists do predict that crisis intervention will be more successful when a client is able to understand the crisis situation (e.g., how his or her behavior is related to the crisis) (d.), neither insight nor the resolution of internal conflicts is considered a prerequisite for change or problem-solving during crisis intervention.

Which of the following is not an aspect of crisis theory? A. overwhelming emotions are the prime motivators for change B. crisis theory emphasizes the cognitive and behavioral elements of a crisis C. people in crisis tend to follow a predictable sequence of responses D. crisis intervention will be more successful when a client is able to understand how his or her behavior is related to the crisis

C. Hofstede's five cultural dimensions are power distance (a.), uncertainty avoidance (b.), individualism, masculinity (d.), and long-term orientation. Research findings indicate the United States scores high on individualism, low on power distance, moderate to high on masculinity and moderate scores on uncertainty avoidance

Which of the following is not one of the dimensions in Hofstede's theory of culture? A. power distance B. uncertainty avoidance C. conscientiousness D. masculinity/femininity

D. According to crisis theory, people in crisis tend to follow a predictable sequence of response and a key goal of crisis intervention is to help individuals in crisis learn more effective coping so that they can respond more adaptively when having similar experiences in the future. Crisis management strategies often include grief work; active listening; encouraging the open expression of feelings; increasing understanding of the crisis; promoting greater acceptance of reality; exploring constructive ways of coping; linkage to a social network; decision counseling; and reinforcement of newly learned coping behaviors. While addressing a client's emotions, including the overwhelming ones (b.), is a part of crisis intervention, crisis theory and crisis intervention also emphasize the cognitive and behavioral elements of a crisis. Although crisis theorists do predict that crisis intervention will be more successful when a client is able to understand the crisis situation (e.g., how his or her behavior is related to the crisis), neither insight (a.) nor the resolution of internal conflicts (c.) is considered a prerequisite for change or problem-solving during crisis intervention

Which of the following statements is a major assumption of crisis theory? A. insight must precede change B. overwhelming emotions are the prime motivators for change C. internal conflicts preclude problem solving D. people can learn to cope with stress

D. Autoplastic ("self-change") refers to changing or adapting to the environment by altering one's own behaviors or responses. An emic (a.) perspective involves focusing on the intrinsic distinctions that are meaningful to members of a particular culture or society. An etic (b.) perspective involves focusing on extrinsic distinctions that have meaning for the observer of the culture or society. Alloplastic (c.) refers to changing or adapting to the environment by effecting changes in the environment.

Which of the following therapeutic approaches refers to changing or adapting to the environment by altering one's own behaviors or responses? A. emic B. etic C. alloplastic D. autoplastic

A. Minuchin's structural family therapy focuses on modifying aspects of the family structure (e.g., rules, boundaries, coalitions) that underlie family dysfunction. Homework is commonly assigned as a way of bringing about concrete change in the family's behavior; enactments are role-plays that Minuchin often used to evaluate and modify the family structure; and family maps, or diagrams of the family's boundaries, are constructed to help families and the therapist understand the family structure. Choices B, C, and D can be eliminated because they include an intervention that focuses on the family's past whereas structural family therapy tends to focus on a family's present functioning.

Which of the following would most likely be utilized by a therapist whose work is based on Minuchin's structural family therapy? A. giving homework, enactment, making a family map B. taking a family history, issuing paradoxical directives, tracking C. taking a family history, joining the family, making a genogram D. reframing, issuing paradoxical directives, exploring multigenerational transmission processes

C. All of these choices sound good, so to answer the question, you have to understand what each of these terms mean in the language of family therapy, and also not miss the fact that the question is asking about the behavior of the father and the daughter (as opposed to the behavior of the father and the mother). In family therapy, the term coalition refers to an alliance of two family members against a third. According to Minuchin, dysfunctional families are sometimes characterized by stable coalitions of a parent and a child against the other parent. The other terms in the question don't apply to the behavior of the father and the daughter. Triangulation refers to a situation in which another family member is brought into a conflict that actually exists only between two members, such as when two parents constantly try to get their child to take their side in a conflict the parents are having with each other. Fusion, a term used by Bowen, refers to an inability to separate intellectual from emotional functioning, or an inability to separate one's own thoughts and feelings from those of other family members. And joining is a technique described by Minuchin that involves adopting the family's affective style in order to help establish a working relationship, gain greater understanding of the family structure, and gain more leverage in bringing about family change.

You are seeing a family consisting of a mother, a father, and a daughter in therapy. Every time the mother says something, the father and the daughter argue with whatever she says. The behavior of the father and the daughter can be best described by the term: A. triangulation. B. fusion. C. coalition. D. joining.

Reality

______ therapy is a confrontive form of therapy that strives to teach clients specific behaviors that will enable them to fulfill their needs and the therapist-client relationship is viewed as a crucial aspect of therapy. _______ therapists also model responsible behaviors for their clients. [Developed by William Glasser, focuses on an individual's present issues and problems.]

client-centered (or Rogerian)

______ therapy is based on the assumption that if the right environment is provided by the therapist, a client will be able to achieve congruence between self and experience and be carried by his or her own innate tendency toward self-actualization. The "right environment" includes three facilitative conditions: unconditional positive regard, accurate empathic understanding, and genuineness or congruence

Neurolinguistic programming (NLP)

__________ suggests that a therapist's ability to communicate effectively with a client will be influenced by his or her ability to identify and then work with the client's preferred sensory mode; for example, if a client prefers a visual mode, the therapist should use terms such as "I see," if a client prefers an auditory mode, the therapist should use expressions such as "I hear you.

Morita Therapy (aka the psychology of action)

a Japanese therapeutic intervention developed by Japanese psychologist Shoma ____ in the early part of the twentieth century originally to treat anxiety and neurosis. ________ doesn't deal with the past, inner dynamics, or with emotions directly as a prerequisite to change. Emphasis is on learning to accept the internal fluctuations of thoughts and feelings and ground behavior in reality and the purpose of the moment. The focus is on the external environment, behavior, and distinguishing what is and is not controllable. All emotions are accepted as valid, pain is inevitable and there is no attempt to control or govern feelings. Concrete effort to take action, with or without success and despite the accompanying emotions, is encouraged. Progress is measured by degree of responsiveness to behavioral demands and in the effort for self improvement. Like cognitive behavioral therapy, _________ deals with changing behaviors and dysfunctional cognitive processes through reframing the meaning of anxiety, focusing on attitudinal blocks to behavior and taking personal responsibility for behavior.