EPS 7 midterm 2

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What is a halocarbon?

A carbon atom with halogens stuck to it

What is a resonance?

A peak in K

How much of the burned carbon is hidden as bicarbonate in the ocean after calciumcarbonate dissolution? On what timescale?

About 80% 10,000 years

How does peat become coal?

As layers of overlying sediment weigh down on the peat, it dries out, loses almost all the oxygen and hydrogen, and becomes coal.

what is coal's empirical formula

C or CH

what is oil's empirical formula?

CH2

what is gas' empirical formula?

CH4

David Keeling's research on the Mauna Loa showed what rising in the atmosphere?

CO2

What happens to CO2 in the winter (NH)

CO2 is added

What happens to CO2 in the summer (NH)

CO2 is removed

What is the chemical formula for a carbonate ion?

CO3 --

Who woke up scientists to global warming?

Charles David Keeling

What are the 4 US Climate Models?

E3SM (DOE) CESM (NSF) GISS (NASA) GFDL (NOAA)

What units do we use to measure the amount of CO2?

Gigatons of Carbon Gt of carbon Gt of C GtC 1 GtC = 3.7 Gt of CO2

What is the chemical formula for a hydrogen ion?

H+

What is the chemical formula for carbonic acid?

H2CO3

What is the chemical formula for a bicarbonate ion?

HCO3-

What is an acid?

It is a molecule that can give up an H+ ion

What is global warming?

It is the response of Earth's steady-state heat budget to a positive forcing from extra greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.

How does the atmosphere interact with radiation?

It scatters shortwave radiation It absorbs and emits longwave

What are the two ways the atmosphere interacts with radiation?

It scatters some shortwave it absorbs and emits longwave

Who woke the public up to global warming?

James Hansen

Who identified the gases responsible for the greenhouse effect?

John Tyndall

Who postulated the greenhouse effect?

Joseph Fourier

Who gave the first modern estimate of Earth's climate sensitivity?

Jules Charney

Where does oil come from and how long ago

Jurrassic 150 Mya

What three things are conserved?

Mass Momentum Energy

How do clouds scatter sunlight?

Mie scattering

What kind of feedback is the Lapse-rate feedback, and what happens

Negative feedback Warmer Lapse rate decreases tau = 1 emission layer warms faster than the surface tau=q layer emits even more longwave cooling tendency

What kind of feedback is the Planck feedback, and what happens

Negative feedback Warmer More T^4 longwave emission cooling tendency

Agriculture is the main culprit for what kind of positive forcing?

Nitrous oxide

What are the three processes in which CO2 is removed from the atmosphere?

Ocean acidification Dissolution of CaCO3 Silicate weathering

Where does methane hydrate reside?

Ocean sediments

T>>1

Opaque in terms of optical depth

What are some things that could burn?

Peat Permafrost Clathrates

Satellites have what kind of orbits? What can they also be described by?

Polar orbits Sun-synchronous meaning they ascend and descend over the equator at the same local time of day and night on each orbit

What kind of feedback is cloud feedback, and what does happens

Positive feedback warmer fewer clouds lower albedo more sunlight absorbed warming tendency

What kind of feedback is the ice feedback, and what does happens

Positive feedback warmer less ice/snow more sunlight absorbed warming tendency

Who wrote the book Silent Spring and what did it focus on?

Rachel Carson focused on the toxicity of chemicals - including DDT - and sparked the environmental movement

What are the plausible scenarios for future emissions?

Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs)

Dissolution of calcium carbonate does what?

Returns the oceans pH to normal which allows more CO2 to dissolve in the ocean

Who first predicted global warming? And what year?

Svante Arrhenius 1896

255k is the temp of what layer of greenhouse gases?

T=1

What sea is much of today's oil formed in?

Tethys Sea

What is the preferential scattering of blue light called?

The "Tyndall effect"

What does pH measure?

The concentration of H+ ions in the water

What is a fingerprint of CO2 induced global warming?

The more CO2 is there, the more efficiently the stratosphere sheds the heat gained by UV, so the cooler it is Cooling higher up, warming lower

What is evidence for atmospheric scattering of shortwave radiation?

The sun is orange and the sky is blue Clouds are visible from space

What is carbonate chemistry?

These reactions, which move carbon between carbon dioxide, carbonic acid, bicarbonate, and carbonate

Increasing CO2 decreases outgoing longwave radiation, which creates a positive net flow of energy into the Earth.

This is a positive forcing.

How much higher will CO2 concentrations go? That is, what is the 3 useful

Three useful facts: 1. Americans emit 4x as much CO2 per person than the global average 2. At the current rate of combustion, CO2 is increasing by 2 ppm/year 3. Current population is 7 billion, and will rise to 11 billion by 2100

Examples of nitrous oxide

Used as an anesthetic, propellant for whipped cream, and fertilizers

In 1988 the IPCC was formed by what two agencies?

WMO and UNEP

What are the greenhouse gases that readily absorb emitting infrared radiation

Water Vapor (H20) Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Methane (CH4)

What is acidic water?

Water with a lot of H+ ions in it

Why worry about permafrost?

With global warming, it is thawing, and thawed permafrost can decay, emitting carbon dioxide

What organization was created in 1873, but renamed in 1950, to exchange weather data between countries?

World Meteorological Organization (WMO)

What is a clathrate?

a chemical substance consisting of a lattice of cages that trap other molecules

What is global warming caused by?

a decrease in outgoing power

What is the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (AMSU)?

a fancy antenna that picks up microwave signals emitted by Earth's atmosphere

How much of the burned carbon can be hidden as bicarbonate in the ocean from equilibriation of the atmosphere and ocean? and on what timescale?

about 60% 1000 years

middle clouds

altostratus altocumulus

Forcing (+ or -)

an externally applied change in flows that tends to increase (+) or decrease (-) the stock

what is forcing

an externally applied change in the flows

What is a flow

are the inputs and outputs for a container of stuff

Reality scenario of ppm (business as usual)

around 1000ppm

What form of carbon is hidden from the atmosphere?

bicarbonate

what is Gya

billion years ago

What did DDT do?

bioaccumulated destroying egg shells of raptors bald eagle and peregrine falcon populations decreased to only a few hundred pairs

Where do sulfate aersols come from

car and factory emissions

after respiration where is carbon and what does it generate

carbon is on the oxygen generates water and carbon dioxide

after photosynthesis where is carbon and what does it generate

carbon is on the water generate plant matter and oxygen

How do silicate rocks weather, what does this make, and what does it do?

chemically weather make calcium carbonate locks up the C in new limestone

high clouds

cirrus cirrostratus cirrocumulus

What is mie scattering? Why are clouds white?

cloud drops are bigger than N2 molecules, therefore no wavelength preference (that is why they are white)

Which feedback is the most uncertain

cloud feedback

What are the three types of fossil fuels

coal oil gas

How does plankton become oil

compressed to high pressures and temps

How do you date different depths of ice?

counting annual layers which gives minimum age

Where does calcium carbonate dissolve from and what does it do?

dissolves from the ocean floor and on land, raising the pH, and allowing more CO2 to dissolve into the ocean It does this by the carbonate grabbing an H+ ion

What is climate sensitivity sometimes called? and why?

equilibrium climate sensitivity to emphasize that we wait until the Earth equilibrates (~100 years) to the new CO2 level before differencing the mean temperatures

What does final perturbation equal

forcing / |feedback parameter|

What are conservation laws?

fundamental principles of physics that tell us that certain things are neither created nor destroyed.

cirrus

hair

cumulus

heap

cumulous

heaps

cirrocumulous clouds

heaps of hair

T = 1

in between in terms of optical depth

How do you get a higher optical depth between two locations

increase distance or density

Sulfate aersols do what to earths albedo

increase it

Global warming is a positive forcing because it

increases the planet's stock of heat

What is IPCC

intergovernmental panel on climate change

What is a super computer?

is made up of individual computers no more special than your laptop A supercomputer is "super" because it is made of thousands or millions of computers wired together for parallel computing

What is climate sensitivity?

is the change in mean global temperature for a doubling of atmospheric CO2 (e.g., from 280 ppm to 560 ppm).

stratus

layer

cirrostratus

layer of hair (halo)

stratocumulous

layer of heaps

What is an active layer

layer of soil that thaws out at some point during the year

How does peat become coal

layers of overlying sediment weigh down on the peat, it dries out, loses almost all the oxygen and hydrogen, and becomes coal.

For a longwave atmosphere what is the scattering like. Also how is the absorption and emission?

little scattering, a lot of absorption and emission

who classified clouds

luke howard

What are some places that can make peat?

marsh quagmire swamp peatland fen mire bog wetland

alto

middle

altocumulous

middle heaps

altostratus

middle layer

what is Mya

million years ago

perturbation (+ or -)

more (+) or less (-) stock than usual

clouds w vertical development

nimbostratus cumulonimbus

Which gases are transparent to infrared radiation?

nitrogen (N2) oxygen (O2) argon(Ar)

Why is the timescale for ocean acidification so long?

ocean is big

What do we call a gas that is opaque to radiation

optically thick

what do we call a gas that is transparent to radiation

optically thin

What are some examples of a gas radiating thermal energy from its tau = 1 surface

our atmosphere the sun

in the summer...

photosynthesis > respiration

What kind of feedback is the water-vapor feedback, and what happens

positive feedback warmer air holds more water vapor more greenhouse gas warming tendency

nimbo

precipitation

cumulonimbus

rain heap

nimbostratus

rain layer

What does the production of bicarbonate release and do to the ocean?

releases H+ and acidifies the ocean

in the winter...

respiration > photosynthesis

What is rayleigh scattering?

scattering by molecules which directs photons into a new direction short wavelengths are much more strongly scattered than long

What are some forms of calcium carbonate (CaCo3)?

sea shell chalk marble snail shell limestone eggshell

How is the remaining carbon put into the atmosphere by humans removes? On what timescale?

silicate weathering 100,000 years

what is plankton

small organisms that live in the ocean

What is permafrost?

soil that is frozen throughout the year

For a shortwave atmosphere what is the scattering like. Also how is the absorption and emission?

some scattering, little absorption and emission

low clouds

stratus stratocumulus cumulus

examples of anthropogenic aerosols

sulfate aerosol

What tau level does gas emit to space from

tau = 1

what is a positive feedback

tends to increase the size of the perturbation

what is a negative feedback

tends to reduce the size of the perturbation

where does coal come from and how long ago

the Carboniferous 300Mya

First weather forecasts were made by who?

the Smithsonian

What is a stock

the amount of stuff in the container

What is a feedback parameter

the change in net inflow per change in stock

What is perturbation

the current stock minus the stock in the original steady state change in stock

What is borehole paleothermometry?

the measurement of old surface temperatures by lowering a thermometer down a borehole

what is feedback

the response of the flows to the perturbation

Feedback (+ or -)

the system's natural change in flows in response to a perturbation, which tends to amplify (+) or reduce (-) the size of the perturbation

What is a timescale

the time it takes something to get mostly done

What is peat

the wet soil at the bottom of a swamp

What is peat

the wet soil at the top of a swamp

What do borehole temp profiles tell us about the warming from preindustrial temps?

they have warmed up about 1K

what is kya

thousand years ago

T << 1

transparent in terms of optical depth

What are the four main things that provide evidence that global warming is occurring?

tropical glaciers borehole temperatures surface-air thermometers satellites

How much more radiation does the atmosphere radiate to the surface compared to the sun

twice as much - this is called greenhouse effect

How much carbon is in methane clathrates?

uncertain because they are difficult to map. Estimates lie in the range of 1,000 - 10,000 GtC

What is ozone created from

urban smog

Examples of halocarbons

used as the refrigerant in air conditioners and as blowing agents in the production of foams

What is a stevenson screen?

used for surface-air temperature measurements, is a thermometer enclosure that shades and ventilates

Examples of natural aerosol

volcanic ash pollen sea salt soot

For methane clathrate, or methane hydrate, the cages are made of ________ and the trapped molecule is __________

water, methane

What is serial computing?

when a single computational problem is solved by a single computer

What is parallel computing?

when a single computational problem is solved by multiple computers in parallel by breaking the problem into smaller chunks (one chunk for each computer) and having the computers talk to each other

what is a steady state

when the total flow in equals the total flow out

How much positive forcing does CO2 have?

+2 W/m^2

What is Earth's total feedback parameter?

-1 W/m^2/K

Over all depths, permafrost contains how much GtC?

1,500

Why is climate sensitivity defined in terms of a doubling?

1. A doubling is convenient (will happen soon) 2. Each doubling gives roughly the same amount of warming

What is the best estimate of earth's climate sensitivity?

1.5 degrees C to 4.5 degrees C

Land warming is ________ the global mean warming

1.5 times

What are the current global emissions of 10 GtC/year? How often do they double?

10 GtC/year Every 23 years

Coal, oil, and gas are made from organisms that lived roughly how many years ago?

100-300 Mya

How long ago was the big bang

14 Gya

How much oil has the world used so far

150 GtC

Fantasy-land scenario #2

1500 ppm More than a quadrupling

What acts/agencies were formed in the environmental movement?

1969 National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) 1970 Clean Air Act 1970 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 1972 Clean Water Act 1973 Endangered Species Act

One ppm equals how many GtC'S?

2 GtC's

Compared to no warming, how much hotter is Berkeley's temps?

2 K

How much is the coal has the world used so far

200 GtC

OF the 1500 GtC in soil down to 1 m, peat accounts for how much GtC

200 GtC

How much oil/coal/gas does the average human consume each year?

22 barrels of oil 3 tons of coal 2400 m^3 of gas

What is the temp at which Earth radiates to space?

255k

What was the preindustrial CO2 concentration?

280 ppm

What is earth's predicted temperature

288 K

Earth has only warmed 1 K, but what is it projected to warm?

2K at today's levels

Doubling of CO2 causes how much radiative forcing?

3 W/m^2

Of the 1500 GtC in soil down to 1 m, permafrost accounts for how much gtc?

350 GtC

What is earth's climate sensitivity around

3k

how long ago was earth formed

4.5 Gya

Where does emission of longwave radiation to space occur?

5 km

How much gas has the world used so far

50 GtC

What did Arrhenius predict climate sensitivity would be? What is it actually?

5k actually 3k

What is the lapse rate for an atmosphere with water?

6.5 K/km

Fantasy-land scenario #1

600 ppm More than a doubling


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