EPY 351 final comprehensive quiz

8.2 Which one of the following remarks addressed to 18-month-old José best illustrates infant-directed speech ? A. "José want juice ? Here is the juice ." B. "José, come back here, you silly boy!" C. "Would you like me to read you a bedtime story?" D. "Oh my goodness, it's time to change your diaper, isn't it?"

A. "José want juice ? Here is the juice ."

11.3 Three of the following are examples of self-regulation . Which one is not a good example of self-regulation? A. A child tries hard to earn the reinforcer his teacher has told him he will get for good behavior. B. A child reminds herself in a whisper that she should raise her hand before speaking in class. C. A child thinks, "I paid better attention in class today. I'm going to reward myself by watching television when I get home from school." D. A child keeps track of the number of times he's gone to the pencil sharpener in a single day.

A. A child tries hard to earn the reinforcer his teacher has told him he will get for good behavior.

12.1 In the long term, rewarding children for engaging in prosocial behavior leads to: A. A decline in true prosocial behavior and more self-serving behaviors B. An increase in prosocial behavior as children develop C. Internalization of morals and a desire to help others D. A reduction in bullying and other forms of antisocial behavior

A. A decline in true prosocial behavior and more self-serving behaviors

10.10 Ten-year-old Mark is overheard telling tasteless jokes about the homeless people he sees on city sidewalks. When his teacher confronts him about his intolerant remarks, he responds, "All those people are just lazy. They need to get a job !" Mark's response is a good example of: A. A stereotype B. An ethnic identity C. Self-socialization D. Relational aggression

A. A stereotype

2.7 Which one of the following is the best example of action research ? A. A teacher gives her students a questionnaire that asks them to describe how often they study and what kinds of strategies they use when they study. She will use the results to develop several lessons on effective study skills. B. A graduate student quietly observes adolescents' behaviors in the school cafeteria. He plans to describe his observations in his master's thesis. C. A college professor recruits sixth graders to come to his lab, where she assesses their responses and reaction times in a variety of challenging problem-solving tasks. Her results will help her refine her theory about the development of children's problem-solving skills. D. All of the school districts in a particular state are instructed to give the same mathematics achievement test to all eleventh graders. The average test scores for each district will be presented in a report that will be released to the general public.

A. A teacher gives her students a questionnaire that asks them to describe how often they study and what kinds of strategies they use when they study. She will use the results to develop several lessons on effective study skills.

11.5 Three of the following statements describe developmental trends in self-regulation that researchers have observed. Which statement is not necessarily consistent with researchers' findings? A. Absent-mindedness largely disappears. B. Self-evaluations become more frequent. C. Emotional reactions become more restrained. D. External rules and restrictions become internalized.

A. Absent-mindedness largely disappears.

5.3 In Piaget's theory, a scheme can best be described as: A. An organized group of similar thoughts or actions B. A set of motor skills that preschoolers develop C. A lifestyle or family pattern D. A mental picture of oneself

A. An organized group of similar thoughts or actions

10.6 Which one of the following best reflects a child's need for relatedness ? A. As soon as she gets home from school each day, Andrea calls her best friend. B. Bernie objects when his mother tries to help him with a task, insisting "I can do it myself!" C. Carrie gets frustrated when she can't tie new ideas in class to things she already knows. D. As an adopted child, Donovan wonders what his biological parents were like.

A. As soon as she gets home from school each day, Andrea calls her best friend.

12.5 Only of the following statements about guilt and shame is accurate. Which one is true ? A. Both emotions play a role in moral and prosocial behavior. B. Children begin to experience guilt and shame sometime around their first birthday. C. Adults should avoid making children feel guilty and ashamed, as such emotions adversely affect their self-esteem. D. In certain circumstances guilt can enhance social-emotional development, but shame is detrimental to children's long-term emotional well-being.

A. Both emotions play a role in moral and prosocial behavior

11.1 Three of the following definitely show self-regulation as psychologists define the term. Which one does not necessarily involve self-regulation? A. Completing an in-class assignment B. Identifying important goals for oneself C. Embellishing on a boring task to make it more enjoyable D. Putting off immediate rewards in order to get bigger ones down the road

A. Completing an in-class assignment

11.2 During the early teen years, adolescents' willpower: A. Declines temporarily B. Doubles C. Is as high as it will ever be D. Is as low as it will ever be

A. Declines temporarily

3.10 Many children of adolescent mothers do well. On average, however, children of adolescent mothers are at greater risk for three of the following developmental problems. Which one of the following is least likely to be observed in children of adolescent mothers? A. Delayed walking B. Delayed language skills C. Lower academic achievement D. Less emotional attachment to their mothers

A. Delayed walking

1.7 You are asked to give advice for developmentally appropriate practice for a new child caregiver who will be working with infants. Which of the following pieces of advice will be most appropriate to give to this infant caregiver? A. Design a stimulating environment with opportunities for exploration. B. Individualize reading instruction. C. Set up stations for small group work. D. Bake cookies from recipes brought from home.

A. Design a stimulating environment with opportunities for exploration.

5.4 From Piaget's perspective, children are: A. Eager to interact with and make sense of their world B. Most likely to learn things that bring about desirable consequences C. Most likely to learn when parents and teachers entice them to do so D. More likely to develop cognitively in a formal school setting than at home

A. Eager to interact with and make sense of their world

8.3 Sometimes the sociolinguistic behaviors that are expected at school are quite different from the behaviors that children have acquired at home. When this happens, children may initially: A. Experience culture shock B. Engage in figurative speech C. Show considerable wait time D. Show deficits in metalinguistic awareness

A. Experience culture shock

5.7 As a first-grade teacher reads a book about penguins in Antarctica, she points to Antarctica on a globe. Six-year-old John seems really puzzled. "How come they don't fall off the earth?" he asks. From Piaget's perspective, John can best be described as: A. Experiencing disequilibrium B. Have difficulty with conservation C. Having difficulty with class inclusion D. Accommodating when he should be assimilating

A. Experiencing disequilibrium

1.10 Many psychologists are interested in the ways in which nature and nurture interact to influence development. Which one of the following examples illustrates the influence of nature ? A. Fourteen-year-old Deborah is starting to grow pubic hair, and she's just had her first menstrual period. B. Two-year-old Sophia is learning to speak two languages because her parents speak Spanish at home but everyone at her preschool speaks English. C. Ten-year-old Bart loves being outdoors. As far back as he can remember, his family has gone camping almost every weekend during the summer months. D. Eight-year-old Yannie goes to his Aunt Jane's house after school every day. As he watches television, Jane gives him as much candy and other sweets as he wants, and so he is becoming increasingly overweight.

A. Fourteen-year-old Deborah is starting to grow pubic hair, and she's just had her first menstrual period.

6.5 Which one of the following examples best illustrates the use of a personally constructed theory as a child learns the concept spider ? A. Julian assumes that spiders must give birth to baby spiders, just as people give birth to baby people. B. Ian learns that spiders have eight legs, whereas insects have only six. C. Rudy learns that spiders, along with scorpions and ticks, are members of the arachnid class. D. Duc remembers what happened when his cousin was bitten by a black widow spider.

A. Julian assumes that spiders must give birth to baby spiders, just as people give birth to baby people.

10.4 Which one of these examples best reflects the role that children's and adolescents' sense of self typically plays in their behavior? A. Linda knows she is a good reader, so she takes an extra reading class as an elective. B. Kim doesn't want to take any more math classes because she knows she's already good at math. C. Melissa thinks of herself as physically fit, so she doesn't think she needs to participate in sports or other physical activities. D. Nettie doesn't think she is very popular, so she smiles at others and tries to talk to them so they will like her.

A. Linda knows she is a good reader, so she takes an extra reading class as an elective.

7.9 Which one of the following statements best illustrates the Flynn effect ? A. On average, children today perform better on the Stanford-Binet than children did in the 1980s. B. When taking intelligence tests, girls perform better on verbal items whereas boys perform better on spatial items. C. When taking intelligence tests, girls perform better on spatial items whereas boys perform better on verbal items. D. In general, children perform better on intelligence tests that are administered in their native language and have culturally relevant content and tasks.

A. On average, children today perform better on the Stanford-Binet than children did in the 1980s.

9.6 A developmental researcher creates a special apparatus that makes it appear to 4-month-old Violet that two different objects are in exactly the same spot at exactly the same time. Violet seems to be quite surprised by what she sees. Given what you have learned about children's early knowledge of scientific phenomena, you would be most likely to conclude that Violet's reaction is: A. Quite typical for her age-group B. A bit unusual, as children are usually at least 15 months old before they understand that two objects cannot occupy the same space at the same time C. Quite unusual, as children are usually at least 5 years old before they understand that two objects cannot occupy the same space at the same time D. Probably a fluke, as most 4-month-olds have poor visual perception

A. Quite typical for her age-group

10.7 While Mother fills out an application form at a new preschool, 18-month-old Colin happily explores a few toys nearby. When Mom momentarily steps out to use the washroom, Colin becomes upset, but he quickly calms down and smiles upon her return. Colin's behavior is most consistent with a(n): A. Secure attachment B. Insecure-resistant attachment C. Insecure-avoidant attachment D. Disorganized and disoriented attachment

A. Secure attachment

9.8 Ms. Trinh is about to begin a unit on sharks in her fifth-grade class. Some of her students have a strong interest in sharks and know a lot about them. Others know very little about sharks. When Ms. Trinh gives a reading assignment about sharks, she should expect that: A. Students who know a lot about sharks will understand the reading material more readily than their classmates B. Students' reading comprehension will depend almost entirely on their word recognition skills; their prior knowledge won't make much of a difference C. Students who know a lot about sharks are less likely to monitor their comprehension and so may misunderstand parts of the assigned reading material D. Students with little knowledge about sharks may be reluctant to read about an unfamiliar topic, so motivating them to learn during the unit will be a challenge

A. Students who know a lot about sharks will understand the reading material more readily than their classmates

7.7 Twin studies show that monozygotic (identical) twins who are raised in separate homes have similar IQ scores. Such evidence: A. Suggests that intelligence is partly influenced by heredity B. Suggests that intelligence is partly influenced by environmental factors C. Shows the interactive influences of heredity and environment on intelligence D. Illustrates that the relative influences of heredity and environment on intelligence cannot be determined

A. Suggests that intelligence is partly influenced by heredity

2.6 Final exams at the end of a course are an example of: A. Summative assessment B. Formative assessment C. Standardized assessments D. Authentic assessments

A. Summative assessment

3.3 As a teacher, you are apt to find that the parents of some of your students will have little involvement in their children's education. Three of the following statements are accurate with regard to such parents. Which statement is not accurate? A. Their lack of involvement usually reflects a lack of interest in their child's academic performance. B. Inadequate child care may prevent them from getting involved in school activities. C. They may think that they shouldn't bother school personnel with their questions and concerns. D. They may have had bad experiences at school when they themselves were children.

A. Their lack of involvement usually reflects a lack of interest in their child's academic performance.

5.6 In describing the cognitive abilities of infants, Piaget appears to have: A. Underestimated what they know and can do B. Overestimated what they know and can do C. Assessed their abilities quite accurately D. Overestimated the importance of language in their early thinking

A. Underestimated what they know and can do

9.5 Imagine that you are a second-grade teacher. If you were looking for signs of possible dyslexia in one or more of your students, which one of the following would you be most likely to look for? A. Unusual difficulty hearing individual sounds in spoken words B. Grammatically incorrect speech (e.g., "She goed to the store") C. A tendency to read words backwards (e.g., reading ball as "lab") D. Mispronunciations of everyday words (e.g., pronouncing school as "schtool")

A. Unusual difficulty hearing individual sounds in spoken words

6.10 When 3-year-old Julia comes home from her first day at preschool, her father asks her, "What's your teacher's name?" Julia answers by saying, "I forget." Yet when Dad drops Julia off at preschool the following morning, the teacher apologizes to both of them: "How silly of me! Yesterday when you came to school, Julia, I didn't tell you my name. It's Miss Martin." Obviously, of course, Julia couldn't "forget" something she never knew. How can we best explain her response to her father's question? A. Young children have little awareness of the nature of their own thinking. B. Young children often lie to cover up self-perceived weaknesses in their memories. C. Young children typically assume they know everything there is to know. D. Young children often confuse something they've learned in one situation with something they've learned in another, very different situation.

A. Young children have little awareness of the nature of their own thinking.

4.4 A pregnant woman has an ultrasound to assess the progress of the twins she is expecting. Her doctor says, "From what I can see on the screen, Ms. Black, it looks as if you will have a boy and a girl." In what stage of development must the twins be? A. fetus B. embryo C. gamete D. zygote

A. fetus

8.1 Reuben says "Jooz!" as he stretches his arms in the direction of his juice bottle. Reuben's utterance can best be described as an example of: A. Expansion B. A holophrase C. Telegraphic speech D. Universal Grammar

B. A holophrase

6.2 As three-month-old Isabella lies in a comfortable infant seat, a researcher shows her a variety of pictures on a video screen. If Isabella is typical of children her age, which one of the following pictures is apt to hold her attention the longest? A. A fuzzy kitten B. A smiling face C. A bowl of fruit D. A car with horizontal racing stripes

B. A smiling face

2.5 Ms. Rodriguez notices that a large percentage of her students' spelling test scores are low. She wonders if a new individualized spelling approach will improve her second graders' spelling skills. She decides to use a differentiated spelling program that a colleague has shared with her and implements it during the second nine weeks of school. She keeps a record of her students' spelling test scores and talks with each student about their thoughts about the new spelling program. At the end of the nine weeks, she compares the spelling scores of the second nine weeks with the spelling scores of the first nine weeks. She finds that all of the students' scores have increased. She also sees from her conversations with her students that they enjoy the differentiated program and think that they are learning to spell better. She decides to continue the differentiated spelling program for the third nine weeks. What practice is Ms. Rodriguez using? A. Observation B. Action research C. Running records D. Anecdotal records

B. Action research

5.1 Mr. Johnson teaches a class of twenty 7- and 8-year-old second graders. His goal for the upcoming school year is to help at least 50% of his students reach formal operations. From the perspective of Piaget's theory, we would expect that Mr. Johnson's goal is: A. An easy one to attain B. Almost impossible to attain C. Attainable only if he emphasizes abstract reasoning throughout the school year D. Attainable only if his students have had enriching educational experiences throughout infancy and early childhood

B. Almost impossible to attain

7.8 When intelligence test scores are used to make decisions about young children, developmentalists generally agree that: A. Due to recent improvements in intelligence testing, practitioners can confidently make decisions about young children on the basis of test scores B. Although scores often provide some useful information, they should always be used in conjunction with other sources of information C. Test scores provide virtually no meaningful information about young children, and so their use in decision making is rarely defensible D. Practitioners can confidently make decisions only about young children who fall within the "normal" range of intelligence

B. Although scores often provide some useful information, they should always be used in conjunction with other sources of information

3.7 The Hermann family emigrated from Germany to the United States three generations ago. The Hermanns have totally embraced the values and customs of the United States. The youngest generation of Hermanns does not speak or understand German. This form of acculturation is known as: A. Rejection B. Assimilation C. Selective adoption D. A bicultural orientation

B. Assimilation

12.2 Three of the following students show warning signs of possible violent behavior. Which one does not ? A. Adam speaks about Osama bin Laden with considerable admiration. B. Barbara rarely arrives at school before 10:00, despite repeated disciplinary actions by the assistant principal. C. Cora becomes irate each time a peer unintentionally acts in a way that she perceives as being hostile or harmful. D. After his girlfriend breaks up with him and begins dating Russell, Daniel asserts, "I'll make Russell sorry he was ever born!"

B. Barbara rarely arrives at school before 10:00, despite repeated disciplinary actions by the assistant principal.

13.6 Four children with disabilities are described below. Of which child should a teacher be aware that her nondisabled students are least likely to accept in the classroom? A. Adam is blind. B. Beth is hyperactive and often disruptive. C. Chris can no longer walk because of a car accident. D. David is totally deaf and communicates primarily through sign language.

B. Beth is hyperactive and often disruptive.

9.9 As 9-year-old Chad encounters the word tall in his reading, he tells his teacher, "I know that word is tall because the last two letters go way up high." Which one of the following is the most accurate interpretation of what Chad has just said? A. Chad appears to have developed a large sight vocabulary. B. Chad's strategy is a bit worrisome, because it's more commonly seen in 5-year-olds. C. Chad probably has greater reading comprehension ability than most of his classmates. D. Chad is showing remarkable creativity in his word recognition skills and a potential for considerable creativity in writing later on.

B. Chad's strategy is a bit worrisome, because it's more commonly seen in 5-year-olds.

7.6 Which one of the following items on an intelligence test is most likely to have cultural bias ? A. How are a puppy and a kitten alike? B. Croquet is to mallet as golf is to ________. C. What is the next number in the following series? 5 8 11 14 ___ D. What's missing in this picture of a person's foot?

B. Croquet is to mallet as golf is to ________.

13.2 Effective schools create a general sense of community among their students. Which one of the following strategies is most likely to establish a sense of community as educators typically use the term? A. Establishing an honor roll for high-achieving students B. Getting all students actively involved in schoolwide activities C. Identifying a common set of rules shared by classrooms throughout the school building D. Having two or three teachers regularly combine their classes and teach school subject matter in an interdisciplinary format

B. Getting all students actively involved in schoolwide activities

7.3 When a group of children were given the WISC-IV in January and again in April, their scores tended to be quite similar on both occasions. Such a result indicates that the WISC-IV: A. Has good validity B. Has good reliability C. Is a good measure of distributed intelligence D. Is suitable for situations requiring dynamic assessment

B. Has good reliability

3.9 Fourteen-year-old Liam has grown up as the only child in his family. Which one of the following characteristics is most likely to be true of Liam? A. He hates his parents. B. He gets good grades. C. He has an overly high opinion of himself. D. He always insists on getting his own way.

B. He gets good grades.

13.10 In fifth grade last year, Elena was a happy, easygoing student. Now that she's moved to junior high school and begun sixth grade, she's becoming increasingly anxious and uptight. Three of the following are probable reasons for her growing anxiety. Which one is least likely to be true? A. It's harder to get the good grades she was used to getting in elementary school. B. Her junior high school teachers want to know more about her than her fifth-grade teacher ever did. C. She's uncomfortable with the many ways that her body is changing now that she's reached puberty. D. She is finding that she has to compete with her peers, both for grades and for a place on the girls' basketball team.

B. Her junior high school teachers want to know more about her than her fifth-grade teacher ever did.

2.4 A major disadvantage of using a standardized achievement test as a summative assessment is that the test: A. May not be reliable in this setting B. May not align well with the curriculum C. Must be norm-referenced to be valid D. Must be altered for use with students who have a developmental delay

B. May not align well with the curriculum

4.1 Human cells contain 23 pairs of chromosomes. Within each pair: A. Both chromosomes are inherited from the same-sex parent. B. One chromosome is inherited from the mother and the other from the father. C. Both chromosomes are inherited from the opposite-sex parent. D. One chromosome is inherited from the mother and the other may come from either the mother or the father.

B. One chromosome is inherited from the mother and the other from the father.

8.4 Janis uses the term teddy to refer to all of her stuffed toys, including teddy bears, stuffed bunnies, stuffed birds, and even a stuffed lizard. In doing so, she is showing: A. Overregularization B. Overextension C. Underextension D. Too much dependence on defining features

B. Overextension

9.10 Young children sometimes pretend to write "grocery lists," restaurant "menus," and doctors' "prescriptions" in their sociodramatic play. Parents and preschool teachers are apt to see three of the following characteristics in such pseudowriting . Which one are they least likely to see? A. Small spaces between individual letters B. Periods or commas at the ends of "sentences" C. A few alphabet letters mixed in with other letterlike shapes D. Left-to-right orientation of letters on the page

B. Periods or commas at the ends of "sentences"

13.9 Three of the following strategies should facilitate students' transition to middle school or junior high. Which one is unlikely to do so? A. Divide a school of 500 students into four or five smaller groups in which students have the same teachers, some of the same classes, and numerous opportunities to get to know one another. B. Remind students that learning to compete with peers will be important for success in the adult world. C. Schedule one-on-one meetings with each student to find out what his or her interests, needs, and concerns might be. D. Provide a rough outline that students can use when they take notes in class.

B. Remind students that learning to compete with peers will be important for success in the adult world.

11.9 Tim often comes to school wearing sandals instead of sneakers on days that he has physical education. He is getting angry with himself regarding his chronic forgetfulness about appropriate footwear. His teacher suggests that he treat himself to an hour of television at home only on days when he has remembered to wear sneakers. Tim's teacher is suggesting that Tim use: A. Self-monitoring B. Self-reinforcement C. Vicarious reinforcement D. Secondary reinforcement

B. Self-reinforcement

10.9 When a new child care provider picks up 11-month-old Ceci for the first time, Ceci screams hysterically and struggles to get away. Which one of the following is the most likely explanation for Ceci's behavior? A. She is showing a lack of attachment to other caregivers in her life. B. She is showing stranger anxiety, which is common at the end of the first year. C. Her resistance indicates a hypersensitivity to stimulation, signaling possible autism. D. Her resistance indicates an absence of the need for relatedness, signaling a possible emotional disturbance.

B. She is showing stranger anxiety, which is common at the end of the first year.

8.7 Which strategy is most likely to be effective in promoting semantic development? A. Encouraging underextension in the preschool years B. Showing several examples of words C. Allowing children to make up their own meanings for words to encourage invention and creativity D. Allowing children to use words incorrectly in the early elementary grades to promote linguistic self-efficacy

B. Showing several examples of words

6.1 Mary Adams takes care of several toddlers and preschoolers while their parents work during the day. One warm spring day, she has the children in a fenced-in area behind her home. A large dog comes running up to the fence. As the dog approaches, 2-year-old Todd looks at Mary. When he sees that she appears frightened, he immediately starts to cry. What phenomenon is Todd displaying in this situation? A. Automatization B. Social referencing C. Metacognitive awareness D. Comprehension monitoring

B. Social referencing

5.5 Which one of the following best illustrates how sociocognitive conflict might promote cognitive development? A. Two children work together on a crossword puzzle that includes the week's new spelling words. B. The students in a cooperative learning group discuss different ways of solving a difficult math problem. C. A teenage boy worries that his friends might think he's a "nerd" if he refuses a can of beer at a party. D. Two students help each other prepare for a quiz by giving each other practice test questions.

B. The students in a cooperative learning group discuss different ways of solving a difficult math problem.

6.3 As he talks, 6-year-old William uses his hands a lot, showing dimensions of certain objects, depicting particular movements, and so on. How should a teacher who is working with William respond to his gestures? A. The teacher should discourage them, as they require a lot of working memory capacity and may interfere with William's logical reasoning capabilities. B. The teacher should watch William's gestures closely, as they may reveal newly emerging reasoning abilities. C. The teacher should consult with a specialist, as "talking" with one's hands is often a sign of delayed cognitive development. D. The teacher should provide extra help with language development, with the hopes that the gestures will eventually decrease in frequency.

B. The teacher should watch William's gestures closely, as they may reveal newly emerging reasoning abilities.

2.10 One very effective way of gathering information about children and adolescents is simply to talk to them. Three of the following should increase the quantity and quality of information you get when you talk with young people. Which one is not likely to be helpful? A. Make it clear that you really care what a youngster has to say. B. Try to be somewhat aloof so that you come across as an unbiased listener. C. When asking about a sensitive topic, ask what other children might think about it. D. Ask follow-up questions when you don't understand what a child is telling you.

B. Try to be somewhat aloof so that you come across as an unbiased listener.

12.7 Only one of the following statements is accurate regarding similarities or differences in moral standards across cultures. Which one? A. Intentionally telling lies is considered to be morally wrong in all cultures. B. Virtually all cultures tend to value both individual rights and compassion for others. C. Because cultures can be so very different from one another, similarities in moral standards are few and far between. D. Because youngsters' notions of right and wrong are based on universal (and possibly inherited) moral principles, there are cultural differences only in social conventions, not in moral standards.

B. Virtually all cultures tend to value both individual rights and compassion for others.

13.7 Three of the following statements describe possible effects of television viewing on children's development. Which statement is not necessarily true? A. Many television shows convey unrealistic standards of feminine beauty. B. Watching television more than five hours per week has a negative impact on IQ. C. Many television shows perpetuate stereotypes of particular genders and racial groups. D. Children can learn either prosocial or aggressive behavior from watching television.

B. Watching television more than five hours per week has a negative impact on IQ.

11.4 Which one of the following strategies is most likely to help children become more self-regulating ? A. Mr. Adams knows that many students have trouble learning algebra. He spends the first few weeks of class having students engage in activities that will make algebraic concepts concrete and understandable. B. When assigning a lengthy research project, Mr. Barnett advises his students to break the project down into a number of smaller tasks and then to give themselves a treat after they complete each one. C. To build endurance, Mr. Caruthers asks his physical education students to run as quickly as possible each time they train. D. Mr. D'Amato asks his students to look in a mirror and write a poem about what they see.

B. When assigning a lengthy research project, Mr. Barnett advises his students to break the project down into a number of smaller tasks

9.3 Which one of the following children provides the best example of emergent literacy ? A. Two-year-old Torina tears several pages out of the family telephone book before her parents realize what she's doing. B. When four-year-old Jack plays school with his older sisters, he fills a sheet of paper with lines of random letters. C. Donna is only five years old, and already she can read many storybooks independently. D. Six-year-old Yasser understands basic rules of phonics but does not yet know how to spell many words that are exceptions to the rules.

B. When four-year-old Jack plays school with his older sisters, he fills a sheet of paper with lines of random letters.

5.8 Which one of the following teachers is using reciprocal teaching ? A. Mr. Armando has students work in pairs to test one another's knowledge about a topic. B. Working with a small group, Mr. Bromley gives each student a chance to ask questions of his or her classmates regarding a section of text they are all reading. C. When students ask questions about things they don't understand, Ms. Cromwell asks if others can answer those questions before answering them herself. D. Before a test, Ms. Dievers has each student describe the strategies he or she plans to use while studying.

B. Working with a small group, Mr. Bromley gives each student a chance to ask questions of his or her classmates regarding a section of text they are all reading.

2.3 If we say that a particular data collection method has high reliability , we mean that it: A. Yields scores that fall on a bell curve B. Yields similar results on different occasions C. Predicts future success in academic or social settings D. Accurately determines whether children have met certain predetermined developmental goals

B. Yields similar results on different occasions

4.3 Imagine that you are a preschool teacher and want to foster your students' development in a variety of domains. In which of the following areas is canalization most likely to be a significant factor in their development? A. social skills B. motor skills C. counting skills D. pre-reading skills

B. motor skills

3.6 Five-year-old René is easily frustrated and loses control of her emotions. She often comes to school hungry or inappropriately dressed for the weather. You might reasonably suspect that René's parents exhibit a(n) ________ parenting style. A. permissive B. uninvolved C. authoritative D. authoritarian

B. uninvolved

10.3 Roger's classmates think of him as a bully. He frequently assaults other boys and is even mean to neighborhood pets. Roger brags about stealing cars from local dealerships to go joy-riding in the middle of the night. He is already known to the local authorities for truancy and vandalism. These behaviors suggest that Roger may have: A. Depression B. Bipolar disorder C. A conduct disorder D. An anxiety disorder

C. A conduct disorder

13.1 Three of the following are examples of sexual harassment . Which one is typically not considered to be sexual harassment? A. A boy grabs and snaps a female classmate's bra strap. B. Two boys write "Sandy G puts out!" on a restroom wall. C. A health teacher describes the serious side effects of sexually transmitted diseases. D. Two girls tease a classmate about her "big jugs" but then assure her that they were only kidding.

C. A health teacher describes the serious side effects of sexually transmitted diseases.

13.4 Which one of the following is the best example of a hidden curriculum as educators typically use the term? A. To make each week's spelling words more interesting, a third-grade teacher always adds a few "seasonal" words (e.g., Halloween , Thanksgiving , valentin e) to the words identified as "Grade 3 words" in the school district's spelling curriculum. B. A social studies teacher encourages his students to read the newspaper every night. He tells his students, "To do well in this class, you can't just study your textbook. You also have to be aware of current events in your local community and around the world." C. A science teacher gives tests that focus largely on defining scientific terms, and she gives credit only for definitions that are identical to those in the textbook. In doing these things, her students begin to think that "learning" means memorizing things word-for-word. D. When students in a math class work on complex word problems, their teacher insists that they show the steps they use to arrive at their answers. She tells them, "That's the only way I can see whether you're thinking about these problems in the same way a mathematician might."

C. A science teacher gives tests that focus largely on defining scientific terms, and she gives credit only for definitions that are identical to those in the textbook. In doing these things, her students begin to think that "learning" means memorizing things word-for-word.

5.2 If we look at cognitive development from Piaget's perspective, we would expect a child in the concrete operations stage to have the greatest difficulty with which one of the following questions? A. How are an apple and a blueberry alike? B. If you have 8 Macintosh apples and 2 Golden Delicious apples, then do you have more Macintoshes or more apples? C. An apple pie is cut into 4 pieces. A blueberry pie of the same size is cut into 12 pieces. How many pieces of blueberry pie do you need to have the same amount as 3 pieces of the apple pie? D. If we have one row of blueberries spread like so: o o o o o oand another row of blueberries spread like so: o o o o o othen does one row have more blueberries than the other?

C. An apple pie is cut into 4 pieces. A blueberry pie of the same size is cut into 12 pieces. How many pieces of blueberry pie do you need to have the same amount as 3 pieces of the apple pie?

2.1 John Nathan, who grew up in a relatively affluent family and attended private schools, has just accepted a job in a public middle school in a low-income school district. Realizing that his own experiences may not have prepared him to be successful in this setting, John decides to spend time in the neighborhood observing young adolescents as they go about their lives: playing sports, running errands, and just hanging out. He discovers that these youngsters are in some ways very different from, and yet in other ways very similar to, the kids with whom he grew up. John's inquiry most closely resembles which one of the following? A. A correlational study B. A longitudinal study C. An ethnographic study D. A grounded theory study

C. An ethnographic study

1.3 If we take a developmental systems approach in looking at the effects of formal education on children's development, we must conclude that the quality of children's classroom experiences is influenced: A. Primarily by what teachers do in the classroom B. Primarily by how children think about classroom material C. Both by classroom events and by what children themselves do D. Largely by things that have happened to children in the past

C. Both by classroom events and by what children themselves do

7.4 Only one of the following statements reflects an accurate comparison of Gardner's and Sternberg's theories of intelligence. Which one? A. Both theorists view the development of intelligence as being almost exclusively the result of nurture rather than nature. B. Gardner believes that intelligence is comprised of multiple abilities, whereas Sternberg views it as being comprised of a single entity. C. Both theorists characterize intelligence as a multifaceted ability, such that children may behave intelligently in one situation but not in another. D. Sternberg restricts his view of intelligence to the cognitive abilities and processing skills related to academic success, whereas Gardner takes a broader perspective.

C. Both theorists characterize intelligence as a multifaceted ability, such that children may behave intelligently in one situation but not in another.

10.5 Research on gender differences in children's and adolescents' sense of self tells us that: A. In adolescence, girls rate their physical appearance more positively than boys do B. On average, girls have a better overall sense of self-worth than boys C. Boys rate themselves higher in mathematics and emotional well-being D. Boys are more likely than girls to see themselves as being good readers

C. Boys rate themselves higher in mathematics and emotional well-being

6.4 Which one of the following examples illustrates conceptual change? A. As a Boy Scout, Andy has learned how to cook a wide variety of foods over an open fire. B. Brad misinterprets the scientific explanation of fire to fit what he believes: that fire is an object with substance and weight. C. Charlotte used to think that fire was an actual substance, but now she knows it's a chemical change. D. Danielle wasn't aware of how much damage fire could really do until the house next door burned down.

C. Charlotte used to think that fire was an actual substance, but now she knows it's a chemical change.

12.8 Which one of the following adolescents is exhibiting postconventional reasoning as Kohlberg described it? A. Adam does what the teacher says because he knows he will be punished if he doesn't. B. Barbara obeys the teacher because she thinks that doing so will get her a good grade. C. Clara obeys the teacher because she understands that good behavior is essential for creating a climate in which all students can learn. D. Don obeys the teacher because school rules say he must obey her, and it is his duty to obey school rules.

C. Clara obeys the teacher because she understands that good behavior is essential for creating a climate in which all students can learn.

12.10 Three of the following strategies should foster the development of students' social skills. Which strategy, although possibly beneficial in other ways, will not foster more appropriate social skills? A. Ms. Ackerman has clear rules for her students which communicate that they must handle any conflicts in a non-violent manner. B. When the school principal visits Mr. Brightman's fifth-grade class seeking volunteers to work at a school fundraiser on Friday afternoon, Mr. Brightman says to his students, "You have always been a very thoughtful and helpful class. How many of you can spare a couple of hours after school on Friday?" C. During an important district-wide test, Ms. Chambers reminds her students to keep their eyes on their own papers. D. When students in a cooperative learning group disagree about how best to approach an assigned task, Mr. Dunn helps them brainstorm possible ways of resolving their differences.

C. During an important district-wide test, Ms. Chambers reminds her students to keep their eyes on their own papers.

10.8 You have been observing Emilia and conclude that she has considerable empathy . Which of the following behaviors would lead to such a conclusion? A. Emilia is playing with Jill. Jill is feeling sad, but Emilia doesn't seem to notice. B. Emilia notices that Jill is feeling sad. She tries to figure out what is making Jill sad. C. Emilia notices that Jill is feeling sad. She goes over to talk to Jill, and she begins feeling sad herself. D. Emilia notices that Jill is feeling sad. This upsets Emilia, so she goes in search of her teddy bear in order to make herself feel better.

C. Emilia notices that Jill is feeling sad. She goes over to talk to Jill, and she begins feeling sad herself.

1.2 What is the most appropriate way that adults can support a child's curiosity? A. Show them what to do in a step-by-step manner. B. Encourage participation in structured play and sports activities. C. Encourage exploration along with challenging educational experiences. D. Make choices for them because you know what will be beneficial.

C. Encourage exploration along with challenging educational experiences.

7.1 With the help of three teacher aides, a kindergarten teacher gives her students a school readiness test on the first day of class. Given what we know about such tests, which one of the following is the best thing to do with the test results? A. Suggest to the principal that high-scoring children be placed in first grade. B. Meet with the parents of low-scoring children to ask them to consider placing their children in preschool or Head Start for the year. C. Enroll all children in kindergarten and use the results to form tentative hypotheses about where it would be best to begin instruction for each child. D. Suggest to the principal that low-scoring children be placed in a more intensive "pre-kindergarten" class; these children would then return to kindergarten the following year.

C. Enroll all children in kindergarten and use the results to form tentative hypotheses about where it would be best to begin instruction for each child.

4.5 Eight-year-old Elizabeth has unusual facial features and has exceptional difficulty learning and remembering the basics of reading, writing, and math. Without knowing anything else about Elizabeth, you might wonder if she has: A. Huntington disease B. Duchenne muscular dystrophy C. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome D. Thalassemia

C. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

13.5 Many of the students at Buchanan Junior High know that John and Sara have been "going out" for the past two months. Given what we know about young people's early dating habits, it is most likely that John and Sara: A. Have confided in each other about very personal and private matters B. Have many of the same interests and greatly enjoy each other's company C. Find each other attractive but don't know each other very well D. Have begun to experiment in sexually intimate ways

C. Find each other attractive but don't know each other very well

10.2 Four-year-old Lena lives with her father, grandmother, and 8-year-old brother. She spends 40 hours a week at a neighbor woman's home while her father and grandmother are at work. All four of these individuals are reasonably kind and attentive to her. Chances are that Lena will: A. Form an attachment only to the neighbor B. Form strong attachments to the grandmother and neighbor and weaker ones to the father and brother C. Form attachments to all three family members and to the neighbor D. Have difficulty forming a strong attachment to any of these four individuals

C. Form attachments to all three family members and to the neighbor

3.5 Other things being equal, which child is most likely to have come from a home in which parents use an authoritative parenting style? A. Rhoda is anxious and unhappy. B. Margaret is impulsive and disobedient. C. Frank is well-behaved and self-confident. D. Patrick is selfish and unmotivated.

C. Frank is well-behaved and self-confident.

8.2 One of 6-year-old Dana's favorite songs is "My Country 'Tis of Thee" If you ask, Dana can sing a note that's the exact pitch of the first note in the song. Chances are that Dana: A. Has amusia B. Is a girl rather than a boy C. Has absolute pitch D. Had little exposure to music before age 4

C. Has absolute pitch

1.6 Of the following, which is the most effective way to incorporate the diverse cultures and values of your students in meaningful ways? A. Have a class multicultural food fair. B. Read folktales from countries around the world. C. Have students write family histories and share with the class. D. Have a cultural diversity month with guest speakers

C. Have students write family histories and share with the class.

3.4 Twelve-year-old Lacey and her mother are a two-person family. Mother's long-term boyfriend has just moved in with them. What effect will the move have on Lacey? A. Chances are about 80% that Lacey will be the victim of child abuse. B. Lacey will almost certainly show an increase in misbehavior at school. C. If Lacey has a warm, loving relationship with him, she will probably adjust well. D. When she reaches adulthood, Lacey will probably have trouble forming stable relationships with others.

C. If Lacey has a warm, loving relationship with him, she will probably adjust well.

7.10 Marissa seems to be a "born leader." As president of the school service club, she can often persuade her classmates to get involved in school and community service activities. Given this information, we could conclude that Marissa has a strength in which one of Gardner's multiple intelligences? A. Spatial B. Naturalistic C. Interpersonal D. Bodily-kinesthetic

C. Interpersonal

3.1 Elaine, a social worker, is visiting a potential foster home for 3-year-old Billy. She sees in her case file that the family income is what could generously be called "modest." Mr. and Mrs. Stiefer both hold graduate degrees. Mr. Stiefer recently left his lucrative research position due to a chronic health problem and is looking for a part-time position he can more easily handle. Mrs. Stiefer is a poorly paid assistant professor at a local college. As Elaine tours the home, she notes the presence of books, magazines, and periodicals of a serious nature. Most are related to the Stiefers' fields of study. She also sees that the cupboards are stocked with nutritious food and that the home is clean and safe. Based on this information, what should Elaine conclude about the Stiefers' socioeconomic status ? A. It is quite low because they don't make much money. B. It is fairly low because Mrs. Stiefer works outside the home. C. It is relatively high because both Mr. and Mrs. Stiefer are well educated and either have or did have prestigious jobs. D. It is currently quite low but might become quite high if Mr. Stiefer finds a new job that pays well and taps into his area of expertise.

C. It is relatively high because both Mr. and Mrs. Stiefer are well educated and either have or did have prestigious jobs.

9.1 Three of the following adolescents are using metacognitive strategies that should enhance their reading comprehension. Which one is not necessarily using a metacognitive strategy that might improve his or her comprehension? A. Before he begins reading a chapter in his geography textbook, Darren looks at the headings to get a sense of how the chapter is organized. B. Keiko occasionally rereads a paragraph when she doesn't understand it the first time. C. Josie prefers to read out loud so she can hear what the words sound like. D. As Pablo reads his science textbook, he tries to think of new examples of the concepts he's reading about.

C. Josie prefers to read out loud so she can hear what the words sound like.

1.8 Which one of the following best illustrates a qualitative (rather than quantitative) change in development? A. Between ages 11 and 13, Bunny grew 4 inches taller and gained 15 pounds. B. After attending last night's concert, Penny changed her mind about who her favorite band is. C. Micha used to be puzzled by statements such as "Look before you leap" but now understands their underlying meanings. D. Mason has a much larger vocabulary than he did last year.

C. Micha used to be puzzled by statements such as "Look before you leap" but now understands their underlying meanings.

12.4 Imagine that you are a fourth-grade teacher. The parents of your students want you to include moral issues in your classroom curriculum. A few parents who have read about Kohlberg's theory of moral development want you to help the students progress to postconventional moral reasoning. You should reply by pointing out that: A. This is a good idea because postconventional reasoning will promote abstract thought B. There is nothing you can do to promote moral development before students reach adolescence C. Postconventional reasoning is an unrealistic goal for fourth graders D. Research studies indicate that most students have already reached the postconventional level by fourth grade

C. Postconventional reasoning is an unrealistic goal for fourth graders

2.2 Three of the following are important ethical guidelines that teachers and other practitioners should keep in mind when conducting research with children or adolescents. Which one is not recommended? A. Practitioners should keep their supervisors informed about any research projects. B. Practitioners should keep their findings about individual children confidential. C. Practitioners should be ready and willing to draw firm conclusions from the data. D. Practitioners should administer and interpret specialized tests only after obtaining specific training in their use.

C. Practitioners should be ready and willing to draw firm conclusions from the data.

8.6 When 4-year old Morris hears his preschool teacher say, "Susan was punched by John," he thinks that Susan was the person who did the punching. Morris's mistaken belief is most likely due to the fact that young children: A. Do not yet understand past tense B. Have trouble with virtually all prepositions C. Rely heavily on word order in interpreting what they hear D. Tend to attribute undesirable characteristics (e.g., aggression) to the other gender

C. Rely heavily on word order in interpreting what they hear

6.8 Considering developmental trends in learning strategies, choose the statement that best characterizes how high school students are apt to approach school learning tasks. A. Even at the high school level, most students do little if anything to help them learn and remember school subject matter. B. High school students rely largely on comprehension monitoring to learn visual information; they are more apt to use rehearsal for auditory information. C. Some high school students intentionally organize and elaborate on class material; others rely largely on rehearsal. D. Organization and elaboration decrease over the high school years, in large part because such storage processes are less necessary as the brain matures to its adultlike form.

C. Some high school students intentionally organize and elaborate on class material; others rely largely on rehearsal.

7.2 On average, how do children who are gifted compare to their peers in social and emotional development? A. They tend to be loners, preferring such solitary activities as reading or computer games. B. They tend to be less mature than their peers and more prone to emotional problems. C. They tend to be above average in social development, and most are emotionally well adjusted. D. They tend to be quite self-centered, with little regard for other people's needs or feelings.

C. They tend to be above average in social development, and most are emotionally well adjusted.

11.7 Three of the following homes should promote self-regulation in the children that live there. Which home is least likely to promote self-regulation? A. Six-year-old Maria's mother sometimes asks her if she would go next door to borrow a cup of sugar from a neighbor. "You can stay and talk for a few minutes," she says, "but don't forget that I can't finish these cookies until you return." B. Nine-year-old Ginny's parents often seek her input on family decisions, although they ultimately have the final say on what the family does. C. Twelve-year-old Mark's parents let him do whatever he wants as long as he tells them where he's going. D. Fourteen-year-old Manny often sees his mother writing the novel she's always wanted to write. "I'd love to watch TV like you are," she sometimes tells him, "but I'll be happier if I finish at least two more pages tonight."

C. Twelve-year-old Mark's parents let him do whatever he wants as long as he tells them where he's going.

8.10 Roger uses the word ball only to refer to his favorite red ball with white stars on it. In doing so, Roger is showing: A. Fast mapping B. Overextension C. Underextension D. Pragmatics in his language usage

C. Underextension

5.10 From Piaget's perspective, why might it be wise to postpone the teaching of complex fractions until middle school or high school? A. Younger students haven't attained conservation. B. Younger students cannot learn complex equations. C. Younger students haven't attained proportional reasoning. D. Younger students don't know their math facts well enough.

C. Younger students haven't attained proportional reasoning.

4.6 At age 3, Michelle could scribble, her crayon tightly grasped in her fist. By age 4 she could color neatly in the lines of her coloring book. By age 5 she could better control a pencil and write her name legibly. This progression most clearly illustrates: A. synaptogenesis B. integration C. differentiation D. an executive function

C. differentiation

4.7 Rafael is carefully weighing the many advantages and disadvantages of attending a large state university rather than a small local college. Rafael can largely thank his _______ for the ability to make his decision. A. cerebellum B. hindbrain C. forebrain D. midbrain

C. forebrain

12.9 Which one of the following teacher statements is most likely to promote students' moral development? A. "Your current behavior is not acceptable in my classroom. As a consequence, you'll have to stay after school today." B. "You mustn't take Ruthie's paper, or I won't like you any more." C. "If you don't help with clean-up, you don't get to go out on recess." D. "You destroyed Martha's paper, and now she has to stay late to finish rewriting."

D. "You destroyed Martha's paper, and now she has to stay late to finish rewriting."

9.7 Charlize has excellent phonological awareness and word recognition skills, but she often struggles to understand and remember what she reads. Three of the following strategies are consistent with recommendations for promoting reading comprehension. Which one is not recommended? A. Ask Charlize to stop occasionally and imagine what is happening in a story, almost as if she were watching a movie in her head. B. Draw comparisons between events in a story and Charlize's personal experiences. C. Ask Charlize to summarize a short textbook passage. D. Ask Charlize to read at a slower pace than she usually does - ideally, no more than two words per second.

D. Ask Charlize to read at a slower pace than she usually does - ideally, no more than two words per second.

6.7 Three of the following children have been identified as having attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Which one is least likely to have ADHD? A. Eva daydreams in class a lot. She tends to stare at books without reading them, and her teacher often needs to repeat the same instructions several times. B. Martin rarely stays in his seat for more than ten minutes, and his hands are always fidgeting with something. He needs frequent reminders to get back on task, and transitions are challenging for him. C. Caroline turns her head toward every sound she hears. The sound of a pencil dropping catches her attention as easily as a fire alarm. Often she is so engrossed in listening to happenings in the hall or across the room that she does not hear someone speaking directly to her. D. Ben's favorite times of day are recess and gym because he enjoys physical activity. It's hard for him to sit still on rainy afternoons when he hasn't had a chance to burn off some energy, but he does get his assignments done.

D. Ben's favorite times of day are recess and gym because he enjoys physical activity. It's hard for him to sit still on rainy afternoons when he hasn't had a chance to burn off some energy, but he does get his assignments done.

4.9 Three of the following statements accurately describe the typical physical development of children in the elementary grades. Which one is not accurate? A. Children become increasingly proficient in fine motor skills. B. Children become increasingly sensitive about their physical appearance. C. Girls mature more quickly than boys. D. Children become more clumsy in their gross motor skills.

D. Children become more clumsy in their gross motor skills.

4.2 Some physical disabilities are the result of genetic abnormalities. An example is Down syndrome, in which A. Children have a defective dominant gene B. Children have a defective recessive gene C. Children are missing a chromosome D. Children have an extra chromosome

D. Children have an extra chromosome

12.6 Which one of the following youngsters is exhibiting conventional reasoning as Kohlberg described it? A. Adam does what the teacher says because he knows he will be punished if he doesn't. B. Barbara obeys the teacher because she thinks that doing so will get her a good grade. C. Clara obeys the teacher because she understands that good behavior is essential for creating a climate in which all students can learn. D. Don obeys the teacher because school rules say he must obey her, and it is his duty to obey school rules.

D. Don obeys the teacher because school rules say he must obey her, and it is his duty to obey school rules.

12.3 Three of the following are examples of prosocial behavior . Which one is not ? A. Ashley lends a shoulder to cry on when Sarah breaks up with her boyfriend. B. Bruce shares his lunch with a classmate who forgot hers. C. Carla and Suellen cooperate on their history project. D. Dustin asks Morris for help on his homework.

D. Dustin asks Morris for help on his homework.

1.9 Which one of the following statements is most accurate regarding the theoretical perspectives of development described in the textbook? A. They have all been proven to be true, at least in part. B. Eventually researchers will determine which one of them is correct. C. Any single one of them can be used to explain almost every aspect of children's behavior. D. Each one provides a somewhat different angle from which to look at children's development.

D. Each one provides a somewhat different angle from which to look at children's development.

8.9 Gabrielle asks her mother, "When we go library?" Gabrielle's question is an example of: A. A holophrase B. Overregularization C. Receptive language D. Expressive language

D. Expressive language

2.8 Ms. Winston notices that one of the boys in her preschool class is often aggressive toward one particular girl in the class. She occasionally writes down notes about these episodes to share with his parents during a conference. Ms. Winston is engaging in: A. Action research B. Ethnographic research C. Formative assessment D. Informal assessment

D. Informal assessment

11.8 Fifteen-year-old Aneesh loves building models of antique cars from kits he buys at the local hobby shop. He prides himself on his close attention to detail and meticulous workmanship. Without any assistance or encouragement from his parents, he makes sure to put every piece in its proper location, wipes off any excess glue so that all surfaces are clean and smooth, carefully applies the decals in the exact spots they need to be, and so on. "I'm a really careful guy," he says, "and my work reflects on my skill as a model builder." If we apply the four steps that characterize internalized motivation to Aneesh's self-regulation in model-building, which step we would say he is at? A. External regulation B. Introjection C. Identification D. Integration

D. Integration

6.9 Information processing theorists often emphasize the importance of attention in the learning process. Why is attention so important? A. It gets information into the sensory register. B. It moves information from working memory into long-term memory. C. It moves information from the sensory register into long-term memory. D. It moves information from the sensory register into working memory.

D. It moves information from the sensory register into working memory.

3.2 Three of the following strategies are effective with students from low-income families. Which one is unlikely to be effective? A. Communicate clear expectations for students' behavior. B. Find out what students do well and build on their strengths. C. Show students how academic tasks are relevant to their personal lives. D. Lower the standards by which you evaluate students' academic performance.

D. Lower the standards by which you evaluate students' academic performance.

4.10 Which one of the following statements best describes the physical exercise of teenagers in the United States? A. Most get enough exercise in the course of a typical day to support good health. B. Most probably get more exercise than their growing bodies can easily tolerate. C. Most get little exercise, yet they maintain their health because adolescents need little exercise D. Most do not get enough exercise to support good health in the course of their daily lives.

D. Most do not get enough exercise to support good health in the course of their daily lives.

9.4 Three of the following teachers are providing scaffolding for students who are conducting science experiments. Which one is not necessarily providing scaffolding? A. Mr. Kron makes sure that his students have identified all their variables and know how they will control each one before they begin. B. Ms. Archer helps her students reason about whether their results support, disconfirm, or are irrelevant to their hypotheses. C. Ms. Hyde encourages students to generate at least two different hypotheses before beginning an experiment. D. Mr. Carlisle requires his students to write their lab reports within 24 hours of conducting their experiments.

D. Mr. Carlisle requires his students to write their lab reports within 24 hours of conducting their experiments.

11.10 Three of the following teaching strategies should help children become more self-regulating . Which one will not ? A. Ms. Alexander encourages Andy to set a target for himself regarding the number of sit-ups he will be able to do by the end of the month. B. Mr. Bottenberg teaches Beth to reinforce herself whenever she gets her homework done on time. C. Ms. Carlson asks Craig to make a check mark on a piece of paper whenever he finds himself talking out of turn. D. Mr. D'Angelo asks a teacher aide to keep a close eye on Darlene and, when necessary, to remind her to stay on task.

D. Mr. D'Angelo asks a teacher aide to keep a close eye on Darlene and, when necessary, to remind her to stay on task.

7.5 Which one of the following is the best example of dynamic assessment ? A. Mr. Thiessen asks Macy to show him how to use a microscope properly. B. Ms. Ursinas asks her students to work in groups of three to write a paper describing the effects of the U.S. invasion of Iraq in 2003. C. Ms. Vincenti gives her students 20 multiple-choice questions; she then gives 20 additional, more difficult questions to students who've done very well on the first set, as a way of assessing the upper limits of their knowledge. D. Mr. Warren observes and records how Minnie's logical thinking changes over time as she gets assistance and experience in scientific reasoning tasks.

D. Mr. Warren observes and records how Minnie's logical thinking changes over time as she gets assistance and experience in scientific reasoning tasks.

13.3 Three of the following teachers are socializing their students in the ways that schools typically do. Which teacher is not socializing students in a typical fashion? A. Ms. Allen insists that her students complete their independent seatwork before they go to recess. B. Ms. Bernetti has her students go to lunch by rows, letting the quietest rows go first. C. Ms. Castanza does not permit her students to talk back to her in a disrespectful fashion. D. Ms. Dobson suggests that Sean bang his fist on his desk a few times whenever he gets frustrated.

D. Ms. Dobson suggests that Sean bang his fist on his desk a few times whenever he gets frustrated.

1.5 You read a research article in which a psychologist emphasizes the significant impact of early social experiences on children's later characteristics and behaviors. Which approach to development does the author of the article most likely take? A. Biological B. Developmental systems C. Sociocultural D. Psychodynamic

D. Psychodynamic

1.4 Which one of the following best illustrates a quantitative (rather than qualitative) change in development? A. Five-year-old Mercedes has finally learned how to carry a tune. B. As a 15-year-old, LaRue has started to grow facial hair. C. Beth used to be shy around her peers, but now she's very outgoing and makes friends easily. D. Robert knows many more addition facts than he did a few months ago.

D. Robert knows many more addition facts than he did a few months ago.

1.1 A kindergarten teacher has a student who consistently cries each morning when brought to school by his family. What would be the most developmentally appropriate way to ease this student's arrival to school so that he can confidently start his day in class? A. Advise the family to drop him off and leave immediately. B. Ask an older student to walk the kindergarten student to class. C. Shower the student with attention. D. Routinely have the student say goodbye to his family and start an activity.

D. Routinely have the student say goodbye to his family and start an activity.

11.6 Several students in Mr. Samber's class have trouble keeping themselves on task during independent seatwork assignments. Mr. Samber gives each of these students a piece of paper on which they are to make a check mark every time they find themselves doing something other than their assignment during seatwork time. Mr. Samber is applying which one of the following concepts? A. Vicarious punishment B. Extrinsic motivation C. Primary reinforcement D. Self-monitoring

D. Self-monitoring

10.1 Kathleen is 2 years old. She very much wants to do things for herself - dressing herself, brushing her teeth, and so on - in the morning. Most of the time her mother will not let her do such things because she is so slow and clumsy. Today Mom tells Kathleen she can dress herself, but before long Mom is saying: "Kathleen, you've got your pants on backwards again! Can't you ever put your clothes on right? Here, let me do it. You're making me late for work." If Kathleen hears this kind of talk very often, Erikson suggests that Kathleen might be at risk for developing a sense of: A. Mistrust (rather than trust) B. Guilt (rather than initiative) C. Inferiority (rather than industry) D. Shame and doubt (rather than autonomy)

D. Shame and doubt (rather than autonomy)

5.9 Which one of the following is the best example of a cognitive tool ? A. Use of natural lighting in a studio art class B. A jigsaw in a woodworking class C. Use of country-western music in a step-aerobics class D. The concept of pi (π) in a geometry class

D. The concept of pi (π) in a geometry class

2.9 Imagine that a researcher finds that, on average, students who weigh more are better athletes. Which one of the following is an appropriate conclusion from this information? A. Parents should feed their children as much as possible. B. The school cafeteria should decrease the fat content of the food it serves. C. On average, students who eat more become stronger and more agile. D. There is a correlation between weight and athletic performance.

D. There is a correlation between weight and athletic performance.

6.6 Considering developmental trends in learning strategies, choose the statement that best characterizes how kindergartners are apt to approach school learning tasks. A. They construct vivid visual and auditory images of what they see and hear in the classroom. B. They make mental lists of things to remember, but with little follow-through in studying the lists. C. They continually put things into categories to help them remember those things. D. They make few if any intentional efforts to learn and remember something.

D. They make few if any intentional efforts to learn and remember something.

8.5 Three of the following aspects of language development appear during the elementary school years or even earlier. Which one are we not likely to see until youngsters are in junior high or high school? A. Following accepted social conventions for beginning and ending conversations B. Adapting a spoken message to the age of the listener C. Using context clues to interpret a speaker's message D. Understanding proverbs

D. Understanding proverbs

8.8 Five-year-old Sarah tells her kindergarten teacher, "We had dinner at Mark's house last night." The teacher has no idea who Mark is but responds, "How nice! Did you have a good time?" This interaction reflects which one of the following developmental trends? A. Telegraphic speech typically precedes adultlike grammar. B. Young children tend to be heavily reliant on context clues when interpreting other people's messages. C. Children have difficulty with figurative speech throughout the preschool and elementary school years. D. When talking to others, young children often fail to take their listeners' knowledge and perspectives into account.

D. When talking to others, young children often fail to take their listeners' knowledge and perspectives into account.

4.8 As children grow older, many of their neurons begin to transmit messages more rapidly than they did previously, thanks to: A. synaptic pruning B. a rapid reduction in glial cells C. synaptogenesis D. myelination

D. myelination

13.8 Imagine that you are teaching at a school that serves students from diverse ethnic backgrounds. The students tend to congregate in groups along ethnic lines, to the point where they are quite "clique-ish" and exclusive, and hostilities are building up among the groups. Using guidelines presented in the textbook, describe three strategies that you and your fellow teachers might use to foster positive interaction and friendships across the groups. Describe each strategy in a separate paragraph, and be specific about what you might do.

Friendships are powered by shared routines, so it would be very beneficial to place students with different ethnic backgrounds at the same ables. Since they sit at the same table, they will have the same shared routine. This will cause them to talk to one another and become comfortable with one another. This will result in limiting/ eliminating cliques. Group members develop a sense of unity. Placing students of different ethnic backgrounds at the same table can help them become friends, but it can also help them to prefer being with the members of their table over other individuals. They will begin to act as a family and do things for each other. When they start getting extremely close, you can form a new table groupings so that they don't start to form cliques within their "table family". Help children ease into social groups. You could have a culture day and talk about the different ethnic backgrounds within the classroom. You could have children bring in a family photo, make a PowerPoint about their ethnic background, and bring their favorite dish from their culture. This could be a fun way to learn about other ethnic backgrounds and have students become more comfortable with their peers.