Equine terms

Welsh Pony Section B

"B" -registered animals are between 12.2 and 13.2 hands; resembles Welsh Mountain Pony except it shows more Hackney and Thoroughbred; handsome action makes it a good riding or light draft pony

Welsh Pony of Cob Type

"C" registers those not exceeding 13.2 hands, but that have an appearance that paces them in the cob category; thicker and more short set than others with the same desirable action; good for light draft and endurance or rough terrain riding

Dash

1 A race decided in a single trial 2 a screen at the front of a carriage to protect against splashing

artificial insemination

Injecting semen into the uterus by artificial means

ABRS

Association of British Riding Schools

Artificial Vagina

Device used to collect semen from a male.

Balanced Ration

Diet that contains all the nutrients required by an animal in correct and specific amounts

ataxia

Failure or irregularity of muscle actions and coordination.

base narrow

Stands close

bloodworms

Strongyles

tread worms

Strongylus westeri; genus of Strongyloides

bars

The lower portion of the jaw devoid of teeth, where the bit rests. the open spaces on the jaw between the incisors and premolars. 2. portions of the wall of the hoof that are turned inward at the heels and run more or less parallel to the sides of the frog. 3. in a saddle two long horizontal tree bars rest on the back of the horse. one on each side of the spine. they support and anchor the fork and cantle of the saddle

Den Bark

The particular bark the hounds give when they have run their prey to the ground

dermis

The sensitive vascular inner layer of the skin.

Absorption

The transport of dissolved substances into cells. and tissues

Trakehener

West German horse breed; developed for Army use; a series of crosses resulting in a solid, sturdy horse with endurance; docile, yet dynamic; used for show jumping, dressage, combined training, etc.

Westfalen

Westfalen is the German spelling of Westphalian; see Westphalian

types of horses

a classification of the different kinds of horses; one type is the light horse, which is subdivided into driving horses, racing horses, and riding horses,; under driving horses, we find harness, heavy harness, ponies, and roadsters; under racing horses, we find harness race, quarter race, and running race horses; under riding horses, we find five-gaited, hunters, jumpers, plantation walking, polo, ponies, stock, and three-gaited horses; the second types is work horses, which is subdivided into draft horses, farm chunks, southerners, and wagon horses

weight cloth

a cloth carried under the saddle on a horse; equipped with pockets in which lead weights may be inserted to achieve the correct weight

wagonette

a coach used for public service between towns; has a low body with two lengthwise facing seats and a rear entrance

Victoria

a coachman-driven summer vehicle that was much favored by ladies of fashion due to the ease of entering; introduced by the Prince of Wales in 1869; a small, four-wheeled carriage with a low seat and a folding top; designed for tow persons plus the coachman; usually drawn by one horse, often used for hire

warren

a colony of rabbit burrows

braid aid

a comb designed to separate the mane and into three even segments for easier braiding

treble

a combination obstacle consisting of three separate jumps

bitting

a combination of bridle harness pad and a cupper, a surcingle with rings through which driving lines may pass or to which reins may be attached 2. teaching the horse to be supple and willing in the bit

across the board

a combination pari-mutuel (race) ticket on a horse, meaning that you collect a prize if your horse runs first, second, or third

three-day event

a combined training competition completed over three consecutive days; consists of a dressage test, a cross-country section, and a show-jumping event

sulphonamide

a common drug used to control infections; an overdose may cause loss of appetite, weak pulse, diarrhea, and kidney dysfunction

western saddle

a common type of saddle distinguished by a large noticeable fork on which there is some form of horn, a high cantle, and large skirts; see illustrations pp. 291, 292

aplasia

a complete lack of development of a tissue or organ

absorbent

a compound or carrier used to apply topical medications to a horse

vitiligo

a condition characterized by the destruction of pigment in small or large circumscribed areas of the skin

sinking vagina

a condition in which the cervix has dropped down and becomes filled with urine; particularly found in older mares

splay footed

a condition in which the feet turn outward because the legs turn out through through their entire length

eczema

a condition involving the skin; inflammation of the skin with lesions of either a dry or weeping nature; allergies are probably the mot common cause 2. any non specific inflammation of the outermost layer of skin

torticollis

a condition marked by contracted neck muscles, producing twisting of the neck and an unnatural position of the head

Acidosis

a condition of acid accumulation in the body due to disruption of the normal acid-base balance, may be caused by overworking an unfit horse

wave mouth

a condition of uneven teeth wear found mainly in older horses

Dehydration

a condition resulting from excessive water loss or inadequate intake

Addison's disease

a condition that occurs when the adrenal glands do not produce enough cortisol or aldosterone

tied in at the knee

a condition that occurs when the flexor tendons appear to be to close to the cannon bone just below the knee

bow legged

a conformation fault in which the hocks or knees are set too far apart and the feet are usually too close together; also known as bandy legs

back at the knee

a conformational fault visible in front legs when viewing them from the side, the knees are bent too far back also called calf knee

viral arteritis

a contagious viral disease causing inflammation of the arteries, often leading to abortion

skip

a container such as a bucket or basket used to remove stained and used bedding and straw from a stable

tie-out chains

a controlled outdoor exercise

bruise

a contusion caused by blunt impact without lacerations

vesicants

a counterirritant that produces blistering and scurfing of the skin

trappy

a course with sharp turns

buckaroo

a cowboy from the far western U>S> who follows the horsemanship and bridling traditions of the old-time California vaquros

bog rider

a cowboy whose job is to rescue cattle that have gotten trapped in mud or marchland

toe crack

a crack located specifically at the toe of the horse's foot; see quarter crack; also see blemishes and unsoundnesses (illus.)

trephine

a crown saw for removing a circular area of bone, chiefly from the skull

Tom Thumb bit

a curb bit with short, straight, swivel shanks and a broken mouthpiece. sometimes called a cowboy snaffle

transverse cross

a dark stripe that runs across the withers

by-day

a day not regularly scheduled on the fixture card, but the master of huntsman takes hounds out anyway

unthrifty

a defect in the way the horse looks, grows, behaves, and/or performs, as compared to what one would normally expect

track conditions

a description of the racetrack; fast indicates a track that is thoroughly dry and at its best; sloppy means the horses are running during or immediately after a heavy rain, water has saturated the cushion, and there may be puddles but the base is still firm; muddy means that water has soaked into the base and it is soft and wet, and footing is deep and slow; heavy indicates a track that is muddy and drying out, footing is heavy and sticky

bit

a device normally made of metal or rubber, attached to the bridle and placed in the horse's mouth so as to regulate the position of the horse's head and to help control the pace and direction of the horse

arch roller

a device to prevent pressure on the spine by preventing a horse from rolling and becoming cast in the stall. some are hinged at each side of the arch to fit any width of a horse

automatic timer

a device used for timed and speed based events, the horse breaks an electronic ray and he goes through the start triggering the clock and passes again to finish

spavin

a disease affecting the bones of the hock joint; usually appears as a bony enlargement on the inner and lower parts of the hock

white muscle disease

a disease brought about by a selenium deficiency in the diet that eventually damages muscle

swamp cancer

a disease caused by a fungus; lesions are most commonly found on the legs, abdomen, and chest; large ulcerated or draining nodules

aspergillosis

a disease caused by the fungus , Aspergillus, and marked by inflammatory granular lesions in the skin, ear orbit and nasal sinuses and sometimes in the bones and menegines

azoturia

a disease of horses marked by a sudden onset of perspiration and paralysis of the hind quarters and by the passing of light red to dark brown urin, occurs in horse sthat afer being engaged incontinuous work, are rested for several days and well fed and then suddenly returned to work. Also known as Monday morning Sickness or tying up

thrush

a disease of the foot caused by anaerobic microorganisms characterized by a pungent odor; is caused by wet or unsanitary conditions; thrush causes deterioration of tissues in the cleft of the frog or in the junction between the frog and bars; this disease produces lameness and, if not treated, can be serious

vesicular disease

a disease that includes the development of fluid-filled blisters on the outer layer of the skin or mucous membrane; in animals, includes foot-and-mouth disease, swine vesicular disease, and vesicular exanthema

windgall

a distention of the synovial sheath between the suspensory ligament and the cannon bone or of the synovial sheath between the long pastern and the middle inferior sesamoid ligament; usually a result of too fast or too hard road work, especially on hard surfaces; also called wind puffs or road puffs

trotting gene

a dominant gene that determines whether a hrse will be a trotter or a pacer

eel stripe

a dorsal stripe; a continuous stripe that runs down the back of a horse from mane to tail

Weymouth curb bridle

a double bridle using the English curb bit and a snaffle bit; used primarily on gaited horses, but also used for dressage and sometimes on hunters; see English bridle (illus.)

Weymouth bridle

a double-bitted, double-reined bridle where the snaffle bit and the curb bit are separated; commonly used on three- and five-gaited horses

Swedish Ardennes

a draft breed developed in the nineteenth century from the Belgian and the the French Ardennais; quiet and docile, these horses are still used to transport timber in mountainous regions

Breton

a draft breed found in Europe and Japan; known for good endurance; used for heavy farm work

about-turn

a dressage movement in which the horse is made to turn or pivot on the forehand or haunches

wrong bend

a dressage term to describe a horse that takes a turn without bending into the turn; the turn is straight, stiff, or even bent in the wrong direction

anesthetic

a drug or agent that is used to abolish the sensation of pain

antihistamine

a drug that blocks the effects of histamine in the body reducing allergies

antipruritic

a drug that prevents or relieves itching

anti-inflammatory

a drug that reduces inflammation

antipyretic

a drug that relieves fever

bronchial dilator

a drug that will dilate( enlarge) the bronchi and other air passages of the respiratory system

atropine

a drug used to relax smooth muscles in various organs, to increase heart rate and to dilate the pupil when applied to the eye

Bayo Coyote

a dun horse with a black dorsal stripe

zebra

a family relative of the horse

bodkin hitch

a farm hitch used in plowing heavy land

vertigo

a feeling of dizziness

vixen

a female fox

zygote

a fertilized egg

Adhesion

a fibrous attachment abnormally joining two adjacent tissues or organs

tooth rasp

a file with a long handle; used for floating or removing sharp edges from the teeth

bog spavin

a filling of the natural depression on the inside and front of the hock; an inflammation of the synovial membrane ; a bog spavin is much larger than a blood spavin and may be a blemish or an unsoundness

Australian checker

a flat rubber device shaped like an inverted Y, two bottom arms ends in disks which have holes in them so that they can be pulled over the bit rings, primarily used in racing

stirrup

a flat-based loop hung from either side of a saddle to support the rider's foot while riding and mounting; English or flat saddle stirrups are made of metal and vary according to tread, weight, and style; western-style stirrups are usually wooden or metal and may be covered with leather; bronc riding stirrups are rounded, decreasing the danger of a foot being caught; see English saddle; western saddle (illus.)

slab sided

a flat-ribbed horse

transudate

a fluid substance that has passed through a membrane or has been forced out of a tissue as a result of inflammation

stable fly

a fly similar to the house fly, but with a painful bite

Deerfly

a flying insect that inflicts painbite

wanderer foal

a foal suffering from convulsive syndromes caused by a lack of oxygen at birth

barker

a foal that is completely disorientated at birth or soon thereafter, the animal goes down followed by violent convulsions, in the latter stage he emits a sound like a yelping dog, hence the name

suckling

a foal that is not weaned

bone cutter

a forceps like instrument originally designed to cut bones; can be used successfully to remove the sharp points on a horse's teeth

water gripes

a form of colic resulting from the intake of too much water; can occur if working a horse too soon after drinking or if allowing a hot, stressed horse to drink too much water, especially cold water, before the horse has cooled down

Venezuelan equine encephalitis

a form of viral encephalitis transmitted by insects; see sleeping sickness

surrey

a four-wheeled vehicle with two forward-facing seats

stiff-necked fox

a fox that runs in a straight line

ariegeois

a french breed black in color with a thick mane and tail. energetic and well suited to farm work especially in mountainous regions

volte

a full turn on the haunches in dressage; a circle with a radius about the length of the horse; may also describe the smallest circle a horse is able to travel (generally about 19 feet in diameter)

Dermatophyte

a fungus that affects the hairs; the cause of ringworm

blood poisoning

a general infection of the blood; septicemia

toxemia

a general intoxication or poisoning sometimes due to the absorption of bacterial products formed at a local source of infection; presence of toxins or poisonous substances in the blood stream

trypanosomiasis

a general term for the diseases nagana, surra, mal de caderas, and murrina, all caused by various trypanosomes

unsound

a general term indicating that a horse has some form of body tissue damage, generally affecting bone, muscle, tendon, or ligaments, which can affect the horse's serviceability and performance at one or more gaits

sorghum

a grain that has a very hard outer seed cot that can slow digestion; not a preferred feed for horses; also called milo

electrocardiogram

a graphical recording of the cardiac cycle produced by an electrocardiograph ECG

spiv

a groom without permanent employment, but who is prepared to do odd jobs for anyone on a casual basis

breed registy

a group of breeders banded together for the purposes of recording the lineage of their animals, protecting the purity of the breed, encouraging further improvements of the breed, and promoting the breed

wobbles

a group of diseases of the spinal column and spinal cord; characterized by various defects of coordination; the wandering or staggering gait of affected horses; also called ataxia

breed

a group of horses having common origin and possessing certain distinguishable characteristics that are transmittable to their offspring

band

a group of horses. a herd

syndicate

a group of people or organization for the purposes of owning, leasing, and/or training a horse for a particular purpose

yearling head collar

a halter/head collar that is adjustable at the nosepiece to fit the growing head of a yearling

Dandy Brush

a hard bristled brush used to remove excess hair and loose dirt

bot block

a hard but porous synthetic black block used to remove botfly eggs from the horse's hair; the block can be sharpened by drawing it across a hard endge

Tarpan

a hardy dun horse origination in Poland; the breed has been extinct for more tan a century; found in the wild and used by farmers for meat and as work animals

bale

a hay that is packed together into a unit

albert head collar

a head collar with an adjustable throat latch that is slotted up into the loops of the front and over the headpiece. it has no metal rings on the cheek pieces, it is less liable to break because when the horse pulls back he tends to give in because of the pressure at the poll

broken crest

a heavy neck that breaks over and falls to one side

alfalfa

a high protein (18%) legume hay- good energy value and a great forage

tularemia

a highly contagious disease of rodents; resembles plague; transmitted by flies, ticks, fleas, and lice; may be contracted in horses by the bite of a tick

African Horse Sickness

a highly fatal viral infection transmitted by flying insects

ulcer

a hollow space on the surface of an organ or tissue due to the erosion, disintegration, and necrosis of tissues

uterus

a hollow, muscular organ in the pelvis of the female, in which the fertilized ovum is implanted and the embryo and fetus are protected and developed; the womb

bearing rein hook

a hook found on the upper part of the harness to hold the bearing rein

vasopressin

a hormone produced in the posterior pituitary gland that causes the smooth muscles in the blood vessels to contract

yearling

a horse between one and two years old; a young horse from January 1 to December 31 of the year following its birth

Westphalian

a horse breed of good size and stature; bred for athletic ability and temperament; used for dressage, combined training, and jumping

sweet feed

a horse feed that is characterized by its sweetness due to the addition of molasses

skate

a horse of poor quality

well in hand

a horse running at a fraction of his best speed

all around cow horse

a horse skilled at carrying out all the duties required of him by a cowboy

silver

a horse tail that is white with a few black hairs in it

Bleeder

a horse that bleeds after a workout or race, the result of a nasal hemorrhage caused from a ruptured throat vein or bleeding from the lungs

blind bucker

a horse that bucks indiscriminately, heading into anything when ridden

stall walker

a horse that constantly paces or circles in the stall; can be a symptom of a horse being too confined

wind sucker

a horse that cribs; see cribbing and wind sucking

bad doer

a horse that does not eat well or does not digest much of what he does eat

Bad traveler

a horse that does not travel well, generally nervous and hard to load

unraced

a horse that has not yet taken part in a race

easy gaited

a horse that has reactions to the rider's cues that are pleasant and enjoyable

stakes winner

a horse that has won a stakes race; denoted by black type on his sales catalog entry

stargazer

a horse that holds his head too high and thrusts his nose out and upward

sprinter

a horse that is able to move at great speed over a short distance, but is seldom able to maintain the pace over a long distance; runs best at distances under a mile

under saddle

a horse that is being ridden, as opposed to a horse that is led (in hand)

bad actor

a horse that is difficult, disagreeable, and uncomfortable to ride

winter horse

a horse that is kept at a home ranch for use during the winter

unregistered

a horse that is not accepted as a specific breed

bandy legs

a horse that is pigeon toed on this hind feet with the points of his hocks turned outward. bow legs

using horse

a horse that is used regularly for work purposes, generally with livestock; maintained primarily for a purpose other for show and racing

stable kicker

a horse that kicks frequently at the walls and doors of his stable; apparently kicks just for the satisfaction of striking something with his hind feet

tongue loller

a horse that lets his tongue hang out

stiff

a horse that moves without bend or even flexion

early to walk/trot

a horse that performs gate transitions too soon rather than waiting for his cue at various markers

barn crazy

a horse that resents the confinement of a barn and will kick and fight as a result in some cases this may be so severe the horse should be kept in a paddock with access to an open faced shed

bean shooter

a horse that throws his from feet violently forward at the trot, with little flexion, landing about twelve inches above the ground, a very undesirable trait

sleeper

a horse that unexpectedly wins a race having preiously shown poor form

bulldogging horse

a horse used for steer wrestling

bobtailed

a horse with a short or docked tail

bald

a horse with a wide blaze down the face. can extend down to the upper lip and around the nostrils

big hearted

a horse with an exceptional desire to please his rider

Wobbler

a horse with the condition called Wobbler's disease; seen on young horses usually under two years of age; characterized by uncoordinated movement of the hindquarters; may be due to some form of injury to the spinal cord

thrown out

a horseman or hound that loses his position in the hunt

swedged shoe

a horseshoe with a crease in the bottom surface to provide greater traction and protect the nail heads from wear

sticky

a hosre taht is most uncertain when attempting to jump any obstacle

blabber

a hound that bays and flings his tounge around when not on the line

bluetick

a hound that is mostly white with small splashes of black mixed in giving a bluish appearance

apprentice

a jockey in training

Willie Shoemaker

a jockey whose mounts won more than $63,000,000 in more than 7,200 races; considered the most successful jockey of all time

antilug bit

a jointed snaffle with one arm of the mouthpiece shorter and more curved than the other, the short side has a stronger action than the long side and is fitted on the side of the horse that is less responsive

standing back

a jumping horse that takes off to far away from the obstacle

stile

a jumping obstacle that consists of a portion of a fence or wall where steps allow people to cross, but deny access to livestock

worm

a jumping obstacle usually consisting of split logs and/or tree trunks and limbs piled on each other in a V-shaped manner

volvulus

a knotting and twisting of the intestines that causes an obstruction and colic

apathy

a lack of feeling, emotion, or interest

arena

a large enclosed by fence or wall riding area

Ascarid

a large nematode parasite found in the small intestine, also called roundworm

tuberosity

a large prominence on a bone, usually for the attachment of muscles or ligaments

stage coach

a large, four-wheeled coach drawn by as many as eight horses

squaw roll

a large, soft, protective roll across the back of the fork on a western springpseat saddle

stirrup wear leathers

a leather cover over the stirrup tread to reduce wear; laced or stitched on the underneath side of the tread

buckstrap

a leather loop attached to the saddle horn or around the fork to provide a handhold when riding a bung horse; usually used by a novice and, hence, also known as a fraidy strap

skirt wear leathers

a leather strap or leather plate on top of the skirt to prevent wear of the skirt by the rigging and stirrup leathers

breech strap

a leather strap that passes around the buttocks of a horse to prevent the saddle from slipping forward; it is seldom used except in packing

breeding hobbles

a leg restraint used on mares being bred to keep them from kicking and injuring the stallion

acephalia

a lethal condition in which the skull of a foal is not formed on birth; the fetus is always aborted or born dead

suspensory ligament

a ligament, bone, muscle, sling, or bandage that holds up a part

tilbury phaeton

a light and elegant four-wheeled vehicle with a folding top over the front seat and a rear set for the footman

Day Rug

a light horse blanket that has a braided looped string round the quarters; may have a hood for warmth during traveling; it is customary for the owners initials to be shown on the rug's rear corners

Adayevsky

a light type of Russian breed; similar to the Kazakh

stanhope

a light, open carriage with one seat

aluminum racing shoe

a lightweight shoe commonly worn by racehorses, the shoe weighs about 5 oz

viceroy

a lightweight, cut under, wire-wheeled show vehicle with a curved dash; used for some heavy harness classes, especially Hackney ponies, Shetlands, and harness show ponies

white pastern

a limb marking; white from the fetlock downward; may be half pastern, three-quarter pastern, etc.; see markings, leg (illus.)

under blanket

a liner used to make a blanket heavier and warmer; needed in the winter under tha stable blanket; made of heavy wool or synthetic fleece

vesiicular stomatitis

a localized inflammation of the soft tissues of the mouth and the formation of blisters; a contagious disease caused by a virus

bronc-busting saddle

a loose designation for any wide-swelled, high backed, short-seated saddle designed to keep the rider in the saddle on a bucking horse

tout

a low-order con man who peddles tips, betting systems, etc., to the unwary race goer

Depression

a lowering of functional activity

ungulate

a mammal that has digits protected by a hoof, as in horses

barn

a man made structure used to shelter horse, tack, feed etc

brood mare

a mare kept for breeding or reproductive purposes

yeld mare

a mare that did not produce a foal during the current season

white flag

a marker used in equestrian sports to mark the left-handed extremity of an obstacle; also used to mark a set track and mist always be passed on the right

bordered

a marking that is circumscribed by an area of mixed color

tumor

a mass of new tissue that persists and grows independently of its surrounding tissue and that has no useful function

aged horse

a mature horse. in showing six years old or older

stallion

a mature male horse that has not been castrated; may be used for breeding

twitch

a means of restraint; a nose twitch is a wooden stick with a loop of rope or chain attached or a metal instrument that is used to apply pressure to the sensory nerves of the nose; a shoulder twitch is applied y grabbing skin at the horse's shoulder and rolling it around the knuckles

electuary

a medicated paste prepared with honey or other sweet substance, used in veterinary practice, and administered by smearing on the teeth, gums, or tongue.

ass

a member of the horse family used for domestic work before horses were tamed

whipper-in

a member of the hunt staff who assists the huntsman

borna

a meningoencephalitis caused by a virus found in food and water; the disease is highly fatal

toe weight

a metal weight fitted to a spur previously placed on the front hoof to induce a change or balance in motion; used extensively in the training and racing of harness horses

Backing

a method of breaking and training when , by grandual stages, the handler eventually sits on the horses back. to move in reverse

weight for age

a method of handicapping horses in a race by their age; older horses carry more weight than the younger horses

speed index

a method of rating racehorses; determined by both the horse's speed and distance covered

skin pinch test

a method of testing for dehydration; being by grasping a fold of skin and pull it away from the horse's neck, then release it; if the horse is well hydrated, the skin will return to its original shape immediately; if the horse is dehydrated, the fold will remain standing or lower very slowly

teasing

a method to test mares in estrus for heat; especially useful when the mare exhibits no other visible signs of heat

aerobe

a microorganism that can live and grow only in the presence of oxygen

single-jointed eggbutt snaffle bit

a mild bit that cannot pinch; the disadvantage is that it allows for very little movement of the mouthpiece

sporotrichosis

a mildly contagious disease causing modules in the subcutaneous lymph nodes; a chronic fungal infection

ash

a mineral matter in feed from the residue remaining after complete burning of organic matter

sulfur

a mineral required by horses; works with nitrogen to form the structure of some amino acids; most common horse feeds have adequate supplies of sulfur

calcium

a mineral that aids in muscular activity, blood clotting, enzyme activation, and bone formation.

stepping pace

a modified pace in which the rolling motion of the true pace is eliminated because the two feet on each side do not move together exactly

two track

a movement in which the horse moves forward with his front and back feet making two sets of tracks

turn on the forehand

a movement where the horse pivots on the forehand while describing concentric circles with his hind legs

antagonist

a muscle or group of muscles that acts opposite of the agonist to control and stabilize movement

Agonist

a muscle or group of muscles that contracts to contribute to the desired movement

voluntary muscle

a muscle used in an action the animal can control, such as moving a leg

"a" fork

a narrow saddle fork with no swell, shaped like the letter A with the peak at the base of the horn

strip

a narrow, white marking from the horse's forehead to his nose; see markings, face (illus.)

Batak

a native breed of the island of Sumatra, the largest Indonesion island, this breed, a cross between specially imported Arab stallions and selected mares of other breeds, is a sought after and valuable pony

voice commands

a natural training aid; must be consistent in word used, volume, tone, and inflection

walk

a natural, slow gait of four beats in which each foot strikes the ground in separate intervals in the fore, off hind, off fore; the walk should be free moving, even, and flat footed; see illustration

trot

a natural, two-beat diagonal gait in which the front foot and the opposite hind foot take off together and strike the ground together; a natural gait in which the tracks of the hind legs fall directly in the tracks of the forefeet

vitamin C

a nonessential vitamin for horses, as they are able to synthesize vitamin C in their digestive tract

timothy

a nonlegume hay; forage grass common to the midwest

bowline knot

a nonslip knot that will untie even if tightened very snugly' used for safety in restraint procedures

string

a number of horses under the control of one person or outfit

water

a nutrient consumed in large volumes; an average adult horse drinks six to ten gallons per day

stringhalt

a nve and muscle disorder characterized by the sudden, irregular, violent jerking up or flexing of the hock when the horse is moving

blinkers

a pair of eye shields fixed to the bridle or on the head covering; used to prevent a horse from looking anywhere but directly in front of him

botfly

a parasite that deposits tiny eggs on horses' legs and bellies; if ingested, the eggs mature in the digestive system and the larvae attach themselves to the stomach wall

ectoparasite

a parasite that lives on the skin surface, such as lice, fleas and mites

appendix

a part of the american quarter Horse Stud Book( half quarter horse)

bar

a part of the saddle tree that runs along each side and parallel to the horse's spine. inter dental space between the incisors and the molars where the bit lies

view halloo

a peculiar piercing scream uttered by some huntsmen when the fox is viewed; some hunts use whistles

blood horse

a pedigreed horse to most horsemen, the tern is synonymous with Thoroughbred and in some cases, more specifically the English Thoroughbred

earth stopper

a person employed to stop up fox holes prior to a hunt

acting master

a person temporarily appointed to organize a hunt until a permanent master is selected

broncobuster

a person who breaks and trains broncos

wrangler

a person who looks after horses

tipster

a person who makes a business of providing information or tips about the chances of a horse in a race

sugar eater

a pet horse

urinalysis

a physical, chemical, or microscopic analysis or examination of the urine

turning device

a piece of equipment used on horses that refuse to turn to one side or that hang to one side

walker

a piece of equipment used to exercise horses; consists of several arms extending from a central pole; horses are tied to the end of the arms and follow it in a circular path; see hot walker

wear leather

a piece of leather on a saddle positioned to reduce wear between leathers and other materials

welt

a piece of leather stitched into the outer seam in the leather covering of swell forks; extends up the sides of the swells; necessary to make the leather fork covering conform to the shape of the fork; there are two types of welts: a single welt is a single piece of leather between the stitched-together pieces of the leather of the seam; a turned welt is a double piece of leather between the stitched-together pieces of leather of the seam

standing martingale

a piece of training equipment that attaches tot he noseband, preventing the horse from raising his head

Authorisation Speciale

a pink card issued to a rider by the National Equestrian Federation permitting him to compete in international dressage, show jumping or combined training events

turn on center

a pirouette when the horse fails to keep the hindquarters on the spot

swung round

a pirouetting walk or canter when the horse makes the turn too quickly and is not under control

spur

a pointed device strapped on to the heel of a rider's boot and used to urge the horse onwards

venom

a poison; a toxic substance normally secreted by a snake, insect, or other animal

yew

a poisonous bush, also called Taxus, with green needles and red berries; sometimes grown as an ornamental bush; can cause a horse's heart to stop

water hemlock

a poisonous plant found in moist areas throughout most of the U.S

back hander

a polo stroke in which the player traveling forward hits the ball backward in the opposite direction

Sorraia

a pony from Portugal; thought to be one of the first breeds of horses to be one of the first breeds of horses to be domesticated by man; height: 12-13 hands; extremely hand; if domesticated, becomes a good riding and pack pony; distinguished by its zebra markings and eel stripe

team roping

a popular event that is the rodeo version of cattle work, in which a cowboy ropes a steer around the horns and another cowboy then ropes the steer's heels

toxoid

a portion of bacterial toxin that has no toxicity, but still retains the ability to stimulate production of antitoxin when injected; used for immunization

balanced seat

a position of the rider requiring a minimal amount of movement

Did Not Change Diagonal

a posting error on the part of the rider in which the rider does not change diagonal correctly

Skyros

a primitive breed of pony from the island of Skyros, Greece; known as being quiet and trustworthy

autoimmune disease

a production of antibodies against the body's own tissues resulting in disease

bookmaker

a professional betting man who is licensed to accept bets placed by others

steeplechase jockey

a professional or amateur jockey who rides in steeplechases, often at heavier weights than normally carried by horses that race on the flat

buckle quard

a protective leather covering over a buckle on one or both sides

bean

a puttylike mass of smegma that collects in the urethral diverticulum of the penis

walkover

a race in which only one horse has been declared a starter; generally, to qualify for the prize money, the horse has to be saddled, paraded before the crowd, and then walked past the winning post

stakes race

a race in which the owners nominate their horse for participation and pay subscription, entrance, and starting fees, whether money or any added prize is added or not; usually stakes races are classfied into grades

sprint

a race of short distance

allowance race

a race with both allowances and penalties in regard to the conditions of the race, moneys won, races won or the date the last race or races were won

slicker

a raincoat made of oiled canvas or other water-resistant fabrics

Yorkshire boot

a rectangle of material, usually felt, with a tape sewn along the center; after the leg is wrapped, the tape is tied just above the fetlock joint and the top of the boot is folded down over it; provides two layers of protection

tail guard

a rectangular piece of blanket or leather with three or four straps at the sides and a long strap at the top; fitted over a tail bandage to prevent the horse from rubbing the hair from his tail

brand

a registered mark of identification , may be on the cheek, neck, shoulder, or hip; may be a freeze brand or a hot brand

Belgian Draft Horse Corporation of America

a registry for Belgians that require lineage traceable to US and Belgian studbooks

Spanish Mustang Registry

a registry in which the parents must be registered or pass inspection

Association of Parti-Colored Arabians APA

a registry of pinto colored Arabians

Wild Horses of America Registry

a registry to give recognition to wild horses and burros of America

bearing rein

a rein opposite the direction of the desired movement. this rein is laid against the horse's neck in the direction of the turn

amateur

a rider older than eighteen who does not get paid for riding

two-horse man

a rider who always goes to the hunt with a second horse so that he can hunt all day and keep up front without overtiring his mount

unseated

a rider who has been removed from the saddle by other than intentional methods of dismounting

tetanus

a rigid paralytic disease that causes death by asphyxiation due to rigidity of the respiratory muscles; caused by a toxin produced by a soil bacterium (Clostridium tetani); usually due to a contaminated puncture wound

sphincter

a ringlike band of muscle fibers that constricts a passage or closes an opening

sunfisher

a rodeo horse with good bucking abilities; used in bronc-riding events; a bucking horse that twists his body in the air

breeding roll

a roll placed between the stallion and mare at the time of breeding to prevent the stallion from penetrating too far into the vagina and injuring the mare

barbary pack

a rough scratched together pack of hounds not normally kenneled together but rounded up for the occasion with the hope that they will have sufficient nose and stamina to provide sport

breaking pen

a round pen built with high, solid walls to help prevent injury to horse and rider during training sessions

bolus

a rounded mass of food or medicine prepared by the mouth for swallowing

bit guard

a rubber or leather ring that lies between the horse's cheek and the bit ring or shank to prevent skin pinching

anquera

a rumble seat or mother in law's seat allowing a passenger to accompany the rider in a Mexican Saddle

stepping shortrt

a s

Texas trail saddle

a saddle popular around the 1880s to 1900; characterized by its three-quarter seat, high cantle with a roll, separate side jockey, eight-string seat, and full double rigging; a lightweight and comfortable saddle

utility saddle

a saddle that is between the jump seat and the show seat and is designed for general-purpose use, except jumping

bronc saddle

a saddle used in breaking broncos

eight-string seat

a saddle with a front jockey seperate from teh side jockey requiring four saddle strings on each side to anchor all the leather parts

spring-seat saddle

a saddle with a heavily padded seat and a large, soft, round cantle and pommel roll

six-string seat

a saddle with six saddle strings instead of eight, the two strings at the base of the fork are replaced with a screw-and-female arrangement

border-stamped saddle

a saddle with the full edge trim stamped with a design; often, just the corner of the fenders and skirts are stamped

black saddler

a saddler who specializes in making items of saddlery for riding horses

burning scent

a scent so hot so strong that hounds tear along the line without hesitation; also called screaming scent

three-quarter seat

a seat on which the leather extends forward to the rear edge of the stirrup leather grooves in the tree; has a separate side jockey; later, when the side jockey and the seat of the saddle became one piece of leather, it was called a short seat

spider

a second, reinforcing rigging strap over the fan of the tree of the tree attaching at each end of the rear rigging ring; reinforces the fank cinch rigging for heavy holding like steer roping

beef hide

a secondary grade of rawhide tree covering

zylazine

a sedative or tranquilizer used commonly in horses; rompun

breast-high scent

a sent that is so strong that hounds run with their heads down, but with their noses off the ground

biochemical profile

a series of chemical test run on blood or serum to evaluate organ function

bone spavin

a serious unsoundness affecting the bones of the hock joint; a bony enlargement that appears on the inside and front of the hind legs below the hock at the point where the base of the hock tapers into the cannon bone; also called jack spavin

syndrome

a set of symptoms that occur together, usually indicating a particular type of disease process

three-quarter shoe

a shoe used on horses that brush or those that need to have pressure removed from the heel; it has no inside heel, which leaves that section of the foot unprotected and without support; allows ailments such as corns to be treated easily

breast plate

a short , wide strap that passes over the neck in front of the withers; two adjustable straps run from each end of the short strap back to the saddle

bat

a short flat leather riding whip

billet

a short leather cinch strap that attatches to the rigging device or skirt slots on the off sid eof the saddle and to the cinch; used only with a buckle type cinch both front and rear 2. dropping of a fox

Diestus

a short period of sexual quiescence between metestrus and proestrus; 14-15 days long

bear trap saddle

a short seated wide swelled saddle with a high cantle, a true bear trap saddle has the wide swelled for Vs located backwards from the center: excellent for bronc busting, but dangerous if a horse falls because it is almost impossible for the rider to get out of it

trappy action

a short, quick turn

stock horse

a short-coupled, deep-bodied horse; a western-style horse of the Quarter Horse type, includes Quarter Horses, Appaloosas, Paints, etc;.; a horse suitable for working livestock

straight shoulder

a shoulder lacking sufficient angulation; see conformation comparisons (illus.)

elements

a show jumping word meaning one jump in a combination. a double has two jumps a triple has three

walk-trot horse

a show term meaning a saddle horse that only walks, trots, and canters; distinguished from the five-gated horse

six bar

a show-jumping competition in which the fences are identical in type placed in a straight line, and increase in height from the first to the last obstacle

bacterium

a single celled organism that multiplies by simple division can be spherical rod shaped or spiral some are beneficial some cause disease

acne

a skin condition caused by bacterial infection treatment involves wiping with antibacterial

sweet itch

a skin condition found in horses that are allergic to a particular pasture plant; causes intense irritation; rubbing to relive the itch leads to loss of hair; generally affects the crest, croup, and withers

demodectic mange

a skin disease caused by mites living in hair follicles and sebaceous glands, causing tissue damage through the production of toxins

bute

a slang term for phenylbutazone; an anti-inflammatory agent

slow gait

a slow animated, four-beat gait, similar to the rack; one of the gaits of the five-gaited American Saddle Horse; it is a true prancing action in which each foot in turn is raised and then held momentarily in midair before being brought down

amble

a slow four beat gait in which the horse's hind legs and foreleg on the same side are moved forward together but land separately without suspension

Tmor

a small and agile Indonesian pony; residents fo the Island of Timor and thus subject to strict isolation

strangulating lipoma

a small fatty tumor that is suspended by a stringlike structure and can encircle a piece of intestine, causing an obstruction and a lack of circulation to that segment of intestine

bot egg knife

a small knife with a serrated edge used to remove botfly eggs from a horse's coat

Assateague

a small pony believed to be the offspring from shipwrecked horses from colonial America, inbreeding caused a stunted appearance

vesicle

a small sac containing fluid, such as a blister

bridoon

a small snaffle bit used in conjunction with the curb on the double bridle; sometimes bradoon

tubule

a small tube

trapezium

a small, irregularly shaped bone behind the knee joint; see points of the horse (illus.)

buggy

a small, light, one horse carriage with or without a hood; four wheeled in the U.S. and 2 wheeled in the U.K.

tucked up

a small-waisted horse; may be a temporary condition due to hard work, lack of water, lack of bulk in the diet, etc.; also called gaunted up or ganted up

egg butt snaffle

a snaffle bit with oval (egg shaped) rings that join to the mouthpiece with a protective sheath that prevents lip pinching

snaffle key bit

a snaffle with small metal pieces dangling from the center, used in training young horses to the bit

body brush

a soft brush with fine bristles used to promote a healthy shine, a finishing brush

super saturated solution

a solution containing more of the ingredient that can be held in solution permanently; the ingredient will fall to the bottom of the solution if allowed to stand

squeal

a sound of anger, most often heard when horses are fighting

blind spavin

a spavin where the bone has degenerated, but there is no visible exostosis; a horse suffering from this condition will be lame without showing external signs of spavin

water jump

a spread show-jumping obstacle consisting of a sunken trough of water with a minimum width of 14 ft and a length of up to 16 ft; a small brush fence is usually placed on the takeoff side

elliptic spring

a spring used under the seat of carts and carriages to absorb shock

buckboard

a springless, four wheel carriage

Texas skirt

a square skirt so named because of its popularity in early-day Texas

Derby

a stakes race exclusively for 3 year olds a carriage originally built for Lord Derby; an open four-wheeled carriage; designed for carrying for carrying 4 passengers

boxstall

a stall in the shape of a large box' standard dimensions are 10x10 to 12x12

teaser

a stallion used to find mares in estrus by observing the mare's behavior toward him

steer wrestling

a standard rodeo event; the contestant rides alongside a running steer and jumps from the saddle onto the head and neck of the steer; the object is to stop the steer, twist it to the ground, and hold it there with the head and all four feet facing the same direction; the contestant that chieves this in the shortest amount of time is the winner; also called bulldogging

boundary rider

a station worker whose task is to ride the fencing on the property and repair any problems

back combing

a step in the process of main thinning to push back with a comb

stirrup, open

a stirrup without a front leather hood, shield, or tapderra

tack room

a storage room where bridles, saddles, and harnesses are kept

tie-down

a strap connecting the noseband on the bridle to the cinch; prevents the horse from throwing his head up; the western version of the standing martingale

tongue strap

a strap that passes across the tongue, fastening to the lower jaw; quite painful, but is used in flat racing to stop the horse from swallowing his tongue

Australian Pony

a strong attractive pony suitable for children, resembles the Welch Mountain Pony

apron

a strong covering worn by farriers to protect the front of the body while shoeing a horse

breaking cart

a sturdy, two wheeled , long shafted vehicle pulled by one horse

Activated Charcoal

a substance that absorbs many poisons and prevents them from being absorbed by the body

spasm

a sudden, involuntary contraction of a muscle or constriction of a passage

blinkers stay buckle

a support attachment to hold blinkers in place

back stay

a support extending from the upper to the lower portions of the carriage platform

vaccine

a suspension of attenuated or killed microorganisms administered for the prevention or treatment of infectious disease; specific in that a separate vaccine must be used for immunization against each disease

stayapparatus

a system of muscles, tendons, and ligaments in the body and legs that has the following three functions; helps support he horse while standing, acts to reduce concussion during movement, and prevents overextension; also known as the ligamentous structure that locks the leg so the horse can sleep while standing

artificial lighting

a system used to prolong estrus during the later winter and hasten estrus in the early spring months when mares are more generally more reproductively inactive. also used to promote shedding and maintain show coats

wry tail

a tail that is carried to one side rather than being held straight

banged tail

a tail which has been trimmed level at the bottom, seen in dressage horses and hunters, but not in arabians and western pleasure horses

spike team

a team of three horses, two abreast immediately in front of the vehicle and one horse out in the lead; used to enable a four-horse team to continue its journey if one horse goes lame

attitude

a temporary behavior resulting from a specific situations and or environmental conditions

tendon, digital extensor

a tendon that helps bring the hoof forward and straightens the joint

tendon, digital flexor

a tendon that helps draw the hoof up and bend the fetlock joint

by or sired by

a term us to indicate the male parent of the horse

spares

a term used in English racing stables for hoses that are being prepared for racing, but are not up to the standard of those horses actually racing

blow up

a term used in the dressage arena or the show ring when a horse either breaks from the pace at which he is meant to be going, generally misbehaves, or bucks

adequate bone

a term used to indicate that the horse appears to have enough height and or thickness of bone for his size, generally a personal opinion

spavin test

a test in which the affected leg is held acutely flexed for about two minutes, then released immediately before the horse is trotted; the test is considered positive for bone spavin if lameness is markedly increased for the horse's first few steps

bluffter

a thick , foam rubber noseband, covered in fleece; obscures the horse's vision below and behind him; reduces shying during a race; used mainly on trotters and pacers

vaulting surcingle

a thick leather strap with two handles that is fastened around the horse's barrel just behind the front legs

artery

a thick-walled blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart

toe grab

a thin protrusion of metal on the ground surfaceo fthe toe of a horseshoe; used primarily in taining and racing plates to give increased grip and action

sticker

a thin, rectangular, metal wedge placed on the ground surface of the heel of a horseshoe; used to provide better traction

tongue grid

a thing, metal serpentine suspended high in the mouth above the bit; the horse is scarcely aware of its presence, but cannot physically bring his tongue high enough to put it over the bit

thruster

a thoughtless, inexperienced rider who makes a nuisance of himself by overriding hounds and larking

All Around World Champion Cowboy

a title achieved by the top money winner who competed in two or more rodeo events

zootoxin

a toxic substance of animal origin

diazepam

a tranquillizer and anticonvulsant used in horses; also called valium

transmission

a transfer of a disease, nerve impulse, or inheritable characteristic

amnion

a transparent sac that directly envelops the fetus

supportive treatment

a treatment directed at sustaining the strength of the patient

tendon sheath

a tube enveloping a tendon; secretes a lubricant to reduce friction at points of stress

umbilical cord

a tubelike cord that connects the fetus to the placenta; serves as the transport mechanism of nutrients and oxygen from the mare to the growing fetus; also called navel cord

Dentigerous cyst

a tumor containing different types of material such as hair or tooth tissue; also known as ear fistula or conchal sinus

benign

a tumor, not malignant or recurrent, with a favorable outlook for recovery

wraps

a turn of reins around the jockey's hands to restrain a horse

winding

a twisting of the striding leg around in front of the supporting leg so as to walk in the manner of a "rope walking" artist; most often occurs in horses with very wide front; also called rope walking

torque

a twisting or turning force

whiskey

a two-person, open carriage with very high wheels

electric fence

a type of fence in which an electric current is run through smooth wire or woven plastic wire strands or ribbons; also called hot wire

botulism

a type of food poisoning caused by a neurotoxin produced by a bacterium; characterized by abdominal pain, nervous symptoms, secretion disturbances, and dilation of the pupils; can be caused by feeding poor quality silage

Yorkshire halter

a type of halter with a complete, ribbed, hemp headpiece and nosepiece with a string throatlatch and a fitted shank; strong and particularly useful for horses that pull back

tie stalls

a type of housing for horses that provides stabling for more horses than box stalls and requires less bedding and labor; a manger is usually built into the front of the stall; a provision is made for tying the horse and a tail chain is often put across the back; severely restricts the mobility of the horse, therefore exercise important

bullfinch

a type of jump found in England; a thick hedge too high to be jumped and through which the rider must bore

webbed shoe

a type of shoe to protect corns

XC finish

a type of surface finish on malleable iron stirrups; an extrabright cadmium plating used in place of galvanizing

blood spavin

a varicose vein enlargement that appears on the inside of the hock, but immediately above the location of bog spavin; an enlargement of the saphenous vein on the inside of the hock

whelp

a very young puppy

biting

a vice in horse, especially young horses, stallions, and spoiled horse; it can result from hand-fed treats, petting or improper training

yawning

a vice in horses when the horse continually opens his mouth and stretches his head down and out so as to attempt to evade any contact with the bit

wood chewing

a vice that generally results from boredom, in which the horses will bite and chew wood; most horses don't swallow the wood

western equine encephalomyelitis

a viral disease of horses and mules that causes inflammation of the brain and spinal cord; observed west of the Mississippi River in the U.S.; also present along the Gulf and Atlantic coasts

easternequine encephalitis

a viral disease similar to western equine encephalitis; occurring in the US in a region extending from New Hampshire to Texas and as far west as Wisconsin; also found in Canada, Mexico, the Caribbean, and parts of Central and South America

Adenovirus

a virus affecting horses and causing upper respiratory symptoms; of little significance except in horses with weakened immune systems

bet

a wager placed on a horse in a race or competition; to make a wager

snort

a warning signal used to alert a group of horses of impending danger, the sound is made by blowing air out through the nostrils; a horse will snort when he sees something that frightens him

biotin

a water-soluble vitamin of the B complex

weanling

a weaned foal that has not yet turned one year old

basic halter

a web headpiece and nose piece front its rope shank forms the nosepiece rear . its disadvantage is that there is not throatlatch and therefore the halter comes off easily

boot jack

a wedging device to help in removing boots, one foot holds the jack to the ground while the other heel is placed in the jack wedge; the wedge grips the boot so that the rider can pull the foot out easily

auction

a well established method of selling horses

stock seat equitation

a western class in which the rider is judged on his horsemanship, style and ability, and effectiveness at applying aids

squatter's rights

a western expression used when a rider falls off his horse

broom tail

a western range horse; a poor, ill-kept horse of uncertain breed and inferior quality

two-string saddle

a western saddle on which there are only two saddle strings, one on each back jockey of the saddle

swell, swells

a western saddle, the portion of the fork that bulges on each side from a line perpendicular to the point where the fork attaches to the bars of the tree; see western saddle; western saddle fork types (illus.)

stock saddle

a western-style saddle

skewbald

a white horse splashed with any solid color other than black

ankle marking

a white leg marking from the coronet to and including the fetlock

star

a white mark of varied size on the forehead; the size and shape should be noted; see markings, face (illus.)

white muzzle

a white marking over both lips up to the region of the nostrils

alum

a white powder with a sweet taste; used for its astringent action in control of diarrhea; mixed with zinc sulfate to control proud flesh

smoky eye

a whitish, clouded eye; see wall eyed

tufted whorl

a whorl where the hairs pile up into a tuft

bar plate

a wide metal plate connecting the branches of a horsehoe

broad spectrum

a wide range of activity, as in a wide range of bacteria affected by a broadspectrum antibiotic

stumor

a worthless horse or one that is not trying

trauma

a wound or injury that injures and destroys tissue

Declaration

a written statement from an owner, trainer, or representative, submitted before a race confirming that a particular horse will take part

average earnings index

a yearly earnings of a horse or the average earning of progeny as a proportion of the total amount of purses available in that year per horse

bitter rubberweed

a yellow flowered wed that may be only a few inches tall or as much as two feet tall; an irritant to the digestive tract

two-year-old

a young horse between his second and third birthday; for most registered horses, between January 1 and December 31 of their second year

three-year-old

a young horse between his third and fourth birthday; for a racehorse, between January 1 and December 31 of his third year

britzka

aPolish carriage used for hire; the front wheels are much smaller than the rear pair

ventilation

ability of air to be exchanged in an enclosed space such as a barn or trailer; generally provided by the doors, windows, and louvered boards of a barn; one of the critical aspects regarding a horse's health when constructing a barn

Agility

ability to move quickly and easily

Anaerobic

able to survive without oxygen

anhidrosis

abnormal condition of no sweat

big knees

abnormal growth caused by epiphysitis resulting from concussion

brachygnathia

abnormal shortness of the lower jaw; parrot mouth

emaciated

abnormally thin or weak, especially because of illness or a lack of food.

step mouth

abrupt change in height of the molars; often occurs between the third and fourth cheek teeth

albino

absence of all color pigments in the skin, hair and eyes. sensitive to light, not a true breed but started in the US originating from Morgan and Arabian crosses. They are docile, long lived and intelligent, with a special ability to learn circus exercises.

voluntary

accomplished in accordance with will

vice

acquired abnormal behavior that results from confinement or improper management; can affect the horse's usefulness, dependability, and health; examples are cribbing, weaving, and kicking

active immunization

acquired immunity due to the presence of antibodies formed by the body in response to an antigen

supplement

addition to a ration in order to increase specific nutrients; to provide more of a substance such as vitamins, minerals, or protein

ulcerated

affected with an ulcer

unilateral

affecting one side only

antispasmodic

agent that prevents muscle spasms

sulky

alight, two---wheeled racing rig; a small cart with rubber-covered wheels; designed for one person, used for trotting races

viable

alive or capable of living

bran disease

also called big head; nutritional inbalance reslting in bony deformities due to calcium reabsorbtion from bone

stress fractures

also called fatigue fractures; most commonly seen in young horses training at high speeds on dirt surfaces; incomplete microfractures usually on the front surface of the cannon bone

tipping head

also called tilted head ; the face of the horse is not held vertical; from the front, the head is slanted to the right or the left

acetyl promazine

also known as ace or acepromazine; a tranquilizer commonly used for horses

bursatti

also known as summer sores

Walking Horse

also referred to as the Tennessee Walking Horse; originally developed for plantation riding; characterized by an easy, running walk

wear

amount of biting surface of the incisors that is ground off in chewing

blind switch

an American term referring to a horse in a race that is behind a pocket of horses and is unable to get out and perform better

varnish roan

an Appaloosa roan pattern with a predominance of white hairs with dark varnishlike patches usually on the head, knees, hocks, and lower limbs

byerley turk

an Arabian stallion that was on of the three founders of the English thoroughbred; Byerley Turk was captured from the Turks at the siege of Budapest and brought back to en England by captain byerley , hence the name, never raced, the horse proved to be a top class sire

Brumby runner

an Australian bush horseman who captures wild horses

Waler

an Australian horse breed; a docile, courageous horse originally used by the military; the few remaining horses are now being used for jumping, hurdle races, and polo

Brumby

an Australian wild horse; cunning, resistant, and at times unmanageable; extinction is possible due to heavy culling of wild herds since the 1960s

throw up

an English expression meaning that the hounds have lost the scent and have given up or thrown up their heads

bent-top iron

an English stirrup that has a top that curves away from the rider's instep; this helps keep the heel down and is suitable for those riders who like to push their foot fully home in the iron

cade

an English term for a foal raised by hand

travel a horse

an English term; to trailer a horse

ookie

an abbreviated term for a bookmaker

bradycardia

an abnormally slow heart rate

edema

an accumulation of abnormally large amounts of fluid in the tissues

strangles

an acute infectious disease of the lymph glands caused by bacteria ; symptoms include nasal discharge, elevated temperature, and swelling of the lymph glands; if the swelling of the lymph glands is severe, it can restrict the horse's breathing (strangled), hence then name; also called (distemper

adjunct

an additional agent or measure used to assist a horse in overcoming a problem

Bacteriostatic

an agent that inhibits the growth of bacteria

tranquilizer

an agent that produces a quieting or calming effect without changing the level of consciousness

antiseptic

an agent used in the treatment of woulds or disease to prevent the growth and development of germs

tissue

an aggregation of similarly specialized cells united in the performance of a particular function

brace

an alcohol-based substance applied to horses' legs after exercise to prevent swelling

urticaria

an allergic condition characterized by the appearance of welts on the skin surface; also known as hives

appleton

an almost round horn cap the size of a small hen's egg

Tellington-Jones Equine Awareness Movement

an alternative approach to working with problem horses

bumper

an amateur race rider, an amateur race

arcade

an anatomic structure resembling a series of arches usually refers to the surface of the jaws that holds the teeth.

windy

an animal that whispers or roars when exerted; also called wind-broken

Autumn Double

an annual two race event held in Newmarket England consists of the Cesarewitch Stakes and the Cambridge Stakes

antitoxin

an antibody that can neutralize a specific toxin

blistering

an application of an agent to the skin to produce blistering and inflammation of the ski; used to treat chronic or subacute inflammation of joints, tendons, and bones; increases the blood supply to the site of the blister and induces more rapid healing

bug boy

an apprentice jockey, so called because of the "bug" or asterisk denoting the weight 5-lbs weight allowance in the official program

sit fast

an area of dry, dead skin on the neck or back; caused by pressure that stops the blood supply in the area

bridle marks

an area of wear on the face; the absence of hair caused by an improperly fitted bridle

temples

an area on each side of the forehead

tattoo

an artificial permanent identification; Thoroughbreds are tattooed on the inside of the lips

blacksmith

an artisan who works with iron and makes tools or weapons and horseshoes

breeding

an attempt to regulate the offspring though intensive selections of parents

skeleton-rigged saddle

an early saddle consisting of only a rawhide-covered tree and rawhide rigging for the rigging ring

breeze

an easy workout under stout restraints by the exercise rider to stabilize an already sharp horse's conditions between engagements

bioelectric impulse

an electrical impulse generated by living tissue such as muscle or nerve cells

totalisator

an electromechanical device used for a form of betting in which the total amount wagered, after deducting a percentage for costs, is divided among the holders of winning and placing tickets

brougham

an elegant, closed carriage with tow or four wheels designed for city use and drawn by one horse; named after an English lord

war bridle

an emergency bridle made of rope; used in leading unruly horses by exerting pressure on the poll; also called a come-along; often made of stiff lariat rope

valet

an employee who takes care of the jockey's equipment; helps the trainer saddle the horse, and helps carry saddle and equipment to and from the paddock

vertical flexion

an engagement of the entire body: abdomen, hindquarters, back, neck, and head; often mistakenly associated with head set; also called longitudinal flexion

stride

an entire sequence of steps in a particular gait; length of stride measured from where one hoof has left the ground to the spot where the same hoof again hits ground; see step

tryptophane

an essential amino aci

winging out

an exaggerated paddling; particularly noticeable in high-going horses

snorter

an excitable horse

youth

an exhibitor less than eighteen years old; additional age divisions are often created to separate children further

buy a lot

an expression used in racing for falling of a horse

take the horse

an expression used when a mare will stand and accept service from the stallion

adjuvant

an extra substance added to a prescription to increase the effect of the main ingredient

blue eye

an eye with a blue appearance; vision may or may not be affected, therefore it may or ma not be categorized as an unsoundness; also known as China eyed, glass eyed or cotton eyed

type

an ideal or standard of perfection combining all the characteristics that contribute to the animal's usefulness for a specific purpose; embodying all the breed's characteristics

broken wind

an inability to empty the lungs of air; caused by the rupture of some alveoli and characterized by difficult breathing ; a chronic cough and generally poor condition

spasticity

an increase in the normal muscle tone

Babesiosis

an infection spread by tick bite and caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Babesia

zoonosis

an infection transmissible under natural conditions from animals to humans

besnoitiosis

an infectious disease caused by protozoa that involves the skin, subcutaneous tissue, blood vessels, and other tissue

trichomonasis

an infectious intestinal disease characterized by sudden, severe diarrhea

alternative inflammation

an inflammation in which cell changes caused b bacterial toxins lead to tissue necrosis

Bursitis

an inflammation of the bursa, occasionally accompanied by the formation of a calcified deposit in the underlying tendon

bronchopneumonia

an inflammation of the lungs that begins in the terminal bronchioles, which become clogged with mucus and pus

alveolar periostitis

an inflammation of the periosteum of the alveoli due to infection, marked by separation and pain

bucked shin

an inflammation of the periosteum(bone skin) on front side of the cannon bone, usually occurring on the forelegs of young horses that are strenuously exercised; typically a temporary racing unsoundness

true lethals

an inherited condition in horses that causes death of the foal just prior to or shortly after birth

white foal syndrome

an inherited condition in which the foal is born health, all white, with blue eyes, but has a constriction in the large intestine; surgical correction is usually unsuccessful

white lethal

an inherited, genetic, lethal condition in foals in which the foal receives the gene for albinoism from both parents; the embryo will die in the uterus

tourniquet

an instrument for compressing a blood vesel by applying pressure around an extremity to control the circulation and prevent the flow of blood to or from the distal area

stethoscope

an instrument for listening to the sounds produced in the heart, lungs and gastrointestinal tract

electroretinograph

an instrument for recording electrical activity in the retina.

sweat scraper

an instrument for removing excess sweat or excess water after bathing a horse

speculum

an instrument for showing the interior of a passageway or cavity of the body; may be used to keep the horse's mouth open while the teeth are being floated

arthroscope

an instrument through which the interior of a joint may be inspected or operated on.

vise

an instrument used by farriers to finish shoes and to hold metal

uremia

an intoxication caused by the accumulation in the blood of waste materials normally eliminated in the urine; a result of inadequate kidney function

.tamed iodine

an iodine solution from which the usual burning effect has been removed

tie weight

an iron weight formerly used for ground-tying horses; rounded, but flat on the ground side, or square; usually weighed 8 lbs

Bell

an object rung in show competitions to signal competitors to start, restart, or stop, or to indicate eimination

spread fence

an obstacle in show jumping or cross-country that is wide rather than high; examples incldue water jumps and parallel bars

steward

an official at a race meeting appointed to see that the meeting is conducted according to the rules

Ysabella

an offshoot of the American saddle horse; originated in the U.S. on McKinzie Ranch, Williamsport, Indiana; used for pleasure riding and as an exhibition horse

break coach

an open four wheeled spring coach with two facing seats for the passengers, a front seat for the coachman, and an auxiliary rear seat for the footman; has a team of 4-6 horses

tonneau

an open vehicle drawn by one medium-build horse; easy to handle

vis-a-vis

an open, four-wheeled carriage with facing seats for four passengers

toxin

an organic poison; usually a protein produced by a living organism

Ehrlichia

an organism causing Potomac horse fever

virulent

an organism with great ability to cause disease; exceedingly pathogenic or noxious

Walking Horse Owner Association

an organization designed to promote the Tennessee Walking Horse

tug

an oval-shaped band topped with a buckle through which the shafts on a single-horse harness pass; in pair or team driving, the tug is the part of the harness by which the traces are attached to the hames; see harness parts A and B (illus.)

elk lip

an overhanging top lip; normally considered a conformation flaw

strain

an overstretching or overexercexertion of some part of musculature

bronco

an unbroken or imperfectly broken wild horse

bad minded

an uncooperative horse that resists training

bush track

an unofficial race meeting in the U.S.

arteritis

`inflammation of the arteries causing edema . can be caused by Equine Viral Arteritis EVA

breeching dee

a D shaped metal fitting that connects the breeching strap to the shaft

Dee

a D-shaped metal fitting through which various parts of the harness pass

Boulonnais

a French breed of very large quick-maturing draft horses, two distinct types- small and large; the small type is virtually extinct and the large type is used for draft work

Auxois

a French draft breed; a quiet, good-natured horse often branded with the letters TX on the left side of the neck; the breed dates back to the Middle Ages when it was used for drawing carriages and carts

Wielkopolski

a Polish breed; relatively new breed influenced by Arab, Prussian, Hanoverian, and English Thoroughbred bloodlines; used as draft horses and for riding; courageous, calm, and good mover

Sokolsky

a Polish draft breed influenced by the Norfolk, the Belgian Ardennes, and the Anglo-Norman; generally chestnut in color, but bay and brown are also found

Truckle Feature

a Quarter Horse that set the quarter-mile record at 21.02 seconds in 1969

Zemaituka

a Russian breed believed to be a descendant of the Asiatic wild horse; survives on poor feed; resistant to cold; may travel forty miles per day

Vladimir Heavy Draft

a Russian breed produced when local mares were crossed with a variety of draft breeds; a well-built, powerful horse

Budyonny

a Russian breed resulting from the cross between the Don and the English Thoroughbred: officially recognized in 1948 , a sturdy horse with a balanced appearance and great freedom of movement at all paces

Viatka

a Russian breed with good conformation and a solid biuld; suitable for light farm work

Tersky

a Russian breed; a docile, intelligent horse developed and bred at state-controlled locations for use in the military; now used for sporting events, cross-country, jumping, and dressage

abats Le Sultan

a Russian game on horseback , feathers and a mask

Turkoman

a Russian horse breed; an elegant horse developed from ancient breeds crossed with Akhal-teké bloodlines; noted for speed and endurance

troika

a Russian word meaning trio or three; a three-horse combination team hitched to a vehicle such as a carriage, wago, sleigh, or sled

Wing Commander

a Saddle Horse stallion that won the world's five-gaited championship six times

trotter

a Standardbred horse that races with a diagonal gait; slowest racehorse gait

Wurttemberg

a West German breed; a steady, docile riding horse used for saddle and light draft work

Bagman

a bagged fox. in places where foxes are scarce it is customary to bring a fox to hunt

Australian simplex safety iron

a balloon loop forward on the outer side of the iron on the stirrup that ensures the foot cannot become trapped

splashboard

a barrier designed to keep water from splashing up onto the passengers in a carriage; see carriage parts (illus.)

bilirubin

a bile pigment formed from the breakdown of red blood cells

bar bit

a bit consisting of a slightly curved bar with snaffle rings

bucking roll

and "extra set or swells" fastened onto the saddle horn to protect a rider when riding bucking horses ; allows the rider to wedge himself in, making it harder for the horse to buck him off

antirearing bit, chifney

a bit that has three rings, two for the cheek pieces and one for the lead rein, the upper part of the cheek swivels on the mouthpiece independently of the lower section, used to help control horse that rear

balanced bit

a bit that naturally turns to the straight up and down position. releasing the curb strap

broken bit

a bit with a break or hinge in the center of the mouthpiece

alkaloid

a bitter, basic organic substance found in plants

aneurysm

a blood filled sac formed by an abnormal dialation of the wall of an artery, a vein or the heart

bay

a body color in which the coat is dark red to yellowish brown in color and the mane, tail, and lower limbs are black. black on the limbs is referred to as black points

sorrel

a body color of red or copper red; mane and tail are usually the same color as the body, but may be flaxen

black

a body color where the skin mane tail and body hair are black. no other color s present, except that white markings on the face and legs are permitted

stirrup bolt

a bolt through the upper part of the stirrup, used to suspend it from the stirrup leather; also known as the cross bar at the upper end of the stirrup; the stirrup's point of suspension in the stirrup leather

ulna

a bone that, fused together with the radius, forms the forearm of the horse; see skeletal system (illus.)

spoke

a brace or bar extending between the hub and rim of the carriage wheel; see carriage parts (illus.)

breast harness

a breast piece elongated at each end to form long traces that pass through loops on the saddle and are coiled tightly around the length of the shafts of two wheeled sulkies

East Bulgarian

a breed developed at the end of the nineteenth century in Bulgaria by crossing TB Arabs and Anglo Arabs; an excellent saddle horse and a good jumper; lively, but mild mannered with good endurance

Danubian

a breed developed in Bulgaria a powerful, light draft horse, sometimes used under saddle; a strong and enduring breed; color: dark chestnut and black

Soviet Heavy Draft

a breed developed when draft mares were crossed with Belgian and Percheron stallions; the most common breed in Russia

calabrese

a breed found in Italy derived from the Arab, Andalusian, and English Thoroughbred bloodlines; an attractive horse with good endurance

alter-real

a breed from Portugal , quiet and intelligent, used for saddle horses, used by roualty in the 18th century, 15-16.1 hands

Einsiedler

a breed named after a town called Einsiedein in the Swiss Canton of Schwyz in Switzerland; generally these horse are docile and make good jumpers and saddle horses

American Bashkir Curly

a breed noted for a long, curly coat of hair especially well adapted to extremely cold weather like Russian mountains, Curlies are medium size and chunky, Registry formed August 14 1971

Suffolk

a breed of draft horse that is always chestnut in color

Tarbenian

a breed of horse from the French region of Tarbes; basically, an Anglo-Arab

Standardbred

a breed of light horses orgiinating in the U.S.; known ofr good stamina; used for driving and racing

Turkish Pony

a breed of pony not particularly attractive; calm in temperament; endurance makes it a good farm and pack animal

Spiti

a breed of pony originated in the Himalayas; used as a pack animal; a sturdy, vigorous mountain pony

Andalusion

a breed originating from Spain with influences fro m the Barb and many other European and American breeds characterized by high stepping movement, color, bay black gray and roan

Belgian Brabant

a breed originating in Belgium' generally classed as a division of the French Ardennes' docile workers with exceptional endurance

Belgian

a breed originating in Beljium, a heavy and closely coupled draft horse breed; common uses draft work and shows

Arabian

a breed originating in Saudi Arabia, oldest and purest of todays breeds. known for arching necks, flat croups, refined heads and one less vertebra.

Swedish Warm-Blood

a breed originating in Sweden; the breed goes back to the early seventeenth century when it was derived from crossing several different breeds including the Arab, the Adalusian, the Frisian, and the Hanoverian

Swiss Warm

a breed originating in Switzerland; the main foundation stock is Einsielder; used for riding and light draft work

Beberbeck

a breed originating in West Germany resulting from the cross between Arabs, Thoroughbreds, and local brood mares; a willing disposition is combined with a heavy Thoroughbred appearance

American Association of owners and breeders of Peruvian paso horses

a breed registry to qualify for registration there must be a stallion report on file and proper paperwork submitted with photos and fee or, if imported, must be registered in Peru or Honduras

Ardennais

a breed that originated in France; among the most powerful of all draft breeds

surcingle

a broad strap about the girth to hold the blanket or saddle in place; can be used in vaulting; for training such as longeing and ground driving, it supplies fasteners for side reins or longs lines

Blaze

a broad, white marking covering the forehead(but not the eye or nostrils) and extending down the face covering the whole width of the nasal bones

bruised sole

a bruised or blood clot that has developed on the laminae of the hoof and can be seen on the sole of the hoof; the horse may be lame and show pain when pressure is applied to this area

appointment card

a card sent out to interested parties by the hunt secretary informing them of the time and date and place of forthcoming meets

top bed

a carriage footrest; see carriage parts (illus.)

tilbury

a carriage made to seat tow persons; has two wheels and is light and elegant; a typical English gig

calash

a carriage that may or may not have a fold-down top and bottom and is drawn by 1 horse

vector

a carrier; capable for transmitting a disease; applies to flies, mosquitoes, ticks, etc.

sinus

a cavity or hollow space

biotransformation

a change in the composition of a drug by the liver

arsenic

a chemical found in rodenticides, weed killers, and insecticides

Working Cow Horse

a class in which a horse is judged on his performance in cattle working and reining exercises

Working Hunter

a class in which the horse is judged on style, form, and his ability to negotiate a course safely

Western Horsemanship

a class in which the rider is judged on seat, hands, ability to control and show horses; judges may assign an individual riding pattern

Western Pleasure

a class in which the western-type horse is ridden in the show ring and judged at a walk, trot, and lope both ways of the ring on a loose rein

Avermectin

a class of dewormer effective against many parasites including bots, includes ivermectin

tovero

a classification of Paint; those horses that have characteristics of both toblano and overo coat patterns

blocks

anesthetic injection to numb certain parts of the body; used to diagnose location of lameness or to facilitate standing surgeries

varmint

another name for a fox

slip head

another variation of the English bridle; a simple strap attached to a snaffle bit adjusted under the headstall and used with a Weymouth or full bridle

tetracycline

antibiotic used against certain infections; can cause diarrhea in horses

tetanus antitoxin

antibody used for the purpose of temporarily immunizing against tetanus

apprehensive

anxious or fearful that something bad or unpleasant will happen

sprain

any abnormal or unusual stretching of any ligament, tendon, muscle, or joint capsule; often associated with heat, swelling, and pain

stimulant

any agent, medicine, or drug that produces a feeling of wel being or increased energy or alertness

artifact

any artificial structure or feature concerning the anatomy of the horse eg a mark on a radio graph that may indicate bone fracture or damage

vessel

any channel for carrying fluid

warranty

any description, expression, or statement made concerning any matter relating to the conformation, health, or ability of a horse; given in writing at or prior to a sale; any legal recourse to litigation for recovery of any possible loss or damages by the purchaser can only apply to any matter detailed in the warranty

soporific

any drug or compound that induces or causes sleep

analgesic

any drug that relieves pain without causing unconsciousness

stopper

any drug that slows down a horse or prevents him from perfomring to the best of his ability

earth

any hole in which he fox takes refuge

stain

any horse that appears to be well bred, but is not registered

Sunday horse

any horse with comfortable gaits

timber

any jump or obstacle made of wood such as a gate, hurdle or fence

Blemish

any mark or deformity that diminishes the beauty of the horse, but does no affect his serviceability, there is no set classification to distinguish between an unsoundness or blemish for example, a splint may be either depending on location, cause and lameness

Dewormer

any number of commercial products administered by stomach tube, syringe or feed to control internal parasites

amino acid

any of a class of organic compounds that contains at least one amino group, -NH 2, and one carboxyl group, -COOH: the alpha-amino acids, RCH(NH 2)COOH, are the building blocks from which proteins are constructed.

small strongyles

any of forty species of strongyles that commonly infect the horse; thought to be less harmful than large strongyles; their larval migrations are limited to the intestinal walls

Diabetes

any of several metabolic disorders marked by excessive urination and persistent thirst

air above the ground

any of the high school movements in which the horses's legs are off the ground

tuberculosis

any of the infectious diseases of man and animals caused by a species of mycobacteria and characterized by the formation of tubercles and caseous necrosis in the tissues

bones

any of the separate parts of the hard tissue forming skeleton; there are four main classifications : short, long flat and irregular

venule

any of the small vessels that collect blood from the capillaries and join to form veins

Walking Horse Class

any of various competitions held for Tennessee Walking Horses at horse shows

sterilization

any procedure by which an individual is made incapable of reproduction, as by castration

transition rough

any resistance to the rider's aids during a transition; gait changes that are not smooth

agent

any substance or technique capable of producing a physical, chemical or biological effect

speedy cutting

any type of limb interference at the fast gaits

vehicle

anything that can mechanically carry diseased organisms from one source animal to another, such as clothing, food, water and dust

Eastern

applied to horses of Arab, Barb, or similar breeding

suitability

appropriate for a particular purpose or for a type or size of rider

speed of horses

approximate speed of normal gaits; walk, 4 mph; trot, 9 mph; gallop, 12 mph

aficionado

ardent devotee; fan; enthusiast.

axilla

area of the chest on the inside of the forearm

AI

artificial insemination

steroid

artificially produced drug that is similar to the natural hormone that controls inflammation; sometimes used illegally to promote muscle development

triple bar

ascending staircase jump consisting of three bars that add spread and increase in height

sweeny

atrophy or shrinking of the shoulder muscles due to a nerve injury

bull pen

auction ring

suckle reflex

automatic suckling when a finger or nipple is placed in a newborn foal's mouth; often used in the assessment of newborn foals

Badge of Honor

awarded to riders competing in Prix des Nations competition. bronze =5 silver=25 gold =50 competing in the Olympic games is as same as 5 Prix de Nations

brucellosis

bacterial infection found in poll evil and fistulous withers; causes variable fever, stiffness, and bursa enlargement at the poll or the withers

Echinochloa

barnyard grass

toes in

base narrow; see conformation comparisons, front limb (illus.)

toes out

base wide; see conformation comparisons, front limb (illus.)

eliminative behavior

behavior demonstrated by horses during defecation or urination, if given enough room a horse will usually walk some distance to an elimination spot

subcuticular

beneath the epidermis

submucous

beneath the mucous membrane

subscapular

beneath the scapula

subcutaneous

beneath the skin

back

between the withers and the loin, technically, the thoracic area from the 8th bertabra to and including the 18th dorsal vertebraor 2 beated gate in reverse or in racing to place a bet on a horse

aspiration biopsy

biopsy in which tissue is obtained by application of suction through a needle attached to a syringe.

blinders

blinkers

anal atresia

blocked anus, foal is born with no anal opening hence do products of digestion may pass, surgical correction is rarely beneficial

weights

blocks, normally of lead, placed in the weight cloth and used by the rider who is not heavy enough to make the specified weight for an event

thrombocyte

blood platelets; important in blood clotting

varicose vein

blood spavin; located at the inside of the hock

black type

bold face print on a horse's sales catalog that indicates a horse that has won or placed in a stakes race

tension band plate

bone repair mplant that prevents separation of a fracture

turbinate bones

bones in the nasal passage that filer and warm the air that is inhaled

vertebrae

bones that make up the spinal column; extend from the head to the tail

elbow

boney projection at the upper back of the foreleg; joint that permits forward bending of the leg

splint

bony enlargements occurring on the cannon or splint bones; characterized by swelling, heat, and sometimes lameness; most common in young, strenuously worked horses; see blemishes and unsoundnesses (illus.)

teeth

bony projections in the upper and lower jaws, used to grasp, pull, and chew food; when fully grown, the male horse has forty teeth; the female has thirty-six teeth and lacks canines; sharp points wear on the inside of the lower teeth and the outside of the upper teeth

tendon boot

boots made of leather with a thick pad at the back; used to protect tendons from overreach injury

top boots

boots with contrasting mahogany tops and white garters; originated with cavaliers in Britain in the 1700s, who used to turn down the tops of their boots to display the colored linings

thigh

bordered by the stifle, flank, croup, buttock, and gaskin; see points of the horse (illus.)

Three Bars

bred stallion that became a leading a Quarter Horse sire

burmese

breed found in Bruma; may be unreliable; has good endurance

Welsh Cob

breed from Wales; a courageous, agile horse bred from the Welsh Mountain Pony, possibly Arab, Spanish breeds, and the Hackney; now used for riding, jumping, trekking, and show jumping

Wild Horse of Wyoming

breed of the U.S. , originated from Arab, Spanish, Turkmene, and Berber lines; introduced by colonists and Cortez; stubborn and resistant

Tennessee Walking Horse

breed of the U.S.; height: 15-16 hands; strong, well built, docile, with a comfortable, four-beat running walk; common uses: show, saddle, harness, and all-around riding

Bosnian

breed originated in Yugoslavia, known for a calm temperament; widely used by farmers

Toric

breed originated in the Soviet Union; known for its quiet disposition; used for light agricultural work

Bhutia

breed originating in India; strong with good endurance; suited for rough terrain; used for pack

Appaloosa Horse Club

breed registry of more than 500000 Appaloosas

tice straw brush

brush that penetrates hair and lifts dirt

ankle boots

brushing boot to protect the fetlock joint as well as the tendons and ligaments above it

timed events

calf roping, team roping, and steer wrestling

adenocarcinoma

cancerous tumor of glandular tissue

tushes

canine teeth that erupt in the interdental space; usually only found in mature male horses

topical treatment

care affecting a particular spot on the surface of the body directed to the cure of a disease or injury

efferent

carrying away from a center

betting shop

censed bookmaker's establishment, not on a racecourse, that takes bets on horse races

simple lead chage

change from one lead to another with at least on stride at the walk or trot, or a halt in between

balance not maintained

change in balance by horse or rider

version

change of the polarity of the fetus in the uterus in relation to the mare

upward transition

change to a faster pace, as in going from a slow trot to an extended trot, or a walk to a canter

tying up

characterized by muscle rigidity and lameness; affecting the muscles of the croup and loin; accompanied by pain, disinclination to move, a variable temperature, and brownish colored urine; commonly seen in fit horses that resume heavy exercise after a few days of rest without any reduction in grain; also called Monday morning sickness, azoturia, or myositis

toxic shock

circulatory collapse due to the release of toxins from bacteria in the body

Amateur-Owner

class open to horses where the owner or member of the owners immediate family is the rider

trace clip

clipping the horse under the neck, along the belly, and bove the thigh; essentially the area the traces ofa cart would be; the back, neck, legs, and rump are not clipped

body clip

clipping the horse's entire coat including the legs

track right

clockwise movement in an arena so that the right leg is on the inside

astresia coli

closure of the colon, severed large intestines affected foals appear normal up to 24 hours then become colicky and die within 3-4 days

appointments

clothing, tack and equipment used in show riding

tobiano

coat color in Pintos and Paints; white patches extend from the back down, as if white paint were splashed on the horse from above; borders between color and white are usually sharper than in the overo; all the legs are white and the face is colored or colored with white facial markings

blue roan

coat color in which the coat has a blue tinge, which is the result of an equal mixture of white and black or black-brown hairs

blue dun

coat color in which the skin is black with the body color a dilute black, the mane and tail are always black, and there may be a dark dorsal stripe running from the base of the tail to the mane; a dark strip may also be present down the withers

strawberry roan

coat color; chestnut or sorrel with an equal miture of white hairs, gving the coat a pink tint; solid chestnut may be seen on the lower legs

yellow dun

coat color; dark skin with a diffuse yellow coat; the mane and tale may be black or chocolate; a withers stripe, list, and zebra markings may be present

brown

coat color; dark skin with black and dark brown hairs mixed; main and tail are black, hairs on the muzzle are the best indicator of the true color of the horse

white

coat color; light hair on white skin; this color is rare, as most light horses are gray (light hair on dark skin)

bright chestnut

coat color; primary color is bright golden red

Dark Bay

coat color; same as a bay with the primary coat color a reddish brown

stocking

coat marking; a white area on the leg, usually extending from the coronet up to the knee or hock; see markings, leg (illus.)

sock

coat marking; a white area on the leg, usually extending from the coronet up to the middle of the cannon bone

whorl

coat marking; may be a line or a spot where hair that lies in different directions meets; often seen on the neck in a circular pattern

amniotic fluid

colorless liquid surrounding the fetus, contains acids, salts, cells and mucus

agonistic behavior

combative behavior, a basic behavior pattern includes aggression, submission and attempts to escape

borium

common name for tungsten carbide, one of the hardest materials known; may be used to increase traction and durability in horseshoes

Western Division

composed of stock, trail, and pleasure horses classes; horses may be of any breed or combination of breeds as long as they are at least 14.1 hands, serviceably sound, and of stock horse type; riders must be dressed as for the stock seat equitation classes and carry a lariat or reata; a rain slicker may be required in trail and pleasure classes

titer

concentration

training tracks

concentric tacks inside the racecourse proper at Australian racetracks on which the great majority of Australian racehorses are trained; tracks that are set up for race-training purposes

astresia ani

congenital absence of a normal body opening the anus

umbilical hernia

congenital defect; the protrusion of contents of the abdomen through an opening in the muscle, forming a swelling or lump in the area of the navel

vitamin B

consists of a number of related compounds; B complex vitamins are present in virtually all the metabolic processes that take place in the horse

western bridle

consists of a set of reins, a bit, and a headstall; the type of reins may vary depending on rider's preference and use of the horse

urinary system

consists of the kidney, ureters, bladder, and urethra; removes waste materials from the body in the form of urine

thumps

contractions of the diaphragm in unison with the heartbeat; sometimes called diaphragmatic flutter

afferent

conveying toward a center

eclampsia

convulsions and coma in heavily milking mares due to loss of calcium through the milk

digital extensor tendon

cords of tough fibrous connective tissue in which muscle fibers end and muscles are attached to bone tendons of the fore and hind limbs that act to help move the hoof forward and lift the toe

snaffle bit

the oldest and simplest form of bit available; comes in a variety of types; consists chiefly of a mouthpiece with a ring at each end to which one pair of reins is attached, the snaffle is a nonleverage bit; the action of the snaffle is on the corners of the lips; some have a straight bar, some have a straight bar, some are slightly curved, and some are sing- or double-jointed; snaffle bit control requires two hands on the reins; the term snaffle is sometimes mistakenly used to describe any bit with a jointed mouthpiece; see English bridle (illus.)

angle of bite

the outer angle at which the upper and lower incisors meet

split hide

the outer, or grain, layer of a hide from which the under, or flesh, side has been removed

vulva

the outside opening of a mare's genital tract

Ectopion

the outward turning of the edge of the eyelid

bridle

the part of a horse's saddlery or harness that is placed about the head; there are three components to a bridle- reins, bit and headstall

twist

the part of an English saddle tree that is directly between the rider's thighs where they meet the body; see English saddle (illus.)

bur

the part of the bar that extends forward in front of the fork

Abdomen

the part of the body between the thorax and the pelvis

brow band

the part of the bridle that lies across the horse's forehead below the ears

body colors

four basic coat colors exist in horses , black, brown, bay and chestnut; these colors are further added to by the effects of greying, roaning, dilution, and spotting of the coat

sound

free from any abnormal deviation in structure or function that interferes with the usefulness of the horse; physically fit and shows no signs of weakness or illness

bronc

from Spanish meaning wild, now used to denote meanness or wildness in a derogatory sense

Anterior

front of the body, organ

acquired gaits

gaits that a horse must be taught

team

generally two, four, or six horses harnessed together and pulling a vehicle; any numbr of horses pulling together through any number of hitches

bensimidazole

generic name for a chemically and functionally similar family of dewormers that includes cambendazole and thiabendazole

xylazine

generic name for a tranquilizer or sedative; see zylazine

alternaria

genus of fungus that if grown in the lungs causes irritation, inflammation, and allergic reaction

skeleton

gives the body form; supports soft parts and protects vital organs; the horse's skeleton is made up of 205 bones; see illustration

sweat glands

glands located all over the horse's body, except the legs

blow

greatly increased force of respiration, as after hard exercise

bruxism

grinding of teeth; usually a reflection of severe pain

table of the tooth

grinding surgace of the tooth

sulci

grooves, trenches, or furrows

blood culture

growth of bacteria found in the blood of an infected horse

bloom

hair that is clean and glossy; denoting a healthy appearance; good body condition

wire

has a wire scar

spinal column

has five regions: cervical (neck), thoracic (back), lumbar (loin), sacral (croup), and coccygeal (tail)

bowler hats

hats used for hunting dress for women other than farmers' wives and men other than farmers; made from a mixture of rabbit furl, gossamer, and shellac and invariably black

swaybacked

having a decided dip in the back; also termed easy backed and saddle backed

solid color

having no white markings

sored

having physical evidence of inhuman training practices

tricuspid valve

having three cusps; referring to the left atrial ventricular valve of the heart

bipartite

having two parts or divisions

bilateral

having two sides or pertaining to both sides

thrifty condition

healthy; active; vigorous

anal colon

the part of the large intestine extending from the cecum to the rectum where digestive fluid is absorbed and solid food residue is rolled into balls of dung; measures three to four inches in diameter and ten to twelve feet in length

suspensory apparatus

the part of the stay apparatus that supports the fetlocsk and keeps them from touching the ground

travel

the path of flight of each limb during movement

Acetabulum

the pelvic socket into which the ball at the proximal end of the femur fits to form the hip joint

technical delegate

the person at an international horse show or three-day event who is responsible for seeing that the competition is run accrding to international rules; usually from a country other than the host nation

trainer

the person who conditions and prepares horses for racing or other sport

winner's enclosure

the place on a racecourse reserved for the first three horses in the race and to which their riders have to return mounted immediately after the end of the race

weighing room

the place on a racecourse where jockeys are weighed

ante-post betting

the placing of bets on a race at an agreed price prior to the day of the race

apposition

the placing of things in proximity, bringing together the edges of a wound for suturing

simple

the point at which hairs converge from various directions

Welsh Mountain Pony

height: less than 12 hands; originated in Wales; section of the Welsh studbook that includes animals less than 12 hands; this pony is smaller and probably the most elegant of the Welsh ponies; resembles the Arab; appearance combined with action makes it a desirable riding and harness pony

ultrasound

high-frequency sound waves above the range of human hearing 1. used to break down unwanted tissue, promote healing by stimulating circulation, and aid in accurate diagnosis 2. a sonogram that uses sound waves bounced off tissues; is often used in diagnosing pregnancy

blood-brain barrier

highly protective barrier between the blood plasma and the extracellular fluid of the brain, which allows limited nutrients to pass as well as highly lipid-soluble, non-ionized drugs such as anesthetic agents

spleen

highly vascular, ductless, visceral organ in the upper left abdomen near or across the surface of the stomach; stores blood cells, breaks down old red blood cells, and produces some of the infection[fighting white blood cells

ball and socket joint

hip and shoulder joints

brittle hooves

hooves that are abnormally dry and fragile

thyroxin

hormone produced by the thyroid gland

adrenocorticotropic hormone

hormone produced in the pituitary stimulates the growth and secretions of the adrenal cortex

anabolic steroids

hormone that increases muscle mass

androgen

hormone that promotes masculine characteristics

van

horse box; horse trailer

Tibetan

horse breed of Tibet; possibly descended form Chinese and Mongolian ponies; strong; suitable for farm work, packing, or riding; lively and energetic

breeding stock

horse used to produce offspring

wagon horses

horses intermediate in weight and height between the draft and the chunk; weight: 1300-1600 lbs; height: 15.2-16.2 hands; usually have less depth of body and longer legs than draft horses; occasionally still used to make deliveries

balloted out horse

horses that have been nominated for a race or event but because of greater than the designated safety limit are not allowed to compete

egg bar show

horseshoe with a curved bar connecting the heals, given the shoe an egg shape; provides support to the heel of the foot and the fetlock

tail hounds

hounds that run at the rear of the pack

body language

how a horse holds and moves his body to convey his feelings

action

how a horse moves at all gaits, degree of flexion of the joints of the legs during movement , some classes require high, snappy action and others seek easy ground-covering action

Antiserum

human or animal serum containing antibodies that are specific for one or more antigen use for protection

allergy

hypersensitivity to a substance, resulting in an inflammatory immune response

sitting trot

in English riding events, the judge may call for the riders to trot their horses and sit the trot rather than post

weaving

in a rhythmic swaying of weight from one front foot to the other when confined; this nervous condition or habit can be socially contagious; may be a symptom of a horse under too much confinement

weigh in

in certain equestrian sports where a specified weight has to be carried, such as show-jumping, combined training and racing, the rider has to be weighed immediately after completion of the race or after his round in the competition to ensure the correct weight was carried throughout the event

weight out

in certain equestrian sports, a specified weight has to be carried, such as racing, combined training, and show jumping; the rider has to be weighed before the race or competition to ensure the correct weight is carried

unconstrained

in dressage, a horse that is moving freely, yet energetically, with relaxed muscles, as if on free rein

traces

in driving, the parts of the harness that run from the collar to the single tree; the leather bands by which pressure is to be transferred from the collar to the vehicle; see harness parts A, B, and C (illus.)

therapeutic index

in drug use, the margin between the safe dose of a drug that effect a cure and the toxic dose that will kill the patient

breakage

in pari-mutuel betting, the odd cents left over, after paying the successful bettors to the nearest ten cents

stone boat

in pulling competitions, the stone weight that is pulled

Dark Horse

in racing, a horse with a form that is little known outside his own stable

weight allowance

in racing, claimed by a jockey or apprentice who has not ridden a certain number of winners

each way

in racing, to back a horse to win and to place in the first three

breaking the barrier

in rodeo and timed events , when the contestant rides through and breaks the barrier before it is released; the contestant receives a penalty or may be disqualified

black walnut

in the form of shavings, black walnut trees can be toxic to horse; the tree may also be dangerous to horses in spring due to allergic respiratory reactions to the tree's pollen. if the horse chews on the bark, he may get colic or laminitis

underlay

in wagering parlance, when the odds are less than those estimated by the track's official morning line maker

diabetes mellitus

inability of the body to utilize sugars; results in an increase in blood sugar and an increase in urine production

aspermia

inability to secrete or ejaculate sperm

abasia

inability to walk due to lack of muscular coordination

tail

includes the dock and all the hair

elongate

increase in length

at the girth

indicates the rider's legs are positioned properly on r slightly behind the girth

arthritis

inflammation of a joint or joints

desmitis

inflammation of a ligament

sinustitis

inflammation of a sinus; marked by discharge of pus from one or both nostrils

vesiculitis

inflammation of a vesicle, especially the seminal vesicle of the male horse

arthrochondritis

inflammation of cartilage in a joint

bronchitis

inflammation of the bronchial tubes; often marked by fever, coughing, and difficulty breathing

aspiration pneumonia

inflammation of the lungs caused by the aspiration of vomitus or other foreign matter

synovitis

inflammation of the membrane lining the joint cavity

stomatitis

inflammation of the mucous membranes lining the mouth

Dermatitis

inflammation of the skin

bronchial pneumonia

inflammation of the smaller bronchial tubes; characterized by feaver, difficulty breathing, nasal discharge, depression, dull eyes, coughing, and a rasping, crackling sound in the horse's rib cage

allergic bronchiolitis

inflammation of the smallest divisions of the bronchial tubes, deep in the lungs, caused by allergic reaction to a substance

tendosynovitis

inflammation of the tendon sheath

tenosynovitis

inflammation of the tendon sheath

tendonitis

inflammation of the tendons and tendon-muscle attachments

tracheitis

inflammation of the trachea

vaginitis

inflammation of the vagina marked by pain and a purulent discharge

stomach

initial part of the gastrointestinal tract where food is mixed with stomach acid and some nutrient absorption takes place

unlevel

instead of the feet taking even weight as they come to the ground at the walk or trot, one foot may take more weight than the other, giving the appearance of slight lameness

tongs

instrument used to hold hot metal

barren mare

intact female horse that was not bred or did not conceive the previous season

triglyceride

intermediate form of fat circulating in the body for chemical transport or nutrition

viscera

internal organs and glands contained in the thoracic and abdominal cavities

tapeworms

internal parasites of the small intestine of the horse

Arrythmia

irregular heart beat

Dew poisoning

irritated weepy patches on the face and caused b y contact with certain plant juices; examples are small headed sneezewood, stinging nettles and spurge

summer sores

irritated, spreading sores that develop from a wound; may be as small as a dime, but will enlarge rapidly within a week's time; caused by the eggs of the Habronema fly

Artificial Aids

items such as a crop whip spur and a martingale used to support natural aids used to support natural aids, used to help convey instructions to a horse

Aiken

jump made of vertical rails and a mound of fir boughs

Articulation

junction between two or more bones, joint

Buck-kneed

knees are too far forward, over at the knees

broken knees

knees showing scars or broken skin due to an open injury caused by a fall; these scars my be an indication that the horse is awkward and inclined to stumble

aleopecia

lack of hair in areas where normally present

deficiency

lack of one or more basic nutrients such as a vitamin, mineral or amino acid

anoxia

lack of oxygen

aplastic anemia

lack of red blood cells due to an inability of the bone marrow to produce them

splenius muscles

large flat muscles of the neck; see muscular system (illus.)

soup plate feet

large, round feet, much bigger than normal; common in horses having spent a considerable period of time (usually in excess of six months) walking in wet, swampy, and/or marshy conditions; the feet usually return to nomral when the horse is moved to dry ground

bending

lateral arcing of the body characteristic of circular works; the uniform bending of the horse's entire body from poll to tail to follow the track on curves and circles; may be referred to as lateral suppleness

brushing boot

legwear designed to protect the legs from the sores and lameness caused by one foot striking the other foot or leg

white cells

leukocytes or white blood cells; colorless blood cells active in body defense against infeciton or other assault; occur in five types: neutrophils, lymphocytes, eosinophils, monocytes, and basophils

ultraviolet light

light rays beyond the violet end of the spectrum; having powerful chemical properties and used in radiation treatment

summer sheet

light, unlined blanket; see sheet

bumping the bit

lightly applying and then releasing pressure on the bit through the reins

white coronet

limb marking; hair immediately above the hoof is white; see markings, leg (illus.)

white heel

limb marking; white at the back of the pastern to the hoof; may be one or both heel bulbs; see markings, leg (illus.)

white fetlock

limb marking; white on the fetlock joint in any variation; see markings, leg (illus.)

ausultation

listening to organ sounds with a stethoscope

abscess

localized collection of pus

verminous aneurysm

localized dilation of the wall of an artery; caused by worm infestation

stirrup leathers

long leather straps that support the stirrups; see English saddle; western saddle (illus.)

anorexia

loss of or decrease in appetite

tripped

loss of or lack of balance; during a movement, when the horse trips in one or more strides

squamous cell carcinoma

lumpy, irregular cancer of the superficial cells of the skin

blood

make up 1/18th of a horses body weight; transports nutrients, oxygen and waste products, regulates temperature, equalizes water content, and produces immunities

Trotting Horse Association

makes the rules for harness horses

testicle

male reproductive gland that occurs paired in an external skin sac; produces sperm; also called testes

testosterone

male sex hormone responsible for masculine appearance and behavior of a stallion; secreted by the testicles and adrenal glands

udder

mammary gland; the equine udder consists of two mammary glands; may be called bag or dug

turn on the haunches

maneuver in which the horse's forehand rotates around his hindquarters; turn on the hindquarters

stones

masses of extremely hard and unuielding material

bedding

material put down in a stall on which the horse may stand or lie, straw, sawdust, wood shavings, sand, peat moss, leaves or sugarcane stalks are considered to be good bedding for horses

spermatozoa

mature male germ cels capable fo fertilizing the ovum; the specific output of the testes; sperm

digitalis

medication derived from the foxglove plant; used to increase strength of the heart contraction during heart failure

ball

medicine pill made from gelatin

third eyelid

membrane that covers the inside corner of the eye underneath the eyelids; in an injured eye, it can cover more of the eyeball

springing

methods of carriage suspension

trace minerals

minerals found in small quantities in feed and required in small quantities by the body

stakes class

money-earning class

anconite

monkshood

Balance forward

more weight supported by the front legs than the back

digestive organs

mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, cecum, large intestine, rectum, and anus

Adduction

movement of a limb toward the midline of the body

Diaphragm

muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities

Biceps

muscle with two heads or points of origin

butorphanal

narcotic tranquilizer used in horses

stenosis

narrowing or stricture of a duct or canal

stenosis

narrowing or stricutre of a duct or canal

Basuto

native to the Cape area of South Africa a small heavyset pony with short legs and hard hooves: tough and fearless, their endurance ability enables them to survive on poor rations

spooky

nervous and prone to shy

Ammonia Poisoning

nitrate poisoning

whole colored

no hairs of any other color on the body, head, or limbs

tendon

nonelastic, fibrous connective tissue that connects muscle to bone or cartilaginous structures

allele

nonidentical genes that are located at the same physical position on a chromosome

temperature

normal adult temperature varies among horses, but will usually range from 99.5-100 degrees F

biologically inert

not affecting body processes or eliciting a tissue reaction, as in a virus used to produce a vaccine

abnormal

not usual, not typical, strange

single foot

now called a rack; see rack

vitamins

nutrients necessary for growth and general health; different vitamins are used for different functions and can be categorized into two main groups: fat soluble (vitamins A, D, E, and K) and water soluble (vitamins C and B complex)

biological

of or relating to life or living processes; a medicinal preparation made from living organisms or their products, including vaccines, antitoxins, serums, etc

three-gaited saddle horse

often called walk-trot horses; horses that have three gaits: walk, trot, and canter

barb

old breed similar to Arabians, originated in North Africa and widely used for Cross-breed

Box

on a carriage the seat from which the driving is done

ventral

on or located toward the lower or bottom surface

back strap

on the driving apparatus, the strap that joins the crupper's dock piece to the saddle pad

wing

one of a pair of upright stands with cups or similar fittings used to support the poles or other suspended parts of a show-jumping obstacle

eluin

one of the many cries used by huntsman to encourage his hounds; this particular one tells them to draw a covert

benzene hexachloride

one of the products used to treat mange

bull riding

one of the standard events in a rodeo; the contestant has to ride a bull, which is equipped only with a rope around his middle that the rider holds with one hand, and a flank strap

bronc riding

one of the standard rodeo events; contestants attempt to ride a bucking horse for a specified period of time

Abayyan

one of the strains in the purebred Arabian

Abu' urqub

one of the strains in the purebred Arabian

also-ran

one who is defeated in a race, election, or other competition; loser

veterinarian

one who treats diseases or afflictions of animals medically or surgically; a practitioner of veterinary medicine or surgery

Bashkir Curly

originated from North Eurasia Russian Federation, resembles the look of a Morgan horse with the large wide set eyes of oriental horses, they have tough round hooves, a short back and a round barrel

Basque Pony

originated in Spain, very hardy, well adapted to survival in the wild, recently shown to be suited to riding, jumping, dressage, cross-country, etc

Asiatic Wild Horse

originating in Mongolia, still roams wild in Asia, has remained unchanged since the Ice age color dun main and tail are black eel striped

Suffolk Punch

originating in Suffolk County, England, this breed is said to b a descendant of the "Great Horse," which was a medieval charger bred in the Netherlands for military purposes by crossing the largest draft horses with eastern bloodstock; a strong, dependable draft horse; color; all shades of chestnut

bite, angle of

outer angle at which the upper and lower incisors meet

superficial flexor tendon

outer tendon connecting the muslces of the upper leg to the back of the pastern bones

bit bars

outside portion of the bit where it attaches to the shanks and rests on the bars of the mouth

turnout

overall appearance of a horse and rider

strangulated

overloaded with blood due to constriction

tick paralysis

paralysis due to a toxin secreted in the saliva of certain female ticks

barrel

part of a horses body between the forelimbs and the loins, may also refer to rib cage

waist

part of the English saddle just forward of the seat; see English saddle (illus.)

brain stem

part of the brain that controls basic body functions such as respiration, temperature and heart rate

bellyband

part of the driving apparatus on a two-wheeled cart; may be a separate band buckled onto the back band, or one continuous strap; serves to keep the shafts securely in position which is important for proper balance

thoracic vertebrae

part of the spinal column that has ribs attached; forms the chest; see skeletal system (illus.)

Blindness

partial or complete loss of vision; any evidence of defective vision constitutes as grounds for rejecting a horse for unsoundness

at grass

pasture horses

Anestrus

period of time when a female is not having estrous cycles

backer

person who places a bet on a horse

verminous

pertaining or due to a worm

topical

pertaining to a particular surface area, as in topical treatment

bacterial

pertaining to bacteria, plural

degenerative

pertaining to deterioration and change of a tissue to a less functional form

spastic

pertaining to or affected by spasm

toxic

pertaining to or due to the nature of a poison

adrenal

pertaining to the adrenal glands

vascular

pertaining to the blood vessels

systemic

pertaining to the body as a whole

buccal

pertaining to the cheek

visceral

pertaining to the large internal organs, especially those in the abdomen

vestigial

pertaining to the remnant of a structure that functioned at an early stage of develpoment; rudimentary

venous

pertaining to the veins

blue nose

photosensitization occurring on the nostrils

back of knee

pisiform bones

transverse

placed crosswise, at right angles to the long axis of a body part

bracken fern

plant known as Pteridum aquilinum; poisoning causes incoordination , abnormal stance, and convulsions; can be fatal

automatic water bowls

plummed in water to fill to a cerain spot all the time

arena markers

points used to define patterns and mark areas of an arena

acorn poisoning

poisoning due to eating oak leaves or green acorns; causes severe intestinal and kidney damage, and often results in death

taxus

poisonous plant

yellow star thistle

poisonous plant found throughout the southern western, and eastern U.S

bacteremia

presence of bacteria in the bloodstream

bar pressure

pressure on the indenture gap in the lower jaw

bay brown

primary coat color is brown, with black paints, black mane and tail and a by muzzle

tetany

probably related to the high crude protein content of certain pasturage; a diet lacking in magnesium and calcium is associated with the condition

Thoroughbred

product of at least 200 years of breeding; the Darley Arabian, the Byerly Turk, and the Godolphin Arabian are the progenitors of the breed; today's Thoroughbreds usually stand 16=17 hands and are fine in conformation with long, well-muscled legs; their fame lies in racing; also used as saddle horses, polo mounts, and hunters; the term Thoroughbred refers strictly to the breed and should not be used as a synonym or purebred

degenerative joint disease

progressive deterioration of a joint cartilage causing lameness

stirrup bar

projections on the English saddle tree of either metal or fiberglass to which the stirrup leathers attach; see English saddle (illus.)

Thoroughbred Horses for Sport

promotes Thoroughbreds in the Olympic disciplines

symmetrical

proper balance or relationship of all parts

splint boots

protective coverings worn around the cannons of the front legs to prevent injury

skid boots

protective leg boots that cover the rear portion of the fetlocks to prevent abrasion and burns when the horse is performing sliding stops; often used on roping and reining horses

arthrocentesis

puncture of a joint space using a needle to remove accumulated fluid

sport horse

purebred or crossbred horse suitable for dressage, jumpig,eventing, and endurance

asking the question

pushing a horse to make a supreme effort when he is near his physical limit in a competitive event

track bandage

q. a fabric wrap with a slight degree of elasticity used to keep cottons in place on leg wraps; often used on racehorses 2. a wrap used to control short flyaway hairs in the tai; it may cut of circulation in the tail if wrapped too tightly or left on longer than three hours; also called tail bandage

trailer

q. the horseshoe heel that is extended one-half inch or more beyond the heel of the horse's foot; 2. vehicle used for transporting horses

swipe

racetrack slang for a groom, stable hand, or exercise boy

atrial fibrillation

rapid, random, ineffective contractions of the atrium

tracheal wash

recovery of mucus from the lung by injecting and then withdrawing a sterile solution; done through a long, flexible, fiber-optic endoscope or a small surgical incision

banting

reducing a jockey's weight

Dermatomycosis

referring to a superficial fungal infection of the skin

eccrine

referring to outward secretion from the seat gland

weed

refers to a horse that is small, underdeveloped, and lacking size and muscle when compared to other horses of the same breed

aseptic

refers to something being sterile, free from living germs

aids, lateral

rein and legs acting mainly on the same side

diaphragmatic

relating to the muscular partition separating the cavities of the chest and abdomen

vasectomy

removal of part of the vas deferens in the male; this operation causes the sperm to be produced, but prevents the sperm from passing out during ejaculation, thus preventing conception

Dialysis

removal of waste products from the blood

weaning

removing the foal from the dam; usually done at four to six months of age by separating the foal and dam

vitamin A

required for normal body cell function, especially in the skin, hair eyes, and other outer body tissues; deficiency can cause moon blindness or the inability to see properly at night

brace bandages

resilient bandages on the legs of horses worn in some cases in an effort to support lame legs; worn in other cases to protect a horse from cutting and skinning his legs while racing

vitamin K

responsible for the production of the blood-clotting factor; any deficiency will cause internal bleeding

ear twitch

restraint by twisting the ear at its base

Autoimmunity

result of the production of autoantibodies, may cause damage to normal tissues

Devonshire Slipper iron

shaped like a heelless slipper and hung on a revolving bar from the stirrup leather; the slipper itself is leather and covers the front of the riders foot

trochar

sharp, hollow-pointed instrument for piercing the wall of a body cavity

acuity

sharpness of vision

elbow boots

sheep skin lined pads worn high on the front legs to protect the elbows from the front feet as they are folded back in top stride; needed on high-gaited trotters

antisweat sheet

sheet used to keepp a sweating horse warm as he cools down from a workout, thus preventing him from getting a chill

travel boots

shipping boots; thick, contoured, padded boots held in place by straps; specifically designed to protect the leg during travel

boil

shoe boil

three-calk pacing shoe

shoe for pacers

three-calk trot shoe

shoe for trotters

acute

short and relatively severe course of development , opposite of chronic

smooth coat

short, hard, close-fitting coat of hair

sloping shoulders

shoulders properly angulated

aids

signal or cues used by the rider to communicate with the horse

boggy hock

similar to a bog spavin except that the entire joints swells

electrolytes

simple inorganic compounds that dissolve in water; in body fluids, they are capable of conducting electricity in various body functions such as nerve impulses, oxygen and carbon dioxide transport, and muscle contractions; the important electrolytes in horses are sodium, potassium, chloride and calcium

worming

slang for the act of administering medications to help control parasitic infestation; medication may be administered through tubing, paste, in the feed, etc.; more correctly called deworming

slow lopers

slang term for western pleasure horses

strangury

slow and painful urination; caused by urehtra and badder spasm

Black Marks

small areas of black hairs on any other color

skirts

small flaps on either side of the seat covering the stirrup bars; see English saddle; western saddle (illus.)

ear cones

small hoods made or cloth, they are slipped over the ears to deaden the sound of horses coming from behind

ecchymosis

small patches of skin discoloration or mucous membranes caused by the escape of blood from vessels into the tissue

Dapple

small spots patches or dots on the coat that contrast in color or shade with the base color such as dapple grey

wolf teeth

small teeth located in the interdental space just in front of the premolars; horses may have up to four wolf teeth

atrium

smaller paired chambers of the heart receiving blood from the veins and transporting it to the ventricles via muscle contractions

wheals

smooth, slightly raised areas of the skin surface that are redder or paler than the surrounding areas

balling up

snow build up in horses hooves . greasing the soles or snow pads will help prevent

Alveoli (dental)

socket in the jaw bones in which the teeth are held

Dental pulp

soft core within the tooth where nerves and blood vessels are located

bank

solid earthen ramp or wall that is used as a drop jump

bray

sound of a jack

borborygmus

sounds caused be the passage of food, fluid, and gas through the digestive system; these sounds are increased in spasmodic colic and diarrhea, and decreased in impaction

aerophagia

spasmodic swallowing of air followed by eructations

elderberry

species of poisonous plant that contains cyanide and can cause sudden death if eaten

wash rack

specific area for washing horses; must ensure good footing when wet and adequate drainage

snowflake

spotting all over the body, but may be dominating over the hips; small white or frostlike spots on a dark base coat

elasticity

springiness to the step, making the horse barely seem to touch the ground

Bulldogging

steer wrestling

viscous

sticky; thick; syrupy

diarrhea

stool of abnormal frequency and liquidity

bladder

stretchable, membranous sac that temporarily stores urine secreted by the kidneys

zebra marks

striping on the limbs, neck, withers, or quarters, as in the zebra-striped legs of a dun

bar risers

strips of wood or leather placed on top of the bars behind the fork to shape the contour of the seat

anantomy

study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts

substrate

substance acted on by a chemical

surfactant

substance found in foals' lungs to allow the lungs to inflate adequately

dicoumarin

substance produced in moldy or spoiled of sweet clover

aborfifacient

substance that causes abortion

antivenin

substance that counteracts the toxicity of venom

antioxidant

substance that prevents oxidation of other molecules

animal hair bleach

substance used to remove yellow stains and discoloration in mane and tail

tied up

suffering from the painful spastic condition of large rump muscle masses; also known as azoturia

ashyxiation

suffocation

sullen

sulking; resentful; withdrawn

Dermatitis Granulosa

summer sores

boil

summer sores

arthodesis

surgical fusion of a joint

thoracentesis

surgical puncture of the chest wall for draining fluid

abdomincentesis

surgical puncture to remove fluid from the abdomen

biopsy

surgical removal and examination of living tissue as an aid to precise diagnosis

acute inflammatory response

swelling due to a recently acquired bruise or injury; can be reduced with cold therapy

stock up

swelling of the horse's lower leg with edema due to restricted exercise

warble

swelling under the horse's skin caused by a parasitic larva of the ox warble; in horses, larvae sometimes migrate to the back or flank area where they form abscesses after failing to break through the surface

trichoglyphs

swirls of hair coat; cowlicks; hair whorls

turgid

swollen and congested

swishing tail

tail movement; some horses may swish out of frustration; shows resistance

training

teaching the horse what actions are expected in response to the cues of the handler

Agar Gel Immunodiffusion (AGID)

technical name for coggins test

apnea

temporary cessation of breathing

volatile

tending to evaporate very quickly

against the clock

term used in show jumping, a competition, or jump-off, in which the competitor with the fewest faults and the fastest time becomes the winner

abortion

termination of pregnancy

Blind Country

terrain so overgrown with weeds and underbrush that it is not possible to gauge the jumps and footing

wall of the hoof

that part of the hoof that is visible when the foot is placed flat on ground; divided into the toe, the quarters ( the sides), and the heel; see hoof (illus.)

skull

the 37 bones comprising the structure of the head; see illustration

stillbirth

the delivery of a dead foal that occurs after 300 days from the date of conception; any birth of a dad foal prior to 300 days after conception is usually termed an abortion

stretch call

the demand on the racehorse by the jockey for the final effort just prior to the finish off the race

bascule

the desirable arc a horse body makes as it goes over a jump

appetite

the desire of the horse to eat feed and drink water. depressed appetite is usually a symptom of a health problem

tap root

the direct female line of descent or female line in a pedigree

swan neck

the downward arch of the upper and lower sides of the neck

Defecation

the elimination of solid waste products from the body

autopsy

the examination of a corpse to determine the cause of death

tail, female

the female or bottom line of the pedigree

atlas

the first vertebra of the cervical region

urine

the fluid excreted by the kidneys, passed through the ureters, stored in the bladder, and discharged through the urethra; healthy urine is of a slightly amber color

tracheotomy

the formation of an artificial opening into the trachea to keep a horse from suffocating in an emergency

urolithiasis

the formation of urinary stones and solid masses of mineral substances somewhere in the urinary tract

toe

the front part of the hoof; see hoof (illus.)

length of Daylight

the gauge of victory in a race; if there is room for one horses body between the first and second horses body he may be called to winner by 1 length of daylight

temperament

the general consistency with which the horse behaves; the horse's suitability for the job he is to perform

tactile hairs

the hairs on the outside of the nostrils and lips of the horse; help the horse distinguish between good and bad feed

breeching

the harness apparatus by which the horse holds back the vehicle when there is no brake

ear

the hearing organ of the body

agglutination titer

the highest dilution of a serum that causes clumping of bacteria or other particular antigens

withers

the highest point of the horse's shoulders; the bony protrusion between the neck and back; see points of the horse (illus.)

Den

the home of a fox, when hounds pursue a fox into his hole, they are said to den him

solution

the homogeneous mixture of one or more substances dispersed in a sufficient quantity of dissolving medium

whinny

the horse's sound that denotes happiness, anticipation, anxiety, etc.

tote board

the indicator board of the totalisator on which is flashed all pari-mutuel information before or after the race

transfusion

the introduction of whole blood or a blood component directly into the bloodstream

uveal tract

the iris, ciliary body, and choroid of the eye

stifle

the joint between the hip and the hock; corresponds to the knee of humans' see points of the horse (illus.)

ankle

the joint on both the fore and hind limbs between the cannons and pasterns

bareme

the jumping competition table used in judging , table a covers jumping only and table c includes speed

white line

the junction of the wall and sole of the hoof where the sensitive and insensitive laminae meet; visible on bottom of hoof; see hoof (illus.)

unsteady head

the lack of steadiness of head carriage due to loss of balance or difficulty in movement; some horses may consistently be unsteady in their head carriage

belly

the large cavity that contains the stomach, liver , spleen, intestines, kidneys, and bladder; the soft underside of the horse's barrel behind the rib cage; also known as abdomen

biceps femoris muscle

the large muscle of the thigh area

Achilles tendon

the large tendon at the back of the hind leg , originating from the point of the hock and connecting to the large muscles of the gaskin

tibia

the larger of the two bones of the gaskin, between the stifle and the hock; see skeletal system (illus.)

bots

the larvae of the botfly

throng

the lash of a whip

trace horse

the lead horse when horses are driven in front of each other; at the bottom of steep hills, spare horses were often available to be hitched in front of a single horse to help with a heavy load

effusion

the leaking of the blood fluid; exuding the blood fluids through the walls of the blood vessels

ballatrade

the leap of a horse when four feet are in the air and only the shoes of the hind feet are showing, an air above the ground performed by a horse trained in the classical manner, the movement involves a half rear then the horse jumps forward, drawing the hind legs up below the quarters, before landing on all four legs

underpinning

the legs and feet of the horse

base wide

the legs are farther apart at the feet than at the chest

underline

the length and shape of the line from the ebow to the sheath or udder

dilution

the lessoning of intensity of the basic hair color(palomino to cremello)

ankylosis

the loss, or absence, of mobility in a joint due to disease, injury, or a surgical procedure

type B knee

the lower epiphysis of the radius; in the process of closing, slightly open

type A knee

the lower epiphysis of the radius; mature, completely closed

type C knee

the lower epiphysis of the radius; open, immature

brisket

the lower part of the horse's chest between the front legs' pectoral muscles

sire

the male parent of a horse

bronchial tree

the many divisions of the bronchi before they reach the lung tissue

standing heat

the mare's heat cycle, when a mare will stand for a stallion to breed her

eardrum

the membrane that stretches across the entrance of the inner ear and transmits sounds; tympanum

axle

the metal axis on which the wheels of the driving vehicle turn

stirrup iron

the metal, D-shaped device on the saddle through which the leather runs and on which the foot rests; see English saddle (illus.)

swing team

the middle team in a six-horse hitch; the team in front of the wheelers in an eight-horse hitch

breakover

the moment in a horse's stride between landing and takeoff

butcher boots

the most common of the tall English boots; plain, full length hunting boots fitted with garters

vulva winking

the movement of the labia or lips of the vulva when a mare is either in season or urinating; exposes the clitoris

triceps

the muscle that has three heads or parts; part of the forearm; heavy, three-branched muscle behind the shoulder and above the elbow; see muscular system (illus.)

breast

the muscular area between the front legs

Vic

the name of the hores General Custer rode in the Battle of the Little Bighorn

Dentition

the number and type of teeth and their arrangement in the horses mouth

white blood cell count

the number of white blood cells in a specific volume of blood; used to assess infection

age

the number of years since birth. Horses age is calculated from January 1

zebrass

the offspring resulting from the mating of a horse and a zebra

barrier

the point at which the race starts. in timed rodeo events, the stock is given a predetermined head start depending on arena conditions. a rope is stretched across the front of the box out of which the contestant's horse will come. the barrier rope is released by a measured length of twine that is pulled loose from the calf or steer as he reaches the designated distance

apex

the point of the frog, toward the toe

sole

the portion of the ground surface of the hoof between wall, bars, and frog; see hoof (illus.)

throat

the portion of the saddle seat under and just in front of the rider's crotch; also called the twist

bishoping

the practice of artificially altering the teeth of an older horse in an attempt to make it sell as a younger horse

Blindfolding

the practice of using a covering over the eyes, such as such as a towel, sack or sweater; used to load, handle, and lead horses from burning buildings,etc.

uniform

the prescribed dress worn by followers of the hunt

time limit

the prescribed period of time in which a competitor must complete a show-jumping course if he is not to be eliminated

time allowed

the prescribed time in which a competitor must compete an event if he is not to incur time faults

blood pressure

the pressure of the blood on the walls of the arteries; dependent on the energy of the hear action, the elasticity of the walls of the arteries , and the volume and viscosity of the blood

small intestine

the primary site of protein digestion; consists of the duodenum, jejunum, and leum

big race

the principal race of the day at any race meeting

digestion

the process of converting feed nutrients into substances the body is able to use

Calcification

the process of tissue becoming hardened by a deposit of calcium

synthesis

the production or buildup of a substance by combining its elements or compounds

skull cap

the protective headgear worn by riders; with race jockeys, it is generally covered with the owner's racing colors

breed character

the quality of conforming to the description of a particular breed

betting

the quotation of the wager prices of horses in a certain race' to place a bet on a horse

Eclipse

the racehorse that was unbeaten in 24 hours races in 1764; nearly 90 percent of all Thoroughbreds trace back to this sire

starter

the racetrack official whose duty is to get the horses off to a fiar start in a race

specfic gravity

the ratio of the weight or mass of a given volume of a substance to that of an equal volume of another substance used as the standard

tarsus

the region of articulation between the gaskin and lower hind leg; the hock; see skeletal system

bit proportion

the relationship of the distance of the shank above the mouthpiece to the distance below the mouthpiece

tail docked

the removal of a large quantity of hair from the tail by either cutting or pulling to produce a very short tail; in some cases, a horse's tail used to be severed to permanently shorten it

spinal tap

the removal of fluid from around the spinal cord for analysis

cadence

the rhythm, tempo, and horse's pace; when the horse covers equal distances on the ground in equal spaces of time; the gate is rhythmical, steady. elevated, and regular

attire

the rider's clothes

base

the rider's seat and weight

stint

the right to graze or pasture one or more horses on common land

terrets

the rings on the surcingle; any harness through which the reins pass; see harness parts A and B (illus.)

warming-up

the routine of graduated exercise until the horse is properly conditioned for strenuous effort

submaxillary salivary gland

the salivary gland located between the jaws

Burghley

the seat near Stamford in Lincolnshire, of the Marquis of Exeter; the home of Britain's principle autumn three day event, the Burghley Horse Trails

axis

the second cervical vertebra, a line around which part of the body is arranged or is symmetrical

smegma

the secretion of sebaceous glands, especially the cheesy secretion

diaphysis

the shaft of a long bone between the ends

backstretch

the side of the track furthest from the winning post

tail, male

the sire line or top line in a pedigree

bifurcation

the site where a single structure divides into two branches

smooth mouth

the smotth biting surface of the uper and lower incisors after the cups have disappeared; indicates a horse that is older than twelve years

bone marrow

the soft material filling the cavities of bones; made up of a meshwork of connective tissue containing branching fibers; the mesh is filled with marrow cels' functions mainly in the production of red blood cells and some white blood cells

tempo

the speed at which the footfalls occur in a gait; increasing the tempo means covering more yards per minute

backside

the stable and training area of a racetrack

bridle cavesson

the standard noseband with many English bridles used to encourage a horse to keep his mouth closed

association saddle

the standard saddle design approved in 1919 by the management of four large western rodeos

tense

the state of the horse mentally and physically; when a horse is agitated, either by outside distractions or because he has not been taught to relax

unbalanced

the state of the horse when he has lost his balance temporarily or completely

splinter bar

the stiff bar attached to the front of the carriage; the bar by which the vehicle is drawn; see harness parts D (illus.)

back band

the strap on a single harness driving apparatus that passes through the saddle and fastens to the shaft tugs

body

the sum of four main parts; neck and head, forequarters, body or trunk and the rear quarters

bulge

the swell in the saddle formed when the outer edges of the fork curve back toward the bar

wheelers

the team on the pole or tongue, hitched directly in front of a rig or wagon in a four- (or more) horse hitch

Deciduous teeth

the teeth that are shed at maturity; by the age of five years, all deciduous teeth will be shed; milk teeth

spinal cord

the thick trunk of nerve tissue that extends down the spinal canal from the base of the brain to the pevlic region

Acceptance Time

the time designated prior to a race or event during which the owner or trainer has to announce whether a particular horse, previously nominated, will indeed be a starter

villi

the tiny, fingerlike extensions of the intestine; designed to increase the surface area

binder

the top of a cutand-laidfence, a sapling woven between upright stakes

back jockey

the top skirt pf a western saddle , leather flaps that cover and protect the tree bars from the back of the cantle to the end of the saddle

take out

the total amount deducted from the bet on a race to b paid to the taxing authority and the racetrack

synergism

the total effect of combined agents that is greater than the simple sum of their individual effects

Aliementary Canal

the tract in which digestion occurs that extends the length of the body from the lips to the anus, gastrointestinal

therapy

the treatment of disease

urachus

the tube connecting the fetal bladder with the placenta

vas deferens

the tube that carries sperm from the epididymis to the urethra in the male

urethra

the tube that carries urine from the bladder to the exterior of the body; transports semen in the male

afterwale

the upper ridge of the padded harness collar

working from the ground

the use of longeing and long reining as part of the education process of the horse; consists of some form of training that is performed without a rider on the horse's back

agistment

the use of someone else's land and pasture for the grazing of a horse for the payment of a fee, generally on a weekly or monthly basis

ultrasonic

the used of controlled doses of high-frequency sound for therapeutic treatment; see ultrasound

Tang horse

the war horse of Chinese art; usually depicted with open mouths and tossing heads

ware riot

the warning to the hounds when they show signs of riot

behavior

the way a person or horse behaves or acts

teeth, aging

the wear, angle of bite, and presence of various features on the teeth allow a horse to be given approximate age if the exact date of birth is not known

tag

the white tip of the fox's tail

web

the width of the horseshoe from the inner to the outer edges

trachea

the windpipe, whcih descends from the larynx to the bronchi

tree

the wooden, plastic, or fiberglass structure forming the foundation of the saddle, which consists of a fork, two bars, and a cantle; see I English saddle tree; western saddle tree

sleeing sickness

there are three types eastern, western, and Venezuelan; inflammation of the white matter in the brain and spinal cord often caused by a virus; see encephalomyelitis

beefy hocks

thick, meaty hocks, lacking in quality

buttress

thickened angle at the heel of a horse's hoof wall

sternum

thin structure of bone and cartilage that forms the ventral surface of the rib cage; serves as an attachment for the distal ends of the ribs; the breastbone

Belmont

third race of the triple Crown Series; horses race one and one half miles, race is run by 3year old Thoroughbreds

trial and error

this is a method by which horses learn; reinforced through the judicious employment of reward and punishment

trandem

three horses harnessed abreast

transplacental

through the placenta

Alveoli

tiny sacs of lung tissue specialized for the movement of gases between air and blood

tips

tip shoes; small, lightweight toe ends of shoes; used on horses at grass to stop their feet from breaking up and, sometimes, because of their light weight, on racehroses duirng a race

ectopic

tissue or organ found in an abnormal location

digital cusion

tissue that located below the heel of the foot ; functions as a shock absorber

vascular tissue

tissue with a good supply of blood vessels

spread eagle

to be thrown from the horse

acclimatize

to become accustomed to a new climate or management

throw off

to cast hounds at the beginning of the meet; derived from the early practice of taking hounds to the covert side coupled together; when the time came to start the hunt, the couples were thrown off

alter

to castrate or geld a horse rendering him sterile

anesthetize

to cause a loss of sensation of pain with or without a loss of conciousness

bolt

to charge or run off; a serious bad habit 2 gulp food without chewing

water out

to cool a harness horse after a race by walking him about and only allowing him occasional drinks of water

alight

to dismount

tap

to drain fluid from a body cavity using a hypodermic needle

Demineralization

to eliminate excessively mineral or organic salts; as in tuberculosis, cancer and osteomalacia

ejaculate

to expel suddenly, or the semen expelled in ejaculation

break down

to lacerate a suspensory ligament or fracture a sesamoid bone so the back of thefetlock drops to the ground

untrack

to lead or ride the horse a few steps

blow a stirrup

to lose a stirrup iron; in some competitions, the rider would be disqualified

bolt a fox

to make a fox leave his den or drain in which he has taken refuge by putting a terrier behind him

tendencies

to move or act in a certain way; e.g., the horse has a tendency to resist stepping into a trailer

win in a canter

to pass the winning post at an easy pace; being far ahead of the rest of the field

vaccinate

to protect a horse against a likely disease or infection by the administering of a vaccine; also called inoculate

turn away

to put a horse out on pasture for a period of time to rest and unwind

bed down

to put down a bed of straw, shavings, or other fibrous material for a horse in a stable or loose box

tack up

to put on bridle and saddle

attenuate

to reduce in force or degree; to weaken

balk

to refuse stubbornly or abruptly; to stop short and refuse to go on

Debride

to remove foreign material and contaminated or dead tissue; often a part of a wound treatment

ear down

to restrain a horse by biting or twisting his ear

bareback riding

to ride without a saddle or blanket. a rodeo event known as bronc riding- riders hold on to a leather strap and attempt to ride a bucking bronco

boil over

to start bucking

unwind

to start bucking

break

to teach a young horse to obey commands, and to accept direction and control

underface

to train a horse to jump an obstacle that is clearly too small and that the horse can accomplish with ease

electrocautery

to use an electrical device that, when heated, is used to cut and or sear tissue and stop bleeding; the apparatus consists of a heating element (usually platinum or iron wire), a holder, and an electric rod

blow out

to walk or exercise a horse either to loosen his muscles for further exercise or to prevent chilling and stiffening after a hard workout

Debilitate

to weaken

breeze in

to win a race very easily

tapadera

toe fender; leather covering or shields over the front of western stirrups to protect the rider from brush; a decorative covering used in parades

Balling Gun

tool used to administer pills, boluses, or magnets to livestock

boot hooks

tools that help the rider pull on the tall leather boots; they have a handle of bone ivory wood or metal surmounting a metal hook; the hooks are used in pairs and are slotted into two cloth loops inside the boots

Aflatoxicosis

toxins produced by molds growing on feed; can cause severe liver damage

Acepromazine

trade name for Phenothiazine tranquilizer

ataractic

tranquilizer

synovial fluid

transparent fluid resembling the white of an egg; secreted by the synovial membrane and contained in joint cavities, bursae and tendon sheaths for lubrication

trailering

transporting horses in a trailer suited to their large size

bronchi

tubes extending from the trachea into both longs; either or both of the two main branches of the trachea, one going into each lung

torsion

twisting, as in torsion of the intestines in colic

adrenal glands

two small flat organs located in front of the kidneys that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream

bulbo-urethra

two small glands, present in the male, that produce a secretion that helps provide a medium for the conveyance of spermatozoa during ejaculation also called Cowper's Gland

slit braid tie

two straps held together by means of a slit in each strap

thyroid gland

two-lobed endocrine gland in the neck that controls the rate at which basic body functions proceed; produces the hormone thyroxin

Decubitus

ulcers or sores formed from prolonged lying down; especially at the elbow, stifle and bony prominences of the head

barefoot

unshod

smooth

unshod; barefoot

thoroughpin

unsoundness or a blemish; soft, puffy swelling that appears on the upper part of the hock, in front of the large tendon; the swelling can be pushed from one side to the other; see blemishes and unsoundnesses (illus.)

tachycardia

unusually fast heart rate

stifling

upward fixation of the patella; occurs when the stifle joint is fully extended; if permanent it is a serious unsoundness

transition

upward or downward change between gaits, speed, direction, or maneuvers

uroliths

urinary stones

brain chain

used by hunting horse trainers' a variation of the chambon; a gag runner is situated on both sides of the bridle just below brow band; a chain runs across the brow band and is attached to tow straps that pass through the gag runner and to the girth; not to be used while the horse is being ridden

bandage

used for protection against injury and for support, warmth and general veterinary care

asterisk

used in front of a horses name on his registration papers , indicated imported. used in front of a jockey's name it indicates that he is an apprentice rider

walleyed

used to describe lack of pigment in the iris; the eye is bluish white or gray in color; is not considered a blemish; also referred to as glass, blue, china, or crockery eye

blood typing

used to help determine the parents of any particular horse; red blood cells can be divided into eight separate systems and these can be further subdivided into a number of factors

veterinary thermometer

used to take rectal temperatures

tincture of iodine

used to treat navel cords of newborn foals, wounds, ringworm, etc.

style

usually relates to a way of going; distinct personal flair of an individual horse; involves presence and charisma

tetanus toxoid

vaccine for prolonged protection against tetanus

takeoff point

when jumping, the point from which the horse leaps to complete the jump; putting the horse in a position to jump from the correct point is the rider's responsibility

blank day

when no fox is found within a covert; day in which hounds fail to start o fox

behind the movement

when the body of the rider is behind the vertical ; he may be putting too much weight on the loins of the horse and impeding the action of the hind legs and movement of the horse's back

strike off late or early

when the canter does not start at the marker

Diagonal

when the forefoot moves in unison with the opposite hind foot A maneuver from one corner of the arena to another through the center

winging in

when the hoof swings in when viewing a horse from the front at the walk or trot

unsteady halt

when the horse comes to a halt but does not really achieve immobility; he may fidget with his legs or his head, or move off the line

wandering

when the horse has deviated from a straight line or the circle on which he started

simple change of leads

when the horse is brought down from the canter to a walk or trot for, ideally, one stride and is restarted into the canter on the opposite lead

buttress foot

when the horse's hoof become pyramidal in shape, which can be caused by a source of low ringbone

buckling over

when the knee appears bent over; often seen in old horses due to hard work and strain in younger years

track up

when the left hind steps into the left forefoot print, and the right hind foot steps into the right forefoot print; said of the trot and walk; for many horses, tracking up at the trot is a sign of adequate impulsion

undershot jaw

when the lower jaw is longer than the upper jaw and protrudes

black points

when the mane, tail, and legs are black or darker than the rest of the horse

tailing

when the pack of hounds, because of ill-matched age, speed, or ability, tends to straggle out

back aids

when the rider alters his center of gravity as a cue, also called weight aids, action of the loins, seat aids, pushing buttocks forward, braced back and driving seat

white eye

when the sclera around the eye is visible, as in the Appaloosa; see human eye

too low

when the whole front of the horse is carrying too much weight

sliding plates

wide, flat-surfaced horseshoes used on the hind feet of reining horses

bight

with closed reins, such as with an English bridle, the ends of the reins' even though western reins are often split, their ends are also referred to as the bight

boot trees

wood, plastic, or metal formed of a number of shaped pieces and slotted together inside the boots to preserve the shape of tall leather boots; keeping boots from sagging at the ankles

Abrasion

wound from A wearing away hair or rubbing away by friction.

allantoic fluid

yellowish brown fluid originating in the placenta and kidneys that protects the fetus and lubricates the birth canal; expelled on rupture of the placenta

young entry

young hounds and young riders just entered

zoonotic disease

zoonosis

Bastard Strangles

• Same as Strangles but the bacteria travels along the lymphatic tissues breaking out into large epithelial ulcers

WBC

see white blood cell count

teeth, wolf teeth

see wolf teeth

dehiscence

separation of the layers of a surgical wound

tenectomy

the cutting out of a lesion of a tendon or a tendon sheath

spots

1. coat marking; small areas on the coat that are a different color than the primary coat color; small, rounded collections of hairs differing in color form the rest of the body 2. a small white patch of hair located on the forehead; see markings, face (illus.)

sterile

1. completely free of living organsims 2. a stallion or mare that is infertile

Daisy Cutter

A horse that seems to skim the surface of the ground at the trot; such horses are often predisposed to stumbling

Barn sour

A horse who balks when asked to leave the barn or stable area

Dam

A name for a mare that has a foal; the female parent of a horse

Dental Star

A star shaped or circle like structure near the center of the wearing surface of the permanent incisors; used to judge age

allergen

A substance that causes an allergy

electron microscopy

A technique in which uses a focus beam of electrons, rather than a beam of light, to examine cell structure.

barrel racing

A timed event in Western Riding where horse and rider complete a cloverleaf pattern around three barrels.

Alsike

A type of clover that is toxic to horses

Dally Horn

A type of horn used by dally ropers; there must be enough room on the horns neck for the lariat to be wrapped around it counterclockwise one or two times so that the dally roper can play out his lariat to absorb the shock when the roped animal reaches the end of rope

avoidance

A type of negative reinforcement in which performing a response prevents an aversive stimulus from occurring in the first place.

Tevis Cup

America's most famous endurance ride; ridden over the old Pony Express route from Lake Tahoe across the Sierra Nevada to Auburn, California

ADS

American Driving Society

AERC

American Endurance Ride Conference

AHSA

American Horse Show Association Started in 1917-1918 Produced a set of rules (often revised) to govern horse shows and competitions throughout the United States Promoted fairness, protection of horses

AJPHA

American Junior Paint Horse Association

APHA

American Paint Horse Association

AQHA

American Quarter Horse Association

Appaloosa

American horse breed best known for its colorful spotted coat pattern. development is attributed to the Nez Perce Indians in Oregon, Washington and Idaho region agile, docile, athletic with good stamina, noted for a variety of colorful coat patterns and markings, mottled skin aon the nose and genitals, striped hooves and white sclera encircling the eye, most common use cow hors, pleasure, stock saddle and endurance

Desert bred

An Arabian horse directly descended from horses that have been proven to have Bedouin haritage

Avelignese

An Italian breed; height: 12-14 hands; easy-going nature; excellent for beginners

angular limb deformity

An abnormal alignment of leg bones caused by genetics, trauma, congenital problems or nutritional imbalances

articulate

divided into or united by joints

elimination

dropping a contestant from further rounds in a competition

Anthelmintic

drug designed to reduce the number of parasitic eggs in the environment , deworming agent

barbiturate

drug used as a sedative, hypnotic, or anesthetic

astringent

drugs that cause contraction of infected areas, such as tannic acid, alum and zinc oxide or sulphate

antiprostaglandins

drugs that destroy prostaglandins that are inflammation causing chemicals produced by cells in response to injury

barium

dye material given to horses by mouth to outline the intestines and stomach on radiographs

ancestor

early type of horse from which the horses of today decended

soft

easily fatigued

tractable

easily manageable; docile; trainable

EEE

eastern equine encephalitis

bran

edible seed coats that are a by-product of grain milling, which, when freshly ground and dampened, act as a mild laxative and aids digestion; a good source of thiamin and niacin

efficacy

effectiveness or the ability to produce a desired effect

trapezius muscle

either a pair of large muscles of the back and neck that draw the head backward and sidewise; see muscular system (illus.)

uterine horn

either of the two upper projections in the Y-shaped uterus of the mare connecting the two oviducts to the body of the uterus

ECG

electrocardiogram

thorax

encolsed by the rib cge and the diaphragm; the part of the body between the neck and the diaphragm

wind puffs

enlargements of the fluid sacs or bursa around the pastern or fetlock joint on either the front or rear legs; protrusions of joint capsules and/or tendon sheaths caused by stretching due to excessive fluid; see blemishes and unsoundnesses (illus.)

warts

epidermal growths caused by a papilloma virus; usually occur around the heads of young horses up to three years old; they can vary in number from a few to a hundred

Balance

equal in regards to movement or confirmation

balance central

equal weight on the front and the back legs

vitamin E

essential for normal cell structure; lack of vitamin E can cause anemia and white muscle disease

Above the bit

evasion of the bit; the horse carries his head too high and is difficult to control

symptom

evidence of a disease as perceived and described by the handler

arthroscopy

examination of the interior of a joint through a needle-size fiber-optic instrument

straight behind

excessively straight legs as viewed from the side

EIPH

exercise induced pulmonary hemorrhage

airs, classical

exercises designed to develop and perfect the natural movements of the horse

sympathetic

existing or operating through interdependent or mutual association

abort

expel a fetus

tongue over the bit

experimentation that can lead to an evasion; the horse puts his tongue over the top of the bit instead of keeping it underneath, thus getting away from the correct influence of the bit

anus

external opening of the rectum

tick

external parasite; several kinds may be found on horses' the most common are the winter tick (Dermacentor albipictus), the lone star tick (Amblyoma americanum), and the spinose ear tick (Otobius megnini)

snip

face marking; white area between nostrils; size and shape vary and should be noted for purposes of identification; see markings, face (illus.)

bradykinin

factors formed by a group of enzymes produced by the body that maintain dilation of the blood vessels in the inflammatory process

buckweat

fagopyrum plant species, poisonous plant that can cause liver-damage and sensitivity to light

agalactia

failure or inability to produce milk

syncope

fainting

bowed tendon

fairly severe front limb tendon strain in which the flexor tendons bulge instead of being straight and parallel to the cannon bone; the damage may be permanent; usually caused by poor conformation, poor shoeing, over stretching, improper conditioning, overwork, or accident

bloodlines

family lineage, ancestors; parents, grandparents, and so on

cactus

famous dwarf horse born from full size parents

All American Futurity

famous race held at Ruidosa Downs for 2 yr old QH

Adipose

fat

agoraphobia

fear of open spaces, outside

stud fees

fees that the owner of the stallion collects from the owner of the mare when she is bred; see I service fee

boxy feet

feet with a small frog and a high heel

wood fence

fencing constructed from pine, oak, or fir; most wood fences are post and rail, in which wood posts are set in the ground and the rails are run perpendicular to connect them

Dental float

file used to remove sharp edges on molar teeth

Whimpy

first horse registered in the American Quarter Horse Association

brilliance

flash or dazzle as related to performance

trotting shoes

flat shoes worn in front and swedged shoes worn behind to give more traction; sometimes removable toe weights are used on the front feet of trotters

soft palate

flexible rear part of the partition separating the mouth from the nasal passages; forced up by the tongue during swallowing to keep food out of the nose

supple

flexible; the ability of the horse to bend and flex his entire body

binocular vision

focusing on the same object with both eyes, using both eyes at the same time

boots

footwear used to protect he rider's legs or feet against injuries 2. protective legwear for the horse's cannon bone, fetlock, coronary band3. markings white area on leg extending from the hoof part way up the cannon 4 on a coach, the uncovered box shape projections slung along the coach between the front and rear wheels

Swedish Warm-Blood Association

for registry, proof of four generation is required; stallions must be licensed

Walk-Trot Class

for young, beginning riders (generally less than nine years of age) the walk and trot are the only required gaits

Antebrachium

forearm

top hat

formal headwear made from gossamer or shellac and finished in polished felt; made in various heights, with the highest used by men in scarlet hunting, and the lowest used fro dressage and showing; during a fall, the top of the hat may help cushion the head

Anglo-Arab

Cross between a Thoroughbred and an Arabian.

diaminodiphenylsulfone

DDS; Administered by mouth, by the stomach tube to enema to soften the stool

dimethyl sulfoxide

DMSO an organic chemical that has a number of medical properties including anti inflammatory, antibacterial and anagelsic able to pass readily though the skin can be used topically and internally

thrombosis

formation of a blood clot that remains attached at the point of formation in the blood vessel, causing an obstruction

suppuration

formation or discharge of pus

terminal

forming or ertaining to an end or ending; the concusion

blowfly

several species of fly that breed in animal flesh

blood blister

(Hematoma), a collection of clotted blood caused by a break in the wall of a blood vessel

bulb of the heel

(bulb) structure of the foot; located at the back of the hoof.

warmblood

1. a European term used to describe breeds that have descended from Arab, Barb, and/or Turkmene blood in the original foundation horses 2. result of crossing heavy horses (coldblood) with Thoroughbreds or Arabians (hotblood); could include any breed of horse except those animals that are 100 percent hot- or coldblood

water brush

1. a brush used to wash the feet and dampen the mane and tail 2. in show jumping, a small sloping brush fence placed in front of a water jump to help the horse take off

stable

1. a building in which one or more horses are kept 2. a collection of horses belonging to one person, such as a racehorse owner or riding school proprietor

suspension

1. a condition of temporary cessation, as of animation, pain, or any vital process 2. a preparation of a finely divided drug intended to be incorporated in some suitable liquid before it is used

tail set

1. a crupperlike contrivance with a shaped section for the tail to give it an arch and extremely high carriage; worn most of the time while the horse is in the stable and until a short time before the horse is shown 2. an operation that may be performed on American Saddlebreds to induce high tail carriage

wind sucking

1. a harmful habit in which a horse draws in and swallows air, causing indigestion 2. term applied to mares with flaccid vulvar labia that results in air being pulled into the vagina

broke

1. a horse that has been ridden enough to be fairly manageable; tamed and trained to a particular function 2. when the horse changed gaits of his own will; i.e. if the horse was in the canter and fell for a moment to trot and then went back to canter

striking

1. a horse that strikes one leg with the toe or side of another leg 2. a dangerous vice in which the horse strikes out with his forelegs

trail horse

1. a horse trained, bred, or used for cross-country rides; 2. a class in which horses must work on a loose rein through and cover obstacles

stock

1. a hunting necktie that can be used as a bandage for horse or rider should an emergency arise 2. the handle of a whip 3. livestock; refers to any animal such as cattle, horses, sheep, goats, etc.

step

1. a single beat of a gait; it can involve one or more limbs 2. a jumping obstacle that consists of a series of steps that can be negotiated up or down; commonly used in corss-country events

spoon

1. a spoon-shaped protrusion from the upper side of the cantle or pommel of a cavalry saddle; there is a slot in the center of the spoon, used to attach the crupper or equipment 2. spoon-shaped metal extension on a spade or half-breed bit

suture

1. a stitch used to close a wound 2. a fibrous, immovable joint in which the edges of the bones are closely united, as in the bones of the skull

western riding

1. a style of riding used by working cowboys in the U.S. , Canada, and Central and south America, and for pleasure and endurance riding; the western saddle and the seat position forces the rider to adopt a much more comfortable seat position for long rides 2. a class (cap.) that demonstrates a horse's ability to perform several maneuvers, especially a series of controlled, collected flying lead changes

unicorn

1. a type of hitch in which two horses are hitched as a pair, with a third in front of them 2. a mythological horse with a single horn

stud

1. an establishment at which horses are kept for breeding purposes 2. a stallion

whip

1. an instrument or device of wood, bone, plastic, leather, fiberglass, metal, or a combination thereof with a loop or cracker of leather or cord at the upper end; used for disciplining or goading an animal; sometimes a required accessory when exhibiting, as in a horse show 2. one who handles a whip expertly; one who drives a horse in harness other than racing 3. one who "whips in" or manages the hounds of a hunt club

wall

1. an upright show-jumping obstacle made of hollow wooden blocks that are painted and stacked to look like a brick wall 2. a cross-country obstacle built of brick, concrete blocks, sleepers, or stone; obstacles are usually built as uprights, but dry stone walls may be as wide as a narrow-topped bank

turf

1. any course over which horse racing is conducted 2. in America, turf races are held over grass courses opposed to dirt tracks 3. the world of horse racing in general

traverse

1. haunches in; the horse is slightly bent around the inside leg of the rider; the horse's outside legs pass and cross in front of the inside legs; the horse is looking in the direction in which he is moving; performed along the wall or on the center line at an angle of about 30 degrees to the direction the horse is moving 2. lateral movement of the animal without forward or backward movement; this step often helps riders in opening or closing gates, lining up horses in the show ring, and taking position in a mounted drill or posse; also called side step

splinting

1. immobilizing a limb using a rigid material bandaged onto the leg 2. tensing the abdominal muscles in response to pain

vertical

1. in the vertical plane, that is, perpendicular to the horizon 2. a straight or upright fence

bone

1. individual parts of hard tissue forming the skeleton 2. the measurement of the circumference around the cannon bone about halfway between the knee and fetlock joints

brushing

1. limb contact during movement in which a foot strikes another foot or part of the leg 2. grooming

tongue

1. movable muscular structure attached to the floor of the mouth; first point of pressure, regardless of the type of bit used 2. to bay or cry

breeder

1. owner of the dam at the time of service who was responsible for the selection of the sire to which the dam was mated 2. the owner of the mare that gives birth to a foal 3. the owner of a stud farm

spore

1. seed of microscopic plants, such as fungi 2. inactive or resting form of certain bacteria

breedy

1. smart and trim about the head and front part of the body 2. TB type and build 3. showing strong breed characteristics

trail riding

1. social, endurance, and competitive trail riding 2. riding outside an arena

substance

1. strength and density of bone, muscle, and tendons 2. an indication of large body size; a horse with conformation that gives the impression of stamina and hardiness

britches

1. the musculature of the rear quarters, especially of the gaskin, stifle and thigh 2. pants

throatlatch

1. the narrow strap of the bridle that goes under the horse's throat and is used to secure the bridle; see English bridle; western bridle; harness parts B and E (illus.) 2. the pint where the horse's neck and head meet; see points of the horse (illus.)

top line

1. the proportion and curvature of the line from poll to tail 2. the stallion's side of the pedigree or direct line of male descendants

blind spot

1. the spot where the optic nerve enters the eyeball in the optic disk and spreads nerves out within the retina 2. zones in which a horse cannot see; directly in front of and behind the horse

tie

1. to attach or fasten by use of halter and shank 2. hounds are said to "tie to the line" when they hunt in closely and are difficult to life 2. when two contestants obtain an identical score and are given the same placement in the results

brush

1. to force a horse to top speed over a short distance 2. a jump made of shrubs and brush with a clearly visible bar 3. the tail of a fox 4. a grooming tool

spread

1. to stretch or pose 2. the type of fence that requires jumping the width from front to rear

tandem

1. two horses hitched one in front of the other 2. a covered carriage with two large wheels designed for country use and drawn by two others; typically used by huntsmen

buck

1. when a horse leaps into the air, keeping his back arched, and comes down with his forelegs stiff and his head held low 2. a kick into the air either during a ride or when for example, a change of pace is mandated

Berlin

1.a carriage for two persons that has four wheels and the body is suspended 2. a formal, four wheeled covered carriage with two facing seats and a seat outside for the coachman; it is drawn by four or six horse

Blanket 3

A body covering used to protect the horse from sun wind cold rain or snow

Dale

A breed from the valleys or "Dales" of great Britain; known as a solidly built pony with good endurance and a calm, aggregable nature; Height: 14.2 hands

Dartmoor

A breed of pony that has been living wild on Dartmoor, a rugged moorland area in the southwest part of the the country of Devon in Great

Anemia

A condition in which the blood is deficient in red blood cells, in hemoglobin, or in total volume. caused my excessive bleeding, infection, dietary deficiency, or presence of toxins in the body.

Buckstitch

A contrasting thong of leather or vinyl,usually white, woven in and out of a piece of leather for decoration or to bind the leather together.

diaphragmatic hernia

A defect in the diaphragm that allows some of the abdominal contents to enter the chest

analeptic

A drug that stimulates the central nervous system

amphetamine

A drug that stimulates the central nervous system, increases blood pressure and reduces appetite and nasal congestion

Adrenalin

A hormone released into the bloodstream in response to physical or mental stress

Anabolic

A process in which large molecules are built from small molecules, building muscle and conditioning

Dead heat

A racing term referring to two or more contestants that arrive simultaneously at the finish line

Blazer Horse Association

A registry of 722 horses, no white skin above the knees or hocks, except on the face

Dermatophilosis

A skin bacterial condition caused by an infection by Dermatophilus; usually found in humid areas of the country, called swamp fever

backsplice

A splice in which the strands are reversed and interwoven, to make a rope end.

buckey

Aesculus plant species; poisonous plant that causes a neurological disturbance if eaten

diaphragmatic flutter

Also called thumps, contractions of the diaphragm with each heartbeat due to electrolyte imbalances

Bitless Bridle

Any bridle without a bit. Can me made of leather, nylon, rawhide, etc. Ex. Bosal, often used with young western horses. Typically uses direct pressure on nose and jaw.

Blanket 2

Any padding placed between the horse and saddle to ease the pressure of the saddle tree bars on the horse and to absorb perspiration and prevent it from getting on the saddle

America Appaloosa Association

Appaloosa breed registry

white blanket over back and hips with dark spots

Appaloosa coat pattern

Anglo Persian

Arab and Persian

Bardi Horse

Bardigiano

Buckskin

Body color yellowish or gold; mane and tail are black; black on lower legs; typically a dun without a dorsal stripe

blister beetle

Cantharis vesticatoria; an insect with body fluids that contain the chemical cantharidin, which irritates the skin when applied externally causing redness , burning, and blistering; inflames the intestines when taken internally; can be fatal; blister beetles may also be striped or spotted; blister beetles occur in alfalfa hay in certain areas

antibiotic

Chemical produced by living organisms that naturally kills or inhibits the growth of other organisms.

elephant -eared Cheyenne roll

Cheyenne roll with enlarged ends where the cantle attaches to the bar

acupuncture

Chinese medical practice of inserting needles into certain areas of the body

Deoxyribonucleic acid

DNA; protein chains present in cell nuclei that determine individual heredity characteristics ;the material that makes up genes; a large molecule consisting of two chains of nucleotides wound helically around one another

allotriophagy

Eating of unnatural material

barnyard grass

Echinochloa crusgalli- poisonous plant that can accumulate nitrates and cause sudden death if eaten

breeches

English riding pants

Akal-Teke

Russian breed known for withstanding severe weather conditions, noted for speed and jumping, lively, stubborn, even rebellious, average height 14.2-15.2 hands

Aristides

First winner of the Kentucky Derby (in 1875)

Trait du Nord

French horse breed; hardy, heavy draft breed; remarkably strong ad able to withstand harsh winters

Anglo Argentine

S American cross between the Thoroughbred and the Criollo( local cow pony)

Bactericidal

Having the ability to kill bacterial cells.

Damalinia equi

Horse louse

Bali

Indonesia breed docile and cooperative used for riding and pack

Anthrax

Infectious disease caused by a spore-forming bacterium (Bacillus anthrax), characterized by external ulcerating nodules or by lesions in the lungs

Dinner Plate

Large, round, flat horn cap on a Mexican saddle; often several inches in diameter

anuria

Little to no urine output.

anodyne

Medicine that relieves pain (noun); soothing, relieving pain (adj)

Dappling

Mottled pattern on the coat resulting from a mosaic of two shades of hair; The pattern can vary with age and season

Abduction

Movement away from the midline of the body

bear grass

Nolina texana, poisoning causes liver damage and extreme sensitivity to sunlight

abrupt transition

Occurs when the rider has given aids too suddenly to move a horse smoothly from one gait to another; balance, rhythm, and head carriage may be lost

dichlorvos

Organophosphate wormer; an overdose can cause neurological and intestinal malfunction

Diagonal Aids

Refers to the riders aids ; opposite hand and leg (right hang and left leg)

aids, diagonal

Rein acting on one side and leg pressure being applied to the opposite side

Azteca Horse

Relatively new breed of horse, developed in Mexico by crossing Andalusians, Criollos and Quarter Horses.

Ukrainian Riding Horse

Russian breed developed recently from selected breeds on state farms; suitable for sports, draft, jumping, and farm work

acey-deucey

Riding with one stirrup leather adjusted longer than the other; done by some jockeys to keep their balance on sharp turns

Devonshire boot

See Devonshire slipper iron

anaphylaxis

Severe allergic reaction

electrocution

Severe burns, cardiac disturbances, or death as a result of electrical current discharged into the body.

big leg

severe swelling of the hind legs or forelegs of working horses; usually occurs during a period of reduced activity

Bacterins

Suspensions of killed pathogenic bacteria by heat or chemical means used to stimulate immunity.

total digestible nutrients

TDN; in any given feed, the amount of nutrients actually used by the horse's system; concentrate has about 75 percent TDN, roughage has about 50 percent TDN

bend

the curvature of the horse's body, most noticeable in the neck

Adaptability

The ability to adjust oneself quickly to different conditions.

Day Money

The amount of money paid to the winners of each go round

Accessory carpal bone

The disk shaped bone forming the sharp ridge at the back of the knee

accessory carpal bone

The disk shaped bone forming the sharp ridge at the back of the knee

Affirmed

The first race horse to win 2,000,000.00

Aorta

The large arterial trunk that carries blood from the heart to be distributed by branch arteries through the body.

TRPB

Thoroughbred Racing Protection Bureau

American studbook

Thoroughbred horse registry

bloodstock

Thoroughbred horses bred for racing.

Dally

To take a wrap with rope around the saddle horn of a western saddle

barbed-wire fence

Twisted wires with sharp points, can cause a great deal of damage to a horse that becomes entangled in it

volatile fatty acids

VFA; breakdown products of fats

ascorbic acid

Vitamin C

alpha-tocopherol

Vitamin E

tenotomy

the cutting of a tendon

zinc

forms an essential part of many enzymes required by a horse; responsible for growth; a deficiency can cause depressed appetite, skin lesions, and reduced growth

account for

When a fox, or other hunted game, is killed or pursued to its den by the hounds

Blanket clip

When only the areas covered by a blanket are clipped the head neck legs are unclipped

bench knee

When the cannon is not centerd in the knee when viewed from the front it is called

Accept the leg

When the horse willingly accepts light pressure of the rider's legs on his side

urinary calci

see urolithiasis

VFA

see volatile fatty acids

Blanket 1

White or light colored markings over the hindquarters of an appaloosa

turned welt

see welt

Alkalosis

disturbance of the acid-base balance resulting in excess base or deficit of acid or carbon dioxide

WEE

see western equine encephalomyelitis

track left

counterclockwise movement in an arena so that the left leg is on the inside

blanketing

covering a horse with a blanket to keep a horse dry, clean and warm and to help maintain a glossy coat; also used after a workout to cool a horse down gradually

therapeutic

curative

zebra stripes

dark stripes that run on the neck, withers, body, and limbs

slough

dead tissue in the process of separating from the body

atrophy

decrease in muscle size

unsoundness

defects or more serious abnormalities that affect serviceability; for example, blindness, spavin, bowed tendon, calf knees, capped elbow or hock, cocked ankles, contracted feet, corns, curb, fistulous withers, founder, grease heel, heaves, hernia, knee sprung, laminitis, moon blindness, navicular disease, parrot mouth, poll evil, quarter crack, quittor, ring bone, roaring, sand crack, scratches, shoe boil, side bones, splints, stifled, stringhalt, sweeny, thick wind, thoroughpin, thrush, undershot jaw, windgall, and windpuffs

breech birth

delivery in which the fetus' rump or hind feet are presented first in the birth canal

ear fistula

dentigerous cyst

turbulence

departure from a smooth flow in a fluid

standing under

description of a limb that is placed too far beneath the horse when viewed from the side

breeding shed

designated enclosed area to mate horse' the breeding shed usually includes a teasing board as well as the necessary sterilizing and sanitizing equipment

DDS

diaminodiphenylsylfone

blood groups

differences in antigens and antibodies found on red blood cells and in serum of different horse can cause a problem when giving blood transfusions

thick wind

difficulty in breathing

vasodilation

dilation or enlargement of a vessel; causes increased blood flow to the area

Danger Zone

directly In front of or directly behind a horse; in a horses blind spot

vitamin D

directly involved in the use of calcium and phosphorus; obtained by most horses from a compound in green plants and hay, which is acted on by sunlight in a reaction inside the horse; a vitamin D deficiency can only occur from inadequate sunlight

diabetes insipidus

disease of the brain or kidney that results in the horse abnormally large amounts of urine

beaning

disguising an unsoundness in a horse

atlanto-occipital malformation

disorder of Arabians, fusion of the first vertebra with the skull, causing weakness and inability to stand

tympany

distension due to the presence of gas or air, as in the abdomen or guttural pouch

Diagnosis

distinguishing one illness from another or identifying a disease from its characteristics and/or causing agents

tack

riding equipment or gear for the horse, such as saddle, bridle, halter, etc.

astride riding

riding with one leg on each side of the horse

three-quarter rigging

rigging in which the front rigging is placed halfway between the center fire rig and the full double rig

aids, unilateral

right and left doing different things such as right leg applying pressure while the left leg holds a neutral position

barn itch

ringworm

X rays

roentgen rays; used to take radiographs of the body, thus locating fractures, etc; used because of their tissue-ionizing ability

airways

route of passage of the air into the lungs; including nose, trachea, and bronchi

bell boots

rubber protective boots that are bell shaped and fit over the coronet bands and bulbs of the heel

bursa

sac or sac-like cavity filled with viscid fluid and situated at places in tissue where friction would otherwise develop

sublingual

salivary gland located beneath the tongue

alkaline salts

salts given to a horse to offset the buildup of acid salts in the body which can occur if unfit or malnourished horse are overworked

Allergic urticaria

sand fly

acoustics

science of sound; quality that makes a room easy or hard to hear in

booster

second or subsequent dose of a vaccine

tertiary follice

see Graafian follicle

teeth, Galvayne's groove

see IGalvayne's groove

teeth, neck of tooth

see Ineck of tooh

TEAM

see Tellington-Jones Equine Awareness Movement

VEE

see Venezuelan equine encephalitis

teeth, angle of bite

see angle of bite

tug

see billet or cinch

winkers

see blinkers

throat fly

see botfly

spongy bone

see cancellous

teeth, canine teeth

see canine teeth

teeth, caps

see caps

single rig

see center fire

teeth, centrals

see centrals

tunnel keeper

see channel keeper

tie strap

see cinch strap holder

teeth, corners

see corners

teeth, crown of tooth

see crown of tooth

teeth, cups

see cups

wild black cherry

see cyanide

teeth, deciduous

see deciduous teeth

teeth, dental star

see dental star

thiabendazole

see dewormer

swamp

see equine infectious anemia

teeth, floating

see floating

trematode

see fluke

teeth, full mouth

see full mouth

teeth, interdental space

see inter-dental space

teeth, laterals

see laterals

teeth, molars

see molars

stable cough

see rhinopneumonitis

tie strings

see saddle string

whang strings

see saddle strings

sleepy foal disease

see shigellosis

teeth, smooth mouth

see smooth mouth

slow pace

see stepping pace

taps

see tapadera

testes

see testicle

tilted head

see tipping head

TDN

see total digestible nutrients

tail bandage

see track bandage

vaquero

the Spanish term for cowboy

stilla

the Spanish word for saddle

Triple Crown

the Thoroughbred race series that consists of three races: the Kentucky Derby, the Preakness Stakes, and the Belmont Stakes; famous winners include Sir Barton, Gallant Fox, Omaha, Whirlaway, Count Feet, Assault, Citation, and Secretariat

stable management

the ability and expertise to attend correctly to all the necesary details of stable dhorses

vision

the ability to see; can be blurred, clear, or distorted

bridling

the act of putting a bridle on the horse's head

Deglutation

the act of swallowing

working the rope

the action of the roping horse to maintain the tension in the rope attached to the calf at one end and the saddle horn at the other

united

the action, movement, or gait of the horse when the body and leg movements of the horse are coordinated in such a way as to represent the perfect action; generally used when referring to the canter

barrage

the alternate name for a jump off in which horses with equal scores at the end of a competition recompete against each other . the result can either be decided by the number of faults, time against the clock, or a combination of the two

stroke volume

the amount of blood the heart pumps with each beat

teeth wear

the amount of wear seen on the biting surface of the incisors

vaulting

the art of gymnastics on the moving horse

accommodation

the automatic adjustment in focal length of the lens of the eye

badminton

the badminton three day horse trials. one of the chief fixtures in the eventing calendar since its conception in 1949. held at the Cotswold home of the Duke of Beaufort in Gloucestershire England

Ellensburg tree

the basic saddle tree modified to become the official bucking contest tree

voice

the bay of a hound

bull hide

the best grade of raw hide tree covering

bloodline

the blood relationship among horse; it is gereally accepted that all of a horse's progeny are said to belong to his bloodline

digestive tract

the body parts that aid in digestion

digestive system

the body system that digests nutrients and consists of the digestive tract

big head

the bony enlargements on both sides of the face below the eyes; caused by a deficiency in calcium or an excess of phosphorus

tread

the bottom of the stirrup and support place for the foot when riding;see English saddle; western saddle (illus.)

bosal

the braded rawhide or rope noseband of a bosal hackamore; the part of the hackamore that fits over the nose; it works on the principles of balance weight, and pressure

wind

the breathing ability of the horse; a horse with good wind is sound and has sufficient capacity

snaffle bridle

the bridle used in conjunction with a snaffle bit

vagina

the canal that leads from the uterus to the external orifice of the genital canal

trichostrongylus

the cause of a skin condition called summer sores

slot

the channel through the center of the bar where the stirrup leathers are anchored

true osselet

the chronic, abnormal growth of new bone in the fetlock joint

ears

the circular pieces at the corners of the seat and the jockeys, through which the saddle strings are passed; their purpose is for anchorage

vitreous humor

the clear, gelatinous substance filling the area behind the lens in the eye

waxing

the collection of a drop of dry colostrum at the end of each teat that occurs eighteen to forty-eight hours before foaling

whoa

the command to stop or stand; when repeated softly, it means to slow down; may also mean attention

well let down

the condition of the horse that gives the impression of having a body that appears to be cylindrical or round in shape from the ribs through to the flanks; opposed to a performance horse in training where the flanks are usually tucked up

systole

the contraction or period of contraction of the heart

bacterial population

the count of bacteria found in the horse's cecum or colon for fiber digestion, enables him to digest roughage more effectively

tallyho

the cry of the hunt once the fox is sighted

desotomy

the cutting or division of a ligament

strongyle

various parasitic roundworms commonly called bloodworms; any of various nematode worms of the family strongylidae; approximately fifty-four species; parasitic worms found in the gastrointestinal tract of horses

vein

vessel through which blood passes from various organs back ot the heart

bad habit

vice. undesirable behavior

ware hole, ware wire

warning given by advance followers in the filed to those behind

ware hounds

warning given if a hound comes up from behind, the front, or the side to avoid followers stepping on him

bathing

washing the horse with soapy water to remove dust and dirt from the coat

cachexia

wasting and malnutrition

braiding

weaving the horse's mane or tail into small, tidy braids either for show purposes or to protect and train the mane

breast collar

western term for breastplate; the strap that passes around the front of the horse above the front legs and is attached to the cinch rings or breast collar D rings; its purpose is to hold the saddle forward on the withers

tendon, contracted

when a foal grows extremely fast, causing the bones to lengthen faster than the tendons and causing a developmental deformity

viewed away

when a fox is seen to leave the quarry; this occurrence is rare in America, although it is common in the more open country of England

sour

when a horse becomes sullen in his work performance or performs far below his ability; often a result of overtraining or overschooling

transition not defined

when a horse drifts from one pace to the other

behind the bit

when a horse evades the bit by bending the head toward the chest the horse becomes over flexed and insensitive to the aids

working gaits

when a horse goes forward with adequate energy and rhythm; gaits at which most lower level work is done

bridle noise

when a horse is held with his head pulled into his chest with the neck arched, he may produce a respiratory sound similar to roaring, but less pronounced; a whistling sound

winter out

when a horse is left out in the field in the winter rather than brought into the stable

square

when a horse is standing in a balanced way so that each foot is at one corner of a rectangle (not a trapezoid); weight is equally distributed on all four feet

bit pain

when a horse is uncomfortable with a bit in hs mouth; check for sharp teeth, sores, cuts on the tongue, and under the chin, as well as the fit of the bit

spread himself

when a horse jumps very wide and flat

breaking

when a horse leaves his gait and breaks into either a faster or slower gait

straight action

when a horse moves his forelegs straight and true from the shoulder; the feet remain in line and the hind legs follow the line

unsighted

when a horse or rider is unable to see ahead, particularly in jumping, as the line of sight is temporarily blocked by other horses

wrong leg not corrected

when a horse picks up a canter with the incorrect lead and the rider does not correct it

tail rubbing

when a horse rubs his tail against the wall in the stall or against the fence; may be an indication the horse has lice, worms, or a dirty sheath or udder

wheel

when a horse turns around suddenly without guidance from his rider

waiting race

when a jockey holds his horse back at the start and in the early stages of a race to be able to come to the front at the latter stages of the race

throw a filly

when a mare gives birth to a female

throw a colt

when a mare gives birth to a male

weight aids

when a rider influences the horse by shifting his weight; weight may be shifted to one seat bone, the thighs, or the seat; may also include leaning back or following the movements of the horse more aggressively

average

when a rodeo has more than one go round in an event the constants are paid off for the best ride or time in each go round for the best average of all go rounds. the winner in the average is the winner in the rodeo

wind and work

when an animal has good wind and will work

sinuous

when hairs from two directions meet along an irregular curving line

burst

when hounds get away quickly on their fox or when there is a fast run during a hunt