es chapter 14
STEAM FOR STEAM TURBINES
COAL IS BURNED TO CREATE
what is included as inputs (environmental costs)
EROI estimates may vary based on
more energy is invested than produced
EROI less than 1.0 means
kilowatt hours
Electric power measured in
-mining destroys habitats -mine tailing are acidic -Exhaust from coal fires has numerous toxins, mercury and c02 - fly ash has high amounts of HG
Environmental impacts of coal
67,90
GLOBALLY ___ % OF coal is used for electricity generation (___% in the U.S)
Uranium -235 atoms are Hit by a high-energy neutron Undergo nuclear fission (splitting), releasing energy and more neutrons.
How do we make nuclear energy?
85
How long will natural gas last?
drilling and bio mining
Improved ____ and ____ may improve recovery rate
53, 112 YEARS AT CURRENT CONSUMPTION RATES
In 2005, China and the U.S. accounted for __% of the global coal consumption. These supplies could supply the US and China for
transport
Natural gas is Converted to Liquefied natural gas (LNG) for
marine plants and animals
Oil and Natural gas is derived from the remains of
bitumen
Oil sand (tar sand) is a mixture of clay, sand, water, and a combustible organic material called
kerogen
Oil shales contain a solid combustible mixture of hydrocarbons called
9
Refining oil accounts for __ % of all U.S consumption
coal
The major fuel used in power plant to generate electricty
yucca mountain
What are the possible alternatives for future storage?
fractionator cracker
What are the two ways we process natural gas?
54
What percentage of US population lives with 75 miles of a reactor?
2%
What percentage of the world's oil reserves does the US have?
dry storage
Where is the majority of US nuclear wasted currently stored?
heavy
_____ crude (leftover) is too difficult or expensive to recover
a smart grid
allows for adjustable pricing
oil and natural gas
are composed of hydro-carbon compounds
land/swamp plant material
coal is formed mostly from
syngas
coal is heated to high temps in a closed vessel to produce
Russia (14%), Saudi Arabia (13%), US (12%)
countries with the largest oil producers
Venezuela (24%), Saudi Arabia (22%), Canada (14%), Iran (12%), Iraq (11%), Kuwait (8%)
countries with the largest oil reserves
volts
electric potential (work) is measured in
extract,transport,and refine fossil fuels, to build and maintain dams, or to manufacture solar panels.
energy is required to
electric current
flow of electrons through a wire
oil trap
geologic environment that allows significant amounts of oil and gas to accumulate
OPEC
has 78% of the world's proven oil reserves and most of the world's unproven reserves.
A Smart Grid
instantly communicates usage to power company
crude oil
is a thick liquid containing hydrocarbons
peak load
maximum amount of electricity consumers demand
base load
minimum amount of electricity needed
energy
must be invested to produce any form of primary energy
Petroleum coal natural gas nuclear electric power
non renewable resources are
35-50
only _-_ % of oil can be economically recovered from a deposit
reserves- to- production ratio
proved reserves divided by a particular year's production or use - estimate of how long fuel source will last at current consumption
proved reserves
recoverable quantity of resources using current technology at current prices
transformers
reduce amperage and increase voltage to facilitate transmission
the reserves
represents the total amount that can be exploited
27
the U.S has ___ % of the world's proven coal reserves
production
the amount of an energy source extracted from reserves during a particular times
how many years a fuel will last if the level of production remains constant and no additional reserves are discovered
the reserves-to-production ratio provides an estimate of
porous, permeable reservoir rock impermeable cap rock like shale
the two layers of oil trap
Petrochemicals
used in organic chemicals, pesticides, plastics, synthetic fibers, paint, and medicine.
EROI
useful energy provided by a resource divided by the amount of energy required to produce
multiple power plants
what feeds the power grid
Natural gas-fired power plants release fewer pollutants and do not produce fly ash like coal fired
why are we starting to use natural gas for electricity generation
