Essentials of Speech

5 Core Components

1. Epistemology 2. Ontology 3. Axiology 4. Cosmology 5. Praxeology

3 General Purposes For Public Speaking

1. Inform 2. Persuade 3. Commemorate or entertain

11 Speaking Compentiencies

1. Useful Topic 2. Engaging Introduction 3. Clear Organization 4. Well Supported Ideas 5. Closure in conclusion 6. Clear and vivid language 7. Suitable vocal expression 8. Corresponding nonverbals 9. Adopted to the audience 10. Adept use of visuals 11. Convincing Persuasion

Adept Use of Visual Aids

10th on the speaking competences. Provides powerful insight into the speech topic

Convincing Persuasion

11th on the speaking compentencies. Constructs effectual persuasive message with credible sound evidence and sound reasoning

Well-Supported Ideas

4th on the competencies list. Locate, synthesize, has engaging material, and supports the thesis

Closure in conclusion

5th on the competencies list. It reinforces the thesis, provides physiological closure, and has a call to action

Clear and Vivid Language

6th on the competencies list. It is clear, vivid and imaginative. It is not bias, does not have grammar errors and does not have inappropriate usuage

Suitable Vocal Expression (Characteristics)

7th on the competencies list. Vocal variation, intensity, natural, enthusiastic oral expression

Corresponding Nonverbal's

8th on the competencies list. Demonstrates nonverbal behavior that supports the verbal messages. Examples: Posture, Gestures, Facial Expression, Eye contact

Adapt to Audience

9th on the speaking competency. Shows how information is important to audience members. Example: Allusions, experiences

Ontology

A belief system that we see as true or false example: Steelers will win the superbowl

Identification

A connection that is fostered between the speaker and their audience by highlighting shared attributes or attitudes.

Connotative Meaning

A connotative meaning is the meaning you attach to a word based on your personal experiences and associations.

Rapport

A cordial relationship between two or more people in which both parties convey respect and understanding for one another.

Denotative Meaning

A denotative meaning is the socially agreed conventional meaning found in a dictionary.

Creative Commons License

A designation by the copyright holder of an image or other work that it can be reused. The license identifies what specifically is allowed under what conditions and what credit must be given.

Attention Getter

A device or technique used to gain the audience's attention in the introduction or keep the audience's attention during the course of a speech.

Accident Fallacy

A fallacy that occurs when a generally true statement is applied to a specific case that is unusual.

Ambiguity Fallacy

A fallacy that occurs when a word having more than one meaning appears in the argument.

Appeal to Pity

A fallacy that occurs when an argument attempts to win acceptance by focusing on the unfortunate consequences that will occur if it is not accepted.

Red Herring Fallacy

A fallacy that occurs when an irrelevant issue is introduced into the argument.

Strawman Fallacy

A fallacy that occurs when the actual argument appears to be refuted, but in reality a related point is addressed.

Black and White Fallacy

A fallacy that occurs when the audience is only given two choices.

Begging the Question

A fallacy that occurs when the conclusion of the argument is also used as one of the premises.

Genetic Fallacy

A fallacy that occurs when the individual is attacked.

Appeal to Authority

A fallacy that occurs when the truth of a proposition is thought to rest in the opinion of a famous other or authority.

Bad Reasons Fallacy

A fallacy that occurs when then we assume the conclusion of an argument to be bad because a part of the argument is bad.

False Cause

A fallacy that occurs when there exists a flawed connection between two events.

False Analogy

A fallacy that occurs when there exists a poor connection between two examples used in an argument.

Appeal to Ignorance

A fallacy that occurs when we argue something must be accepted because it cannot be proven otherwise.

Slippery Slope Fallacy

A fallacy that occurs when we assume one action will initiate a chain of events that culminate in an undesirable event.

Division

A fallacy that occurs when we assume that the trait of a whole occurs when the whole is divided into its parts.

Composition Fallacy

A fallacy that occurs when we assume that traits inherent in the parts are also present when the parts are combined into a whole.

Fallacy of Quantitative Logic

A fallacy that occurs when we misuse quantifying words such as "all" or "some."

Masked Man Fallacy:

A fallacy that occurs when we substitute parties that are not identical within an argument.

Analogy

A figure of speech that essentially compares something that your audience knows and understands with something new and different.

Fallacy

A flaw or error in reasoning.

Syllogism

A form of deductive argument in which the conclusion is inferred from the premises. Most syllogisms contain a major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion.

Frame of Reference

A frame of reference refers to the context, viewpoint, or set of presuppositions or of evaluative criteria within which a person's perception and thinking seem always to occur; and which constrains selectively the course and outcome of these activities.

Rule of Thirds

A layout design grid that divides a page into nine equal squares. Placing or aligning content along the grid lines creates a more powerful image.

Low-context Message

A low-context message is one where the message is encoded in the words used or in the verbal expression and not as much in the context.

Prezi

A newer type presentation software that allows for non- linear presentations and is more graphically oriented rather than text oriented.

Watermark

A noticeable image or graphic in an image that is placed there primarily to prevent reuse of that image by identifying the owner of the copyright. Often found on online images, it is designed to let you preview the image before you purchase it, at which time, the watermark is removed.

Exploded View

A picture or diagram where an object appears disassembled so the viewer can see the component parts in proper relationship to each other. They are used to show how things fit together and how parts interact to make a whole.

Pecha Kucha

A presentation format that uses exactly 20 slides, and each slide is only viewed for 20 seconds. This format focuses on timing, brevity, and practice.

Coercion

A process whereby thoughts or behaviors are altered through deceptive or harmful methods.

Premise

A proposition (statement) supporting or helping to support a conclusion; an assumption that something is true

Argument

A proposition supported by one or more reasons or pieces of evidence.

Specific Purpose Statement

A sentence summarizing the main idea, or claim, which the speech will support. It should be stated clearly toward the beginning of the speech.

Evaluation Criteria

A set of standards for judging the merit of a proposition.

Silhouette

A simplified image of a person or object created from the outline of the image and filled in with a solid color, usually black.

Refutation Pattern

A speech designed to anticipate the negative response of an audience, to bring attention to the tensions between the two sides of the argument, and to explain why the audience should change their views.

Causal Pattern

A speech designed to explain a cause-effect relationship between two phenomena.

Direct Method Pattern

A speech designed to present a claim with a list of several supporting pieces of data.

Informative Speech

A speech in which the primary purpose is to provide the audience with information that they did not already know, or to teach them more about a topic with which they are already familiar.

Descriptive Speech

A speech that provides a detailed, vivid, word picture of a person, animal, place, or object.

Demonstration Speech

A speech that shows listeners how some process is accomplished or how to perform it themselves.

Stereotype

A standardized conception or image of a group of people, a stereotype forces a simple pattern upon a complex mass and assigns a limited number of characteristics to all members of a group. Stereotypes are simple, acquired, often erroneous and resistant to change.

Slide Deck

A term that refers to all the slides in a slideware presentation. It is a more generic term for PowerPoint slides.

Sans Serif Font

A type face whose characters do not have the small lines or flourishes at the end points of letters. Sans serif fonts include Arial, Helevetica, and Tahoma.

Serif Font

A type face whose characters have small lines or flourishes at the end points of letters. Serif fonts include Times New Roman, Georgia, and Palatino.

Spiral Pattern

A type of holistic pattern in which the speaker builds up dramatic intensity by moving from smaller and less intense scenarios to bigger and more intense scenarios, in an upward spiral.

Wave Pattern

A type of holistic pattern that follows a crest-trough wave pattern where speakers use examples and stories to slowly build up to the main point at the crest of the wave.

Star Pattern

A type of holistic pattern, the star pattern presents a set of main points connected by an underlying common theme. For different audiences, speakers will start with different main points. However, all main points will be united by one theme.

Definitional Speech

A type of speech in which the speaker attempts to explain or identify the essential qualities or components of concepts, theories, philosophies, or issues.

concrete word

A word that describes a tangible object that can be percieved through the senses

Primacy Effect

According to this principle, audiences are likely to remember what they hear or read first.

Critical Thinking

Active thinking in which we evaluate and analyze information in order to determine the best course of action.

Explanatory Speech

Also known as a briefing, the focus of this speech is on reports of current and historical events, customs, transformations, inventions, policies, outcomes, and options.

WIIFM

An acronym that stands for "What's in it for me?" This is the question that listeners ask themselves when they begin to listen to a speech. Listeners want to know; What does this speech have to do with my life? Is this information useful to me? Is the speaker talking about something I already know? Is the subject interesting? Why should I pay attention?

Induction

An argument in which the truth of its propositions lend support to the conclusion.

Deduction

An argument in which the truth of the premises of the argument guarantee the truth of its conclusion.

Proposition of Policy

An argument that seeks to establish an appropriate course of action.

Proposition of Value

An argument that seeks to establish the relative worth of something.

Proposition of Fact

An argument that seeks to establish whether something is true or false.

Non sequitor

An argument where the conclusion may be true or false, but in which there exists a disconnect within the argument itself.

Contrast

An attention getting technique whereby supporting ideas are compared to emphasize difference.

Receptive Audience

An audience that is generally supportive of, or open to, the persuasive proposition.

Neutral Audience

An audience that is neither open nor opposed to the persuasive proposition.

Hostile Audience

An audience that is opposed to the speaker or to the persuasive proposition.

Style Guide

An established set of standards for formatting written documents and citing sources for information within the document.

Greyscale

An image that has all the color information removed and replaced with appropriate shades of grey. These images are sometimes referred to as black- and-white.

Personal Testimony

An individual's story concerning his or her lived experience, which can be used to illustrate the existence of a particular event or phenomenon.

Monroe's Motivated Sequence

An organizational pattern that attempts to convince the audience to respond to a need that is delineated in the speech through five sequential steps.

Information Overload

An overwhelming feeling of being faced with so much information one cannot completely process it.

Scrutiny Fear

Anxiety resulting from being in a situation where one is being watched or observed, or where one perceives themselves as being watched, is known as scrutiny fear. This sort of anxiety does not necessarily involve interacting with other people.

Lay Testimony

Any testimony based on witnesses' opinions or perceptions in a given case

Communication

Attempts to reproduce what is in our minds in the minds of our audience.

Conversant

Being conversant is the condition of being able to discuss an issue intelligently with others.

Communication Apprehension

CA is the anxiety resulting from fear of public speaking.

Cognitive Restructuring (CR)

CR is an internal process through which individuals can deliberately adjust how they perceive an action or experience.

Complementary Colors

Colors on opposite sides of the color wheel, such as red and green.

Analogous Colors

Colors that are next to each other on the color wheel, such as yellow and orange.

Similes

Comparisons made by speaking of one thing in terms of another using the word "like" or "as" to make the comparison.

Metaphors

Comparisons made by speaking of one thing in terms of another.

Cultural Patterns

Cultural patterns refer to common themes through which different cultures can be understood. They consist of beliefs, values and norms shared among a group of people and remain stable over long periods of time.

Regionalisms

Customary words or phrases used in different geographic regions.

White Space

Empty space in your design that helps direct the viewers' attention to the parts of the slide that really matter. Use of white space can help reduce clutter on your slide.

Fallacies

Errors in reasoning that occur when a speaker fails to use appropriate or applicable evidence for their argument.

Ethnocentrism

Ethnocentrism is the notion that one's own culture is superior to any other.

Expectancy Violation

Expectancy violations occur when people engage in behavior that is unexpected or inappropriate for the situation.

Interpretation

Explaining and extrapolating the conclusions that we draw from a statement.

Backing

Foundational evidence which supports a claim, such as examples, statistics, or testimony.

Holistic Pattern

Holistic patterns, instead of directly and explicitly presenting key ideas, use examples and stories to convey the main idea and leave it to the audience to interpret the message encoded in the examples and stories told.

Cosmology

How we see relationship to universe and people

Noise

In design, it refers to excess information on a slide or image or a cluttered image.

Cultural Noise

Interference from people's worldview

Spotlighting

Language such as "male nurse" that suggests a person is deviating from the "normal" person who would do a particular job and implies that someone's sex is relevant to a particular job.

Heterosexist Language

Language that assumes the heterosexual orientation of a person or group of people.

Sexist Language

Language that unnecessarily identifies sex or linguistically erases females through the use of man- linked terms and/or the use of "he" or "man" as generics.

Generic "he" or "man"

Language that uses words such as "he" or "mankind" to refer to the male and female population.

Context

Last element and are norms that govern communications in different situations and relationships

Monochronic Time

Monochronic time refers to linear time; is tangible and can be "saved, spent, lost wasted," etc. People from monochronic cultures tend to focus on one thing at a time. Schedules and deadlines are sacrosanct, and punctuality is highly regarded.

Thesis

One sentence or statement that succinctly and accurately lets the audience know what the speech will be about and what the speaker plans to accomplish in the speech.

Paralanguage

Paralanguage refers to the vocal cues that accompany spoken language such as volume, rate and pitch.

Speeches to Actuate

Persuasive speeches which seek to change or motivate particular behaviors.

Speeches to Convince

Persuasive speeches which seek to establish agreement about a particular topic.

Clichés

Phrases or expressions that, because of overuse, have lost their rhetorical power.

Polychronic Time

Polychronic time refers to cyclical time. Time is less tangible and is seldom considered "wasted". People from polychronic cultures can often be involved in multiple activities at the same time, with no strict division among the different activities.

Power Distance

Power distance refers to the degree to which the culture believes that institutional and organizational power should be distributed unequally and the decisions of the power holders should be challenged or accepted.

Tag Questions

Powerless language exemplified by ending statements with questions such as "Don't you think?" or "Don't you agree?"

Hedges

Powerless phrases such as "I thought we should," "I sort of think," or "Maybe we should" that communicate uncertainty.

Qualifiers

Powerless words such as "around" or "about" that make your sentences less definitive.

Prejudice

Prejudice refers to a negative attitude toward a cultural group, often based on little or no experience.

Data

Preliminary evidence on which a claim is based.

Syllogisms

Reasoning beginning with a major premise, then moving to a minor premise, before establishing a specific claim.

Credibility

Refers to the audience's perception of the speaker's expertise, authenticity, and trustworthiness.

Triangle of Meaning

Refers to the symbolic, arbitrary nature of language wherein the word spoken or the symbol of the actual object in nature (the referent), has no actual connection to the object it represents. The symbol and the referent are connected only by the thought in one's mind.

Evidence

Research, claims, or anything else that is used to support the validity of an assertion.

Antithesis

Rhetorical strategy that uses contrasting statements in order to make a rhetorical point.

Source Credibility

Signs that a person is offering trustworthy information.

Parity

Similarity of information across sources.

Line Art

Simplified drawings made only of solid lines without color or shading. They are useful for showing the basic shape and construction of complicated objects.

Search Engine

Software which uses algorithms to scan an index of existing Internet content for particular terms, and then ranks the results based on their relevance.

Preview

Sometimes called a road map, a preview is a brief oral outline in which the speaker clearly and concisely states the main points of the speech.

Persuasive Speeches

Speeches which aim to convince an audience to think or behave in a particular way.

State-Anxiety

State-anxiety is derived from the external situation within which individuals find themselves.

Argument

Statements that combine reasoning with evidence to support an assertion.

Demographics

Statistical information that reflects the make-up of a group, often including age, sex, ethnic or cultural background, socioeconomic status, religion, and political affiliation.

Intensity

Supporting material that is characterized by a high degree of emotion, color, volume, strength, or other defining characteristic.

Systematic De-sensitization

Systematic de-sensitization is a multi-stage, therapeutic regimen to help patients deal with phobias through coping mechanisms.

Man-linked Terms

Terms such as "fireman" or "policemen" that incorrectly identify a job as linked only to a male.

Expert Testimony

Testimony that comes from a recognized authority who has conducted extensive research on an issu

Warrant

The (often unstated) connection between data and claim.

Persuasion

The art of influencing or reinforcing people's beliefs, attitudes, values, or actions.

Ethos

The audience's perception of a speaker's credibility and moral character.

Pixelation

The blurry appearance of images which are enlarged on a computer beyond their resolution. This often occurs when a small image is stretched to cover an entire slide.

Status Quo

The current situation.

Individualism-Collectivism

The dimension of indivi- dualism-collectivism refers to the degree to which a culture relies on and has allegiance to the self or the group.

Masculinity-Femininity

The dimension of masculinity-femininity refers to the degree to which a culture values such behaviors as assertiveness and the acquisition of wealth or caring for others and the quality of others.

Logos

The logical means of proving an argument.

High-context Message

The meaning of the message is implied by the physical setting or is presumed to be part of the culture's shared beliefs, values and norms.

Language

The means by which we communicate—a system of symbols we use to form messages.

Z Pattern

The natural tendency of people from English-speaking countries, among others, to view images in the same way that they read text, that is, left to right, top to bottom. This results in the eye tracking along a Z-shaped path through the image.

Hearing

The physiological process of receiving noise and sounds

Bias

The predisposition toward a particular viewpoint.

Praxeology

The preferred method of completing everyday tasks, solving problems

Analysis

The process of asking what is happening in a message through breaking it into its individual components and asking questions of each section.

Evaluation

The process of assessing the various claims and premises of an argument to determine their validity.

Interlibrary Loan

The process of borrowing materials through one library that belong to another library.

Causal Reasoning

The process of formulating an argument by examining related events to determine which one caused the other.

Deductive Reasoning

The process of formulating an argument by moving from a general premise to a specific conclusion.

Inductive Reasoning

The process of formulating an argument by moving from specific instances to a generalization.

Self-regulation

The process of reflecting on our pre-existing thoughts and biases and how they may influence what we think about an assertion.

Claim

The proposition you want the audience to accept.

Listening

The psychological process of attaching meaning to the sounds and noises we hear.

Alliteration

The repetition of the initial sounds of words.

Color Palette

The selection of colors that are used throughout a single project.

Slideware

The software used to display digital slide shows. Examples of slideware include Microsoft PowerPoint, Apple iWork, Keynote, Google Drive Presentation, OpenOffice Impress.

General Purpose

The speaker's overall goal, objective, or intent: to inform, to persuade, or to entertain.

Jargon

The specialized language of a group or profession.

Kinesics

The study of body movement including gestures, hand, arm and leg movements, facial expressions, eye contact and stance or posture.

Activity

The use of action words, physical or visual movement, or faster rate of speech to draw the audience's attention.

Humor

The use of amusing or comical facts, stories, or forms of expression to maintain an audience's attention.

Pathos

The use of emotional appeals to persuade an audience.

Hyperbole

The use of moderate exaggeration for effect.

External Credibility

This is a form of credibility based on attributes that a speaker can "borrow," such as using credible sources and referring to credible and popular people and events.

Internal Credibility

This is a form of credibility based on attributes that are largely controlled by a speaker, such as appearance, confidence, charisma, trustworthiness, and speaking ability.

"Breathe and Release"

This is a short-cut version of systematic de-sensitization appropriate for public speaking preparation.

Infer

To draw a conclusion that rests outside the message.

Imply

To suggest or convey an idea

Trait-Anxiety

Trait-anxiety is anxiety that is aligned with, or a manifestation of, an individual's personality.

Slang

Type of language that most people understand but that is not considered acceptable in formal or polite conversation.

Uncertainty Avoidance

Uncertainty avoidance index refers to the extent to which the culture feels threatened by ambiguous, uncertain situations and tries to avoid them by establishing more structure.

Axiology

Value system, right, wrong, good, bad, fair, unfair

Novelty

Very recent or unusual supporting ideas.

Epistemology(Think EPI-STEM-OLOGY)

Way we achieve knowledge

Rhetorical Question

When a speaker asks a question that is not meant to be answered outloud, or a question for which the audience already knows the answer. This is often used as a way to get an audience to think about the topic.

Boolean Operators

Words and symbols that illustrate the relationship between search terms and help the search engine expand or limit results.

Colloquialisms

Words or phrases used in informal speech but not typically used in formal speech.

Useful Topics

Worthwhile, engaging, topic is appropriate to the audience

Clear Orginization

organized, clear main points, related to thesis, effective transition