ETHICS

Crab mentality attitude

(Hilahan and Inggitan System)instead of being happy to what are the accomplishments of others they try to pull them down.

False (it does applies)

A moral dilemma or ethical dilemma does not applies to our personal life, in a job, in a profession, education, and some others

Stage 6: Universal ethical principle orientation

According to Kohlberg, this is the highest stage of functioning. However, he claimed that some individuals will never reach this level.

Sociologists

According to them CULTURE consists of ideals, beliefs, language systems, communication, and behaviors that people have in common and that can be used to describe them as a group.

Lawrence Kohlberg

American psychologist and educator known for his theory of moral development

Stage 3: Good Boy/Nice Girl orientation

Behavior is determined by social approval

Overlap

Causing conflict, wasting time, and unintended duplication of responsibilities

False (and not to make conclusions)

Cultural relativism is the desire to RELATIVISM consider a culture on its own terms and to make conclusions based on the norms of one's own community.

The Filipino people are very resilient

Despite the negative experience of the Filipinos particularly during calamities and catastrophes, Filipinos able to manage and handle a difficult situation lightly. They can still smile and always manage to rise above the challenge.

Filipinos values traditions and culture.

Filipino traditions and culture are very important for Filipinos. They spent time on celebrations such as birthday parties, reunions, festivals, etc

Extreme Personalism

Filipinos always try to give an interpretation of the actions or they take things personally. They say thank you with "but" (compliment-criticism-compliment)

Filipinos help one another

Filipinos are known to bayanihan or community spirit where everyone helps each other to make the task easier without expecting in return.

Lack of Self Analysis and Reflection

Filipinos are superficial and dreamy. They lack self-evaluation and reflection of the situation.

Filipinos take pride in their families

Filipinos first and foremost priority is the family. Thus, whether you are part of the immediate family or you belong to the third and fourth generation you are cherished as a family member. Even the closest friends are regarded as a family too.

Lack of Discipline

Filipinos have a rather relaxed attitude, but bad time management (famous Filipino time).

Kanya-kanya Syndrome

Filipinos have self-serving attitude that generates feeling of envy and competitiveness towards others

Colonial Mentality

Filipinos have what we call patriotism vs active awareness mentality. They appreciate too much other nationality and foreign products than native ones

Filipinos are very respectful.

Filipinos used po and opo, words that usually at the end of the sentences when addressing the elders.

Differentiation vs. Integration Gap vs overlap Lack of clarity vs. Lack of creativity Excessive autonomy vs. Excessive interdependence

Five concepts in the structural moral dilemma ??

True

In ANY decision, an individual must analyze every aspect, scrutinize the pros and cons, and after several evaluations then finally decide.

Filipinos have the longest Christmas celebration

In the Philippines, Christmas songs started to play in the malls, restaurants, respective homes from September and last until the second week of January the next year.

Stage 5: Social contract orientation

Individual rights determine behavior. The individual views laws and rules as flexible tools for improving human purposes.

True

It gets individual stress of judging as to whether the decision is good or not in travailing circumstances.

Cultus

Latin word of culture, means giving respect to the sacredness of all

Gaps

Main tasks are not explicitly defined, the critical job will slip through ________?

Self-inflicted dilemma

Moral dilemma may arise as a result of a prior personal mistake.

The Heinz Dilemma

Participants were also interviewed to determine the reasoning behind their judgments of each scenario (American Psychological Association, 2018).

True

T/F. Cultural relativism (CR) is a moral theory that contends that there are NO objective universal moral rules, and the moral rules that do exist are culturally bound

True

T/F. Cultural relativism teaches acceptance to individuals

True

T/F. Culture is distinct from the social structure and economic aspects of society, but it is related to them both by educating and updating them on an ongoing basis.

False (both feelings and reason)

T/F. Humans have only feelings not reason

False (able to balance)

T/F. Knowing the advantages or pros and disadvantages or cons of cultural relativism, we will unable to balance the cultures of the societies despite the differences

False (he was not interested)

T/F. Kohlberg was interested so much in the answer to whether Heinz was wrong or right but in the reasoning for each participant's decision.

True

T/F. Lawrence Kohlberg in 1958 just developed Jean Piaget's theory of moral judgment for children (1932)

True

T/F. Laws, regulations, and directives need to be balanced by lateral approaches.

False (it maybe a product of prejudice etc.)

T/F. Our feelings may be irrational but it is not a product of prejudice, selfishness, or cultural conditioning

True

T/F. Reason does play an important role in moral judgment.

True

T/F. Reason spells the difference of moral judgments from the mere expressions of personal preference

True

T/F. The more complicated a task structure, the more difficult it is to sustain a centered, tightly coupled organization

True

T/F. The theoretical emphasis is on how one decides to respond to a moral dilemma, not what one decides or what one actually does

True

T/F. To better understand the people as what and who they are, their roots, their moral standards, acceptable and unacceptable or permissible or prohibited in their societies then we NEED to embrace their cultures to determine the trends or situations to develop.

True

T/F. We cannot rely on our feelings, no matter how powerful it is

True

T/F. What is moral to other societies may not be moral to our societies and what is moral to our societies may not be moral to them

True

T/F. impartiality involves the idea that each individual's interest and point of view are equally important

True

T/F. Human beings must not be confused nor ambiguous and put himself or herself in a dilemma where he doesn't know what to do and decide to what is good and what is right.

True

T/F. Characteristics of an Ethical/Moral Dilemma: (1) making an option to one moral value over the other; (2) A situation where moral values are equally significant

True

T/F. Characteristics of an Ethical/Moral Dilemma: 3) A scenario where a person has a strong moral reason in action, but not equally strong moral reason in acting in another way 4) A state where a person should morally do one, two, or more and have difficulty in deciding any of those conflicting choices.

True

T/F. Whatever action is taken will offend an important moral value

Organizational ethical or moral dilemma Individual moral dilemma Structural moral dilemma

THREE LEVELS OF MORAL DILEMMAS??

Extreme Family Centeredness

The Filipinos have very high family protection whether in good or poor condition and circumstance (consentidor) (overprotected)

The Filipinos are hospitable people

The visitors whether foreigners or Filipinos are very much welcome for the Filipinos during festivities and even no occasions that when they arrive at the place,

Michigan State University online.com (2020) and small business chron.com (2019)

There are common ethical issues in the organization, according to whom?

Filipinos are very religious.

There are so many religions in the Philippines, nowadays, different denominations and yet they value their beliefs.

Filipinos love art and architecture

They love to design, think, and have a passion for aesthetic value which is unique and different

Lack of clarity vs. Lack of creativity

When employees are not clear about what they are expected to do, they often adapt their tasks to personal interests instead of system-wide goals that often lead to problem

Excessive autonomy vs. Excessive interdependence

When individuals or groups are too independent, they are always isolated. On the other hand, if the units and responsibilities are too closely connected, people are absentminded from work and waste time or excessive coordination

Culture (Cole, 2019)

a concept that refers to a broad and diverse collection of often intangible areas of social life.

Moral dilemma (in a broader sense)

a person has strong moral reasons for acting which are described to be as remarkable, nonetheless, not equally strong moral reasons for acting in another way

Impartiality

a principle of justice holding that decisions ought to be based on objective criteria rather that on the basis of bias

Moral dillema (Kvalnes, 2019)

a situation in which a decision maker must give preference to one moral principle over another

Moral dilemma (in a strict sense)

a situation in which moral values are of equal importance

Moral Dilemma (Kurie & Albin ,2007)

a situation in which people assume that they should morally do ONEthing and that they should morally do ANOTHER thing, and occasionally a THIRD thing or even aa FOURTH thing, but they're not doing any of these mutually contradictory choices together.

Individual ethical or moral dilemma (Smith, 2018)

a situation where individuals confront with a number of factors such as peer pressure, personal financial position, an economic and social status which may influence all individual ethical standards.

Ethical dilemma or a Moral dilemma (Figar & Dordevic, 2016)

a situation whereby a person has to make a decision. Among competing alternatives, which is the right (ethical) alternative and which is the best?

Culture (Kohak, 1984)

at the root of human alienation from the environment, it is NOT JUST a compilation of artifacts or reflection of people's preferences and appreciation of beauty

Reason and impartiality

become the basic prerequisite for morality as one is excepted to be able to deliver clear, concise, rightful, and appropriate judgments made out of logic and understanding in an unbiased manner while considering the general welfare to accurately concoct moral decisions.

Culture (Lederach, 1995)

collective knowledge and schemes generated by a group of people to perceive, view, convey, and react to the social realities around them.

Differentiation vs. Integration

conflict between the distribution of jobs/tasks and the organization of numerous activities

conventional level

conformity to social rules remains important to the individual. However, the emphasis shifts from self-interest to relationships with other people and social systems.

Organizational ethical dilemma (Lamberto et. Al, 2013)

includes also the leaders' ethical actions in preserving financial reporting integrity.

Stage 4: Law and order orientation

individual now takes into consideration a larger perspective, that of societal laws.

Stage 3: Good Boy/Nice Girl orientation

individual wants to maintain or win the affection and approval of others by being a "good person."

Reason

is the basis or motive for an action, decision or conviction

Cultural Relativism

it tries to promote the understanding of cultural practices that are unfamiliar to other cultures such as eating insects, genocides or genital cutting.

Cultural relativism

means that we do not judge a society by our own criteria of what is right or wrong, odd or natural. Rather, we will make an effort to understand the cultural traditions of other communities in their own cultural context.

preconventional level

morality is externally controlled, rules imposed by authority figures are conformed to in order to avoid punishment or receive rewards.

"Bahala na System"

no matter what, come what may, at least we tried (paconsuelo) attitude.

Dilemma

occur when, confronted with a challenging situation

Impartiality

quality of being unbiased and objective in creating moral decision

Organizational ethical dilemma (Lamberto et. Al, 2013)

refers to a situation that causes an organization to respond negatively or positively to an ethical issue that affects staff, shareholders, and society, as well as corporate ethics and customers.

Structural Moral Dilemma

selecting a proper system of responsibilities and relationships, which is a continuing universal challenge

Passivity and Lack of Initiative

strong at the beginning, but they have no sense of consistency (sometimes no direction at all or no strategy at all)

Reason

the ability of the mind to think, understand, and form judgments a process of logic.

Culture (Zimmerman, 2017)

the characteristics and awareness of a specific community of people, including language, religion, food, social behavior, etiquette, fashion, music, and the arts.

postconventional level

the individual moves beyond the perspective of his or her own society.