Ethics and Morals

strong paternalism

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Schwatz-THREE TYPES of limitations

1.patients may not require they be treated by nonmedical means eg. herbal remedies 2. patients may not request futile treatments 3. patients may not require they be treated in ways inconsisten with ends/purpose of medicine

Socrate's Question (DCT)

Are actions morally right because God commands them, or does God command them because they are morally right?

Mill (Utilitarianism)

Believes there are lower and higher pleasures Higher pleasures-emotions, intellect, love, spiritual Lower pleasures-food, lust, physical satisfaction -need training for higher values

Betham thinks (utilitarianism)

Bentham thinks that happiness is one-dimensional. It is pleasure, pure and simple, something that varies only in the amount that an agent can experience. Hedionism-right actions produce the greatest amount of PLEASURE for the greatest amount of sentient beings. Ex. Drop the bomb in Hiroshima, suffering going to happen either way which involves the most amount of people.

example of hedon vs. mill

Building a fast food restraunt or a museum for auburn Hedon: measure pain and pleasure Mill: depends on what kind of pleasure

Natural Law Theory

Comes from the Virtue Theory-the view that right actions are those that conform to moral standards discerned in nature through human reason (God put it in our nature)

Kant's CHALLENGE to Utilitarianism

Consequences alone do not determine the morality of an action. YOU GET TO USE/HARM SOMEONE

Example of cool helments, Delberation and Consistent view

Consistent view-believes its cool, safe enough, looks like itd be rational Good deliberation-not logical, experts says its safer because of statistics so thus it is not rational

Diminished autonomy

Dax when he was in shock

Dworkin's challenge to Mill

Dworkin is a utilitarianist, but doesnt believe in whatever maximizes the good of society, more about the own person's choice

True or False Dworkin takes Mills strategy on Paternalism

FALSE

CHALLENGE to the CHALLENGE of God is arbitrary

God would never command something evil because God is all good.

Virtue Theory

Have a nature, and from your nature, we can determine how to make you better/worse. Ex. courage is a virture, try to find mean between cowardice and recklessness.

Dworkin-how does he get from parental paternalism to RW model?

He likes the kind of model or reasoning that parents use-there are dangers that await if that were to happen, if you were fully autonomist you would agree.

Inductive Reasoning

If my evidence is true then it is very likely that my argument is true. Law enforcement in the city is a complete failure. Incidents of serious crime have doubled

CHALLENGE to DVT-God is all-good

It would be meaningless and the traditional religious idea of the goodness of God would become an empty notion. The moral term "good" would be "commanded by God" which tells us nothing about the goodness of God. It would translate "God's commands are God's commands"

Ethical Relativism

Moral standards are not objective but are relative to what individuals or cultures believe. There simply are no objective moral truths, only relative ones. In this way, moral norms are not discovered but made; the individual or culture makes right and wrong

Kant's system

Morality is best captured by looking at RESPECT for RATIONAL/PRUDENT beings. What makes an act right is that it follows the categorical imperative form.treat someone(sentient beings) as the ends(intrinsic value) rather than the means(treat its worth is extrinsic). Its humanity/rational beings. RESPECT-that's like a test for all the other rules. Ex cheating on a test-it will get me a good grade, the categorical imperative is like a test..are you about to treat someone like a mere means.Always act of those rules that can be universal(could everyone follow it?) -against lying, treating people as a mere means. -hates utilitarians

Moral life's 4 key factors

Normative dominance, universality, impartiality, and reasonableness

Weak Paternalism

Not fully autonomist (five year old)

Dworkin's example of Paternalism

Odyssey-please limit my liberties (because of the Siren). kind of model for actual consent. Rational people would consent.

Principle of autonomy restriction

Paternalism

Strong Paternalism

Patient ex. law wearing your seatbelt

Ackerman's CHALLENGE TO Peligrino

Peligrino-non interference model-whatever the patient says, the doctor gets the patient back to an autonomist position (remove physical and cognitive contraints from patient) and then respect for autonomy is just letting the patient make the decision

CHALLENGE TO Virtue Theory

Problem with finding a nature (same with natural law)

According to Aristotle, how are humans different in nature from animals

Rational-Theoritically (moral rules) and Practically(acts, love)

Dworkin's model

Real Will Model

Divine Command Theory

Right actions are those commanded by God, and wrong actions are those forbidden by God. God is the author of the moral law, making right and wrong by his will.

One challenge that Dworkin's model would allow to visit

Ultra-hazardous activities-things that are part of who I am, or identify then that case RW model will not restrict it

intrinsic

a value in it of itself (love, knowledge, emotions)

Universality

apply is all relevantly similar situations. If it is wrong to tell a lie in a particular circumstance then it is wrong for everyone is that particular circumstance to tell a lie.

nonmaleficence

above all, do no harm. Is the bedrock precept of countless codes of professional conduct, instituational regulations

Impure Paternalism

advertize Joe Camel, should we prevent marketers to show it because minors loved it too much. Limiting the marketers for the benefit of minors.

What should have the health care providers asked in Wanglie's case

argued that medical practice simply did not include providing a ventilator...under circumstances of this case and that no surrogate decision maker..should be able to choose this option

FOUR moral PRINCIPLES

autonomy, benefiecence, utility, and justice

Rule-Utilitarianism

avoids judging rightness by specific acts and focuses instead on the rules governing categories of acts. It says a right action is one that conforms to a rule that, if followed consistently, would create for everyone involved the most beneficial balance of good over bad.

Morality

concerns beliefs regarding morally right and wrong actions and morally good and bad persons or character.

weak paternalism

ex. seriously depressed people are restrained from killing themselves

Legal Norms

enforced by the state to protect or promote the public good. Prevent chaos, do not always correlate with moral norms

Impartiality

the idea that everyone should be considered equal, that everyone's interests should count the same.

moral theory

explains not why one event causes another but why an action is right or wrong or why a person is good or bad. Tells us what it is about about an action that makes it right

Pure Paternalism

go straight after the group, they are the ones that are going to be benefitted

PERSONS are morally

good or bad

extrinsic

has value because of something else (money, objects, college)

CHALLENGE to DVT that God is arbitrary

if actions are morally right just because God commands them to be so, then it is possible that any actions whatsoever could be morally right. God could will murder if he wanted to and it would be morally right.

Deductive Reasoning

if my evidence is true then you have to accept my argument. Its wrong to take the life of an innocent person Abortion takes the life of an innocent person Therefore, abortion is wrong.

moral argument

is an argument whose conclusion is a moral statement, an assertion that an action is right or wrong or that a person or motive is good or bad.

empirical claim

is one that can be confirmed by sense experience-that is by observation or scientific investigation

Consistenly Rational Choice

measured by consistency with persons actual beliefs ex. cult-kill themselves because they say so

Deliberatily Rational Choice

measured by good deliberation (by person or borrowed from experts)

Normative Dominance

moral norms are presumed to dominate other kinds of norms, to take precedence over them. (overridingness-because moral considerations so often seem to override other factors. Ex. stealing without getting caught is overrided by a moral prohibition against stealing

How do moral theories fit into our everyday moral reasoning?

moral theories can figure directly in our moral arguements. 2. theories can have an indirect impact on moral arguments because principles appealed to are often supported in turn by a moral theory.

Consequentialists

moral theories insist that the rightness of actions depends solely on their consequences or results. (Utilitarianism)

If moral standards are not grounded in the divine will, logically independent of religion, then

morality is a legitimate concern for the religious and nonreligious alike, and everyone has equal access to moral reflection and the moral life.

only ACTIONS are morally

morally right or wrong

Ackerman's view of Paternalism

more to it involves more than non interference returning control to the patient-MD removing physical, cognitive, psycological, and social contraints.

Paternalism

overridiing of an autonomist being for THAT PERSON'S own good

Paternalism

overriding of a person's actions or decision-making for her own good.

Physical, cognitive, psychological, and social contraints

physical-stablize cognitive-fully inform him psychological-worry about fear, anxiety, depression, social-society puts pressure on you (this is who i am)

prima facie

principle applies in all cases unless an exception is warranted

Autonomy

refers to a person's rational capacity for self-governance or self-determination-to ability to direct one's own life and choose for oneself

Rawl's Contractarianism

refers to moral theories based on the idea of a social contract or agreement, among individuals for mutual advantage. What principles should a just society structure itself to ensure a fair distribution of rights, duties, and advantages of social cooperation?-Answer: Required principles-essentially principles of justice-are those that people would agree to under hyporthetical conditions that ensure fair and unbiased choices

Justice

refers to people getting what is fair or what is their due

Ackerman's argument to Peligrino

serious contraints are intrinsic-then noninterference is not the best.

One exception to Mill's view on Paternalism

slavery

Ethics

study of morality using the tools and methods of philosophy.

Premises

supporting statements.

Subjective Relativism

that right actions are those sanctioned by a PERSON. Morality is essentially a matter of personal taste, which is an extremely easy thing to establish. "That may be your truth, but its not my truth"-has a way of stopping conversations and putting an end to reasoned arguments. CHALLENGE- person may be content with the moral issue of gambling however a genocide in africa-is wrong period.. Doctrine implies that each person is morally infalliable. No one is mistaken. Ex. Hussein approved of slaughtering thousands, by the light of subjective relativism he is correct in his view. Also implies the illusion of moral disagreement. -NO disagreement, just what you believe is right or wrong.

Descriptive Ethics

the actual beliefs, lab work

Moral Absolutism

the belief that objective moral principles allow no exceptions or must be applied the same way in all cases and cultures

Moral Objectivism

the idea that at least some moral standards are objective.

Act-Utilitarianism

the idea that the rightness of actions depends solely on the relative good produced by individual actions. An act is right if in a particular situation it produces a greater balance of good over bad than any alternative acts.

Conclusion

the supported statement

Cultural Relativism

the view that right actions are those sanctioned by ONES CULTURE.CHALLENGES: moral infallibility- cultures make moral rightness, so they cannot be mistaken about it. 2. We cannot legitimately criticize other cultures, because they approve of their actions-so therefore it is right. 3. No such thing as moral progress-can never change because what was right in the beginning has to be right the whole time. 4. Social reformers(Martin Luther, Susan B Anthony) could never be morally right. 5. People belong to multiple social groups-hard to follow jsut one.

Utilitarianism

the view that right actions are those that result in the most beneficial balance of good over bad consequences for everyone involved. What makes an act right is that it produces the greatest happiness/good/value for greatest number of sentient beings.

Real-Will Model

there are actions that rational beings would agree to have others prevent them from doing (or make them do) and those are places where we are justified in being paternalistic.

Reasonableness

to engage in the essential, unavoidable practices or the moral life-is to do moral reasoning. Use both logic and commonsense. Cant just have no reason for believing in physician-suicide

Nonmoral norms

value judgements about art, norms or etiquette, grammar, legal norms

Beneficence

we should do good to others and avoid doing harm to others

Utility

we should produce the most favorable balance of good over bad (or benefit over harm) for all concerned. We should do what yields the best overall outcome-the maximum good and minimum evil

Schwarts- are there limits to the demands that "respect for patient autonomy" places on a physician

yes, it is not disrespecting the patient's autonomy to refuse a choice if it not among the "resonable medical alternatives"

Categorical Imperative

you ought to do this whether you want to or not. Use as a test, should it be a universal law