Ethics Exam 1

what four fundamental questions must be answered in order for someone to take a complete and systematic ethical position?

1. what are the source, meaning, and justification for ethical claims? 2. what kind of acts are right? 3. how do rules apply to specific situations? 4. what ought to be done is specific cases?

Which of the following statements is/are true regarding Kane's Duty and Ross' Prima Facie Duties? A. The basic assumption of these theories is that consequences do not and in fact should not enter into our judging of whether action or people are moral or immoral B. Kant believed that it is not possible by reasoning along to set up valid absolute moral rules C. Kant's categorical imperative, an act is immoral if the rule that would authorize it cannot be made into a rule for all human beings to follow D. Kant's practical imperative requires that we treat mother person solely "as a means to our end" E. Ross, a prima facie duty (at first glance) refers to the duty or obligation that appears to be what I should do without considering other factors F. Prima facie duties are absolute

A, C, and E

The absence of truth-telling and apology after an error has been detected, is considered unethical. According to sorryworks.net if the error is not truthfully disclosed and an apology is not provided, often clients consider malpractice litigation. When error occurs and a client is harmed, what kind of apology is always necessary? A. An apology of empathy "sorry this happened" B. An apology of responsibility "sorry I or we made this mistake" C. A and B D. Neither A or B

A. An apology of empathy "sorry this happened"

This theory posits that an act can only be ethical if it obeys gods law, and the word of god overrides any other law, custom, or inclination, St. Augustine offered a version of divine command theory which is considered to be a A. Deontological, duty based theory B. Teleological, justice based theory C. Teleological, end-based theory D. Deontological, justice based theory

A. Deontological, duty based theory

Several pharmacists at the state pharmacy convention are discussing a new regulation in the state that mandates public disclosure of all medical errors including drug errors. Melanie Hu, PharmD states "the rights of patients to the truth about drug errors should be our highest priority as pharmacist. After all, the code of ethics notes that we promise to maintain our patients trust as part of our covenant all relationship." What theory is Dr. Hu using to support her argument? A. Duty based or deontological ethics B. Character based or virtue ethics C. Care based or care ethics D. Utilitarianism E. Communitarian ethics

A. Duty based or deontological ethics

According to the ethical and religious directive for catholic health care services, which of the following is permitted? A. Embryonic stem cell research B. Surrogacy C. Abortion D. Aborted fetal tissue research E. Interuterine device

A. Embryonic stem cell research

Hubris shows itself by A. Excessive pride and arrogance B. Our actions which take care to regard the ethical requirements of the community C. A lack of excuses D. None of the above

A. Excessive pride and arrogance

As a stakeholder looking through the equality lens I expect: A. Pharmaceutical companies to pay their fair share of the burdens through taxes B. Pharmaceutical companies to move employment opportunities to foreign countries C. The public to recognize that corporations are people D. None of the above

A. Pharmaceutical companies to pay their fair share of the burdens through taxes

According to the article by Lee and Hunt, what is NOT one of the views regarding human rights responsibilities of pharmaceutical companies? A. Pharmaceutical companies, in the past, have had detailed guidance on their human rights responsibilities, which have not often been followed, in relation to access to medicines and right-to-health B. Pharmaceutical companies, in developing life-saving drugs, perform an important social, medical and public-health function which is rewarded by a limited monopoly over these drugs enabling shareholder value and the ability to further invest in research and development. C. Pharmaceutical companies must prevent or address negative impacts of their pricing and licensing policies on access to medicines, and must demonstrably do everything possible, within a viable business model, to fulfill their social function and human rights responsibilities. D. Pharmaceutical companies, in order to meet their responsibility, should put in place policies and processes, including a policy commitment to meet their responsibility to respect human rights, a human rights due diligence process, and a process to enable the "remediation" of any adverse human rights impacts they cause or to which they contribute.

A. Pharmaceutical companies, in the past, have had detailed guidance on their human rights responsibilities, which have not often been followed, in relation to access to medicines and right-to-health

If indeed the ventilation is extra-ordinarily, from the catholic ethical perspective, this would mean that A. The patient can morally refuse the ventilation, and it would also be morally permissible for the physician to discontinue the ventilation B. The patient can morally refuse the ventilation, but it would still be immoral for the physician to discontinue the ventilation C. The patients refusal is immoral, but it would be morally permissible for the physician to discontinue the ventilation D. The patients refusal is immoral, and it would also be immoral for the physician to discontinue to ventilation

A. The patient can morally refuse the ventilation, and it would also be morally permissible for the physician to discontinue the ventilation

The moral principle that actions are right insofar as they involve telling the truth and wrong as they involve lying A. Veracity B. Fidelity C. Honesty D. Fiduciary

A. Veracity

A physician telephones a prescription for a powerful tranquilizer but directs you to label the prescription with the name of a mild sedative because the patient is "frightened by the idea of taking tranquilizers." The drug prescribed is the only effective therapy for this condition, your state pharmacy practice act includes a strong prohibition against mislabeling. Which two principles are being violated? A. Veracity and autonomy B. Fidelity and nonmaleficence C. Justice and beneficence D. Nonmaleficence and autonomy

A. Veracity and autonomy

Which of the following describe the dialogue which would be considered when using the professional community standard for honoring the patient autonomy A. What should i tell the patient? B. What does a reasonable person want to know? C. What does the patient want to know? D. None of the above

A. What should I tell the patient?

Agreement to respect another's right to self determination and capacity to act on their own decisions freely and independently

Autonomy

Based on all societies having some prohibition on killing

Avoidance of killing

Which of the following statements are true A. Principlism is an ancient theory that has been used by philosophers for centuries B. The Belmont report was written in response to the unethical treatment of AA human subjects during the Tuskegee syphilis research study C. The Belmont report did not make any impact on the conduct of biomedical and behavioral research involving human subjects D. Principlism is based on principles of beneficence, nonmaleficence, justice, autonomy, veracity, fidelity, and avoidance of killing E. Dr's James Childress and Tom Beauchamp alone counted the key principles F. Robert Veatch is a pharmacist/philosopher and co-author of our textbook helped to write the explanatory appendix Volume II to the Belmont report G. Beauchamp and Childress developed key concepts of principlism into the leading book on the principles of biomedical ethics H. The ethics of research, experimentation on human subjects is beyond the scope of this course

B, D, F, G

Which of the following is NOT a reason for violating confidentiality A. The patient has made a threat to cause serious bodily harm to his wife and child B. A home health nurse has asked the pharmacist for copies of her patients prescription because he is acting strangely and appears to be psychotic C. The patient is being treated in the ER for multiple but non-life threatening superficial gunshot wounds D. A frail elderly patient known to the pharmacist asks for help in finding bandages. Her face appears to have been badly beaten and there is evidence of bruising and freshly dried blood

B. A home health nurse has asked the pharmacist for copies of her patients prescription because he is acting strangely and appears to be psychotic

A physician who prescribes an antibiotic against his or her better medical judgement because the patient believes the antibiotic will help is A. Respecting patient autonomy B. Allowing the patient to make an uninformed and, hence, nonautonomous decision C. Justified in trusting the placebo effect of teh therapeutic intervention D. All of the above E. A and C

B. Allowing the patient to make an uninformed and, hence, nonautonomous decision

In an online survey of hospital pharmacists, the respondents expressed grave concerns about in patients use of herbs and dietary substances such as garlic, ginkgo bill a, saw palmetto, etc. at one hospital, physicians imposed a blanket policy of no use. The director of pharmacy services at this hospital stated "we don't want any of this. They're not FDA approved; they're not consistent or predictable. There aren't enough good, random, double blind, clinical tests on them. Patients try to sneak them in and we confiscate them. We tell them why. They understand but they dont like it." There are several ethical principles in conflict in this case. Which of the following would be in conflict? A. Veracity and fidelity B. Autonomy and nonmaleficence C. Justice and beneficence D. Fidelity and autonomy

B. Autonomy and nonmaleficence

Which of the following is synonymous in ethics for "evening the playing field"? A. Deontology- Kant, duty- or rule based B. Deontology- Rawls, justice based C. Teleology- Bentham/Mill, utilitarianism, end or consequentialist based D. Teleology- Aristotle, virtues, character based

B. Deontology- Rawls, justice based

What is meant by being considered a "substantially autonomous person"? A. Being able to exert full autonomy in making decisions B. Having a sufficient degree of autonomy to be self determining C. To be totally free of any constraints when making choices D. A and B E. None of the above

B. Having a sufficient degree of autonomy to be self determining

The results lens A. A deontological system with rights/duties focus B. A teleological tradition with a goals focus C. A deontological tradition with a virtue/character focus D. None of the above

B. a teleological tradition with a goals focus

The principle that imposes upon the practitioner to seek the good for the client or patient under all circumstances

Beneficence

According to the CNN report, Duke university researchers who viewed 97 episodes of ER, Chicago hope, and rescue 911 noted what percentage of survival A. 95% B. 85% C. 75% D. 65% E. 55%

C. 75%

The rights/responsibility lens is A. Community based B. Centered in intuition and the heart C. Based on the deontological tradition D. None of the above

C. Based on the deontological tradition

Several pharmacists at the state pharmacy convention are discussing a new regulation in the state that mandates public disclosure of all medical errors including drug errors. Mark Corbin PharmD stated "if you ask me, we shouldn't need a state regulation to make use do the right thing here. Would you want to know if your child got the wrong drug? Put yourself in the other persons shoes. Why would you feel any differently? We're all equally vulnerable here and should o our best to protect each other." What theory is Dr. Corbin using to support his argument? A. Duty based or deontological ethics B. Character based or virtue ethics C. Care based or ethic of care D. Consequence based or utilitarianism E. Rights based or Rawlsian ethics

C. Care based or ethic of care

The relationship lens A. Is from the teleological tradition with a goals focus B. Emphasizes the rights of individuals as sovereign agents C. Determines when and how community interests should take priority over individual interests D. None of the above

C. Determines when and how community interests should take priority over individual interests

The moral principle that includes keeping promises, doing what is expected of us, performing our duties and being trustworthy A. Loyalty B. Faithfulness C. Fidelity D. Honesty

C. Fidelity

The attending physician next calls in the hospital chaplain for some additional insight. Upon talking with the patient, the chaplain tells the physician that the ventilation, even by portable means, is an "extraordinary" medical treatment. In the catholic medical ethical tradition, the qualifier "extra-ordinary" means that A. The treatment is not performed often or is experimental in nature B. The treatment is very effective at sustaining life and does not have many side effects C. For this particular patient, the treatment does more harm than it does good D. The intervention falls outside the domain of medical treatment proper and constitutes basic human care instead

C. For this particular patient, the treatment does more harm than it does good

The reputation lens A. I from the deontological tradition with a justice/systems focus B. Encourages individuals to choose goals that will make them happy C. Is the cultivation of virtues and habitual reflective behavior D. None of the above

C. Is the cultivation of virtues and habitual reflective behavior

The code of ethics for pharmacists use 3 of the 4 ethical principles popularized in healthcare by beauchamp and Childress. Which principle is NOT included in the code? A. Autonomy B. Beneficence C. Nonmaleficence D. Justice

C. Nonmaleficence

The court heard accusations about the possibility of negligence being dose by a pharmacist to a patient. Identify which ethical principle is featured principally in the scenario above A. Autonomy B. Beneficence C. Nonmaleficence D. Justice E. None of the above

C. Nonmaleficence

Proponents of euthanasia say: A. Not all deaths are painful B. The distinction between active and passive euthanasia is morally significant C. Permitting euthanasia will not necessarily lead to unacceptable consequences D. Legalizing it will lead to unacceptable consequences E. None of the above

C. Permitting euthanasia will not necessarily lead to unacceptable consequences

A proxy used when you cannot use the other two: A. Substituted judgement standard B. Best interest standard C. Reasonable treatment standard

C. Reasonable treatment standard

What is not a form of paternalism A. When the health professional makes a decision for the patient instead of with the patient B. When the health professional takes a parental role toward patient and their families C. When a patient exercises self-governance and self-determination D. When a health professional protects persons from themselves

C. When a patient exercises self-governance and self-determination

wrote with beauchamp (Principles of Biomedical Ethics)

Childress

who is a chinese philosopher known for his attempts to analyze and codify rules of society and behavior. the system of "virtue" he proposed was one of respect for others, including for their position is society, focusing on this as a system of principles, not mysticism

Confucius

According to the video "living in poverty USA" who lives in poverty in the US A. 1 in 6 Americans and 1 in 5 children B. Seniors who cannot afford their medication, people who are disabled, and some people in the military C. Wage earners who have lost their job or families living on minimum wage D. All of the above E. B and C

D. All of the above

Which of the following statements is true regarding principles of nonmaleficence? A. Where harm cannot be avoided, we are obligated to minimize the harm we do B. Do not increase the risk of harm to others C. It is wrong to waste resources that could be used for good D. All of the above E. A and C

D. All of the above

When are we using weak paternalism in health care A. When we override the wishes of a a competent patient B. When we overrule the wishes of an incompetent patient C. When we treat without consent in an emergency situation D. B and C E. A and B

D. B and C

In the five step ethical decision making model, one step has two subsets. Which of the following best represent the two sub steps? A. Respond to a sense or feeling that something is morally wrong B. Gathers info/facts relevant to the case C. Identifies the ethical problem or dilemma/moral diagnosis D. Determine and evaluate options using theory, moral authority, and literature E. Work with others to choose a best course of action

D. Determine and evaluate options using theory, moral authority, and literature

Which unethical behavior can emerge during a crisis due to misuse of reason? A. Blindness B. Vices C. Temptation D. Hubris

D. Hubris

A subcommittee of the Nebraska Pharmacists Association (NPA) petitioned the governess task force on health care access to mandate coverage for everyone 6 months or older to have access to a seasonal influenza vaccine. Identify which ethical principle is featured principally in the scenario above A. Autonomy B. Beneficence C. Nonmaleficence D. Justice E. All of the above

D. Justice

Which ethical principle is most pertinent to the topic of treatment of hepatitis C in patients that use drugs A. Autonomy B. Beneficence C. Nonmaleficence D. Justice

D. Justice

In a 1992 court case against dr. Kevorkian, judge David Breck argued as follows: "the distinction between assessed suicide and the withdrawal of life support is a distinction without merit." In 1997 the US Supreme Court issued two verdicts on assessed suicide. The Supreme Court considered the aforementioned distinction and: A. confirmed that that the distinction is without merit. Indeed neither physician assessed suicide nor the withdrawal of life support are legally permissible B. Confirmed that the distinction is without merit. Indeed, both physician assisted suicide and the withdrawal of life support are legally permissible C. Argued that there is a distinction, but this ethical distinction is irrelevant from a legal perspective D. Rejected brecks position, arguing instead that the distinction is rational, logical, and legally significant

D. Rejected brecks position, arguing instead that the distinction is rational, logical, and legally significant

Several pharmacists at the state pharmacy convention are discussing a new regulation in the state that mandates public disclosure of all medical errors including drug errors. Ron Hussar, PharmD states "i think this new regulation on balance is bad. I think there will be a lot more litigation and negative publicity for all health professionals. Also, I think health professionals will cover up errors more which is bad for patients in the long run." Which theory is Dr. Hussar using to support his argument? A. Duty based or deontological ethics B. Virtue Ethics C. Care based or care ethics D. Utilitarianism E. Egoism

D. Utilitarianism

who developed an account of ethics that is based on feeling rather than reason and rejects rationalist theories of natural law

David Hume

What justice is about fairness in what people receive, from goods to attention?

Distributive justice

Lying to people is morally wrong in that it shows a lack of respect for them. This view of morality flows from: A. Producing the greatest good B. Kantian duty C. Respect for persons D. All of the above E. B and C

E. B and C

A duty to respect privileged information is called A. Fidelity B. Justice C. Veracity D. Autonomy E. Confidentiality

E. Confidentiality

Which of the following is not correct regarding the term "capacity" A. It is based on clinical judgement B. It requires assessing a persons ability to make health care decisions C. It is a term often used interchangeable with "competence" D. It is a medical term E. It is a legal term

E. It is a legal term

A young pharmacist accept a position with a pharmacy that has a well established reputation for knowing its patients. The pharmacy follows a policy of charging according to what the owner thinks the patient can afford to pay. The Prices for non-branded items are higher for those who can afford to pay, while the less well-to-do are charged prices close to cost. This scenario involves which of the following principles? A. Nonmaleficence B. Beneficence C. Fidelity D. Veracity E. Justice

E. Justice

Which of the following statements made in the ASHP statement on pharmacists decision making on assisted suicide is not true? A. That there is insufficient education of health care professionals about end of life and palliative care issues B. That pharmacists must be a central participant in all decisions relating to medication management of the patient C. That pharmacists should provide information concerning efficacious use of pharmaceuticals and therapies available that may affect options open to the patients in need D. That pharmacists should support appropriate drug therapy to ensure that palliative care and aggressive pain management are available to all patients in need E. That there is an overwhelming number of published articles regarding research data attesting to the outcomes related to ingestion of lethal drugs

E. That there is an overwhelming number of published articles regarding research data attesting to the outcomes related to ingestion of lethal drugs

Nonmaleficence is the same and non-malfeasance or nonmalevolence? (True/false)

False

Patients that currently use drugs have lower cure rates for hepatitis C treatment therefore the expensive medications should not be allocated to them? (True/false)

False

Refers to the duty one has to keep a commitment once it is made (loyalty)

Fidelity

who rejected christian religion and argued that two types of morality existed: a master morality that springs actively from the "noble man", and a slave morality that develops reactively within the weak man

Friedrich Nietz

who's work is considered the starting point of contemporary ethical theory

G.E. Moore

who was one of the first and most influential of Kant's critics and repudiated the categorical imperative because he said any maxim could be willed universal law

G.W. F. Hegel

Ethical relativism

Holds that judgments about the right or wrongness of an act legitimately vary between social and cultural circumstances

who created the deotological perspective in ethics

Immanuel Kant

who is credited with the origins of utilitarianism- the greatest good for the greatest number

Jeremy Bentham

who is responsible for the theory of justice (principles of justice are based on the notion of a hypothetical contract to which reasonable individuals would agree form a position in which substantive facts about the good are not known. Rawls argues that the priority of rules of justice over may be justified independently of utilitarian concerns with the good)

John Rawls

who is the father of "utilitarianism", the greatest happiness for the greatest number

John Stuart Mill

The basic principle that deals with fairness

Justice

what kind of ethics rests on the argument that "morality is grounded in reason, not in tradition, intuition, conscience, emotion, or attitudes such as sympathy"

Kantian ethics

resurgence of interest in virtue ethics which identifies the central question of morality as having to do with the habits and knowledge concerning how to live a good life.

Macintyre

What kind of rights place no obligation on you to provide goods to other people and thus respect your right to keep the fruits of your labor

Negative rights

We have an obligation not to harm others

Nonmaleficence

What kind of rights obligate you either to provide goods to others, or pay taxes that are used for redistributive purposes

Positive right

What justice is the principle of fairness and is also found in the idea of fair play (as opposed to fair share of distributive justice)?

Procedural justice

Maintains that human beings have intrinsic and unconditional moral worth and should always be treated as if there is nothing of greater value than they are

Respect for person

What justice includes some act of contrition to demonstrate one is truly sorry (to but things black as they were)?

Restorative justice

What justice works on the principle of punishment, although what constitutes fair and proportional punishment is widely debated

Retributive justice

who introduced the theological virtues of faith, hope, and love, which have God as their immediate object

St. Thomas Aquinas

who is regarded as the most sophisticated developer of natural law ethics. "Natural law proposes fundamental laws that have been laid down by nature itself and are discoverable through experience, observation, induction and insight into commonly shared aspects of human nature and behavior"

St. Thomas Aquinas

What step in the five step ethical decision making model is: respond to a "sense" or feeling that something is morally wrong

Step 1

What step in the five step ethical decision making model is: gathers information/facts

Step 2

What step in the five step ethical decision making model is: identifies the ethical problem or dilemma/moral diagnosis

Step 3

What step in the five step ethical decision making model is: determine and evaluate the options

Step 4 part 1

What step in the five step ethical decision making model is: review the literature in order to evaluate options

Step 4 part 2

What step in the five step ethical decision making model is: work with others to choose a best course of action, thus reaching a more comprehensive ethically justifiable decision

Step 5

Ethical absolutism

The view that's there exists an tern also and unchanging moral law that transcends the physical world and is the same for all people at all times and places

who provoked widespread reaction by saying there is no ultimate or objective good. Good and evil are naturally relative to peoples appetites so that they come to regard what they are inclined to pursue as good and what they are inclined to avoid as bad

Thomas Hobbes

A criticism of Ross' theory revolves around how to decide which prima facie duty takes precedence over the rest (true/false)

True

In decisions regarding the use of sedatives in teh care of persons who are seriously ill or dying, two extremes must be avoided: (1) providing inadequate relief for the persons symptoms and distress; (2) administering sedatives when non-sedating alternatives have not been tried or in a deliberate attempt to hasten death (true/false)

True

Insurance providers utilize sobriety status as a qualification to receive hepatitis C treatment (true/false)

True

It is important to realize that before choosing an action, the justifications for that action needs to be thoroughly explored (true/false)

True

The 1948 universal declaration of human rights mentioned health as part of the right to an adequate standard of living (art. 25)

True

The obligation to promote good is usually regarded as an imperfect duty (true/false)

True

The right to health responsibility of pharmaceutical company involves to take all reasonable steps to make the life saving medicine as accessible as possible, as soon as possible to all those in need (true/false)

True

The right to health was first articulated in the 1946 constitution of the world health organization (WHO) (true/false)

True

We may face temptations while under stress which can cause unethical behavior (true/false)

True

Based on the virtues of truthfulness, candor, and honesty

Veracity

living well- depends on a persons perfecting its natural endowments

aristotle

which of the following statements help a person recognize a situation which involves ethics except a. there is no clear cut best resolution b. there is an intuitive sense or feeling that something is "wrong" in a given situation or likely to go wrong c. there is a concern mainly for the individual involved d. there is more than one morally plausible resolution upon which intelligent people can agree

c. there is a concern mainly for the individual involved

which of the following statements is true regarding the ethical dilemma? a. an ethical dilemma is a complex situation that will often involve an apparent conflict between moral imperatives, in which to obey one will resulting transgressing another b. there are three conditions that must be present for a situation to be considered an ethical dilemma c. a dilemma is like a crossroad and choosing which way to go next depends on weighing moral alternatives d. all of the above e. A and C

d. all of the above

which of the following statements is true regarding the three conditions for an ethical dilemma? a. the first condition occurs in situations which are uncomfortable and may or may not require a choice b. the second condition for ethical dilemma is that there must be different courses of action to choose from c. third, in an ethical dilemma, no matter what course of action is taken, some ethical principle is compromised. in other words, there is no perfect solution d. all of the above e. B and C

e. B and C

some pleasures are not worth having and lead to greater pains, and some pains are worthwhile when they lead to greater pleasures

epicurus

moral objectivism

holds that at least some moral principles and rules are objectively knowable on the basis of observation and human reasoning

the just person is happy because his soul is ordered in the proper way

plato

the first to recognize the importance of analyzing the meaning of good, right, just and virtuous

socrates

the good life is one that is lived in accordance with reason

stoics

ethical problems are not easily recognized but typically, it is clear what is the right action to take (true/false)

true